International Relations

Ukraine, which found itself in the USSR after the Bolshevik Revolution, is the country that has been heavily
exposed to Soviet pressure more than eny other European country and has lost millions of citizens in this process.
Ukraine, which is known as granary thanks to its fertile lands and beautiful climate, has a very high strategic
importance as it is a bridge between the Soviet Union and the West. For this reason, the policies of the Soviet
Government in the 20-30s in the whole country were carried out more harshly and brutally in Ukraine. The word
"Golod" means hunger and "Golodomor" meand to kill in starvation. Golodomor is the name given to the national
tragedy of the Ukrainian people, which was the horrible hunger and genocide of the people of Ukraine and cost
the lives of 7-10 million Ukrainians by the Soviet Government in 1932-1933 in a planned way, deliberately living
them in a hunger and not allowing to migrate to other regions. In this study, based on the sources and archival
documents written in Ukrainian, Russian and English, the reasons of Golodomor, the application process and the
attitude of the center, alongside the results of tfor Ukraine here will be presented the history of investigation of
this issue.
Keywords: Ukraine, Holodomor, Soviet Union, hunger, migration

Four country among the United Nations member states carry out the resettlement activities of ethnic migrants to their historical homeland at the state level. These countries are Germany, Israel, Russian Federation and Kazakhstan. This paper is approaching the reasons, objectives and characteristics of the migration policy carried out in these countries at the state level. Located in the heart of Eurasia, territory of Kazakhstan has been the center of continuous migration and demographic processes for centuries. In the time of the Soviet Union because of "social laboratories", Kazakhs became minority in their own lands. This paper will address causes, legislation, characteristics, problems and consequences of the migrant policy initiated in independent Kazakhstan since 1991.
Keywords: migration policy, migrant, Germany, Russia, Kazakhstan, Israel.

As a result of the collapse of the Soviet state in 1991, the Republic
of Kazakhstan acquired its independence. And the frst state that
recognized the independence of Kazakhstan, just two hours after
the declaration of independence, was the Republic of Turkey. This
brotherly and friendly gesture of Turkey has become a very important
moral support for the young state. Along with the common historical
and cultural roots between the two peoples, the comprehensive
support provided by Turkey in the frst years of independence served
as the basis for the rapid and dynamic development of bilateral
relations.
The dynamics of the development of Turkish-Kazakh relations
and the building of these relations at the level of strategic
partnership shows the similarity and proximity of the interests of
Ankara and Astana in many regional and international issues. Just
like Kazakhstan, which understands the strategic importance of
Turkey in the region and world politics, Turkey takes the leading role
of Kazakhstan in Central Asia and considers Kazakhstan its most
important partner in the region. It is especially worth noting that
the visit of Kazakhstani leader Nursultan Nazarbayev after the coup
attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016, made a great contribution to
strengthening bilateral relations and has a special signifcance for
Turkey and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

Kazakhstan ranks 9th in the world ranking of countries stretching over extended territorial areas. As Kazakhstan is ranked only 63rd place in the world population ranking, population growth in Kazakhstan is of strategic importance. However, in 1991, when Kazakhstan gained its independence, more than 130 nations lived on the country, and the native population, the Kazakhs were an ethnic minority in their own country. All these factors have played an important role in developing Kazakhstan’s state policy to stimulate growth of Kazakh ethnic population in its own country. Only four member states of the United Nations claim as state policy the returning and settling in the country of origin of the migrant population. These countries are Germany, Israel,
Russian Federation and Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan we use the word ‘oralman’ for the ethnic Kazakhs who used to live abroad, but they came back to their homeland. In the recent years, after its independence the Kazakh government has developed its on “oralman policy” and thus facilitated the return to their own home of about 1 million Kazakh.
Although the Kazakh state supports the return policy, this percentage accounts for only 5% of the total population, which is considered to be a great success of demographic policy of the Kazakhstan government. This paper will assess Kazakhstan’s government policy and Kazakh state principles for increasing the ethnic Kazakh population from 1991 to the present.
Keywords: Kazakhstan, state policy, kazakh etnic, oralman, migrant

Since Kazakhstan gained its independence, the issue of removing the totalitarian system in the country and construction of contemporary democratic society has taken a significant place in the development strategy of Kazakhstan. With the disintegration of the USSR, the pace of democracy has been sacrificed for the urgent resolution of serious
problems. The saying of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan “economy first, then politics” principle was taken as the basis. After the economic situation had improved, the necessity of carrying out democratic reforms became once again a current issue. The reforms made towards the mid-2000s aimed at extending the parliament power, strengthening the role of political parties and reforming administrative and legal systems. The aim of the 2007 reforms is initiating liberal reforms in the country, creating a new balance of public and state benefits, improving new balances in the state administration and in consequence ensuring democratic development of the country.

Bolşevik İhtilali ile Sovyetler Birliği‘nin kurulması tüm dünya tarihini etkilemiş olup, XX. yüzyıla damgasını vurmuştur. Bu süreçten doğal olarak en çok bünyesinde yer alan 15 Cumhuriyet etkilenmiştir. Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetlerinden ise, merkez Rusya‘ya en yakın ve büyük bir coğrafyaya sahip olan Kazakistan üzerindeki etkisi daha da şiddetli olmuştur. Bugünkü Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti‘nin ister ekonomik gelişmesi, ister demografik durumu ve dil meselesi bunu açıkça göstermektedir.
Türkçe, Rusça ve Kazakça yazılan kaynaklara dayanarak, Bolşevik İhtilalinden sonra II. Dünya savaşının sonuna kadar, dönemlere göre Sovyet Kazakistan‘da yapılan önemli siyasi ve ekonomik reformların (özel mülkiyetin kaldırılması, kolhozlaştırma siyaseti, Orta Asya‘nın ayrı
Cumhuriyetlere bölünmesi, kollektifleştirme politikası, beş yıllık ekonomik gelişme planlarının geliştirilmesi, sanayileştirme, II. Dünya savaşı döneminde Sovyetler Birliği‘nin batısında olan fabrikaların Kazakistan‘a taşınması vb.) amaçları, gerçekleştirme süreci ve Kazakistan için getirdiği neticeler ortaya konulacaktır.

Of particular importance is the analysis of the situation around the hydrocarbon sphere, since oil and gas as natural resources are absent in many countries of the world. For Kazakhstan, located in the center of Eurasia, the availability of oil and gas resources is an important factor not only in the economy, but also in foreign policy. After all, it is well known that oil-producing countries acquire great interest in the functioning of modern international geopolitics. Moreover, between major world players there is a struggle for influence on them. In these conditions, Kazakhstan, after gaining independence, seeks to pursue its own foreign policy course, taking into account the particularities of the struggle of the interests of the leading powers. The article discusses the diplomatic efforts undertaken by Kazakhstan to determine the borders of the Caspian with neighboring states and the issues of efficient use of Caspian oil and gas in the country’s energy sector. In this regard, we aim to carry out a historical analysis of the position of Kazakhstan in the development of its hydrocarbon industry since the end of the twentieth century. The scientific significance of the work lies in the fact that the policy of our state in the oil and gas region of the Caspian is considered as a specific historical topic.
The authors, based on a comparative historical analysis, as well as using the problem-chronological method, examine the history of the oil factor in politics.

Amid global geopolitical chaos, Russia and China are resolved to preserve the global balance. The paper discusses the current stage of energy cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China; it offers its forecasts in view of possible changes and the risks of bilateral political and economic relations and points out that in recent years the two countries have signed several large-scale and long-term contracts in the energy sector and, therefore, reached a qualitatively new strategic level of energy cooperation. The authors have posed themselves a task of discussing Russia's energy policy and the impact of external and internal factors on the prospects of its energy cooperation with China.

Россия и Китай стремятся поддерживать баланс в современном мире глобальных геополитических изменений. В статье рассматривается состояние энергетического сотрудничества между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой и даются прогнозы его развития с учетом изменений и рисков двусторонних политических и экономических отношений.
Подчеркивается, что в последнее время стороны достигли ряда масштабных и долгосрочных соглашений в энергетическом секторе. Это позволяет говорить о выходе России и Китая на качественно новый уровень энергетического сотрудничества и его стратегическом характере.
Целью статьи является прогнозирование энергетической политики России и влияния внутренних и внешних факторов на перспективы российско-китайского энергетического сотрудничества.

Turkic Republics of Central Asia and Azerbaijan gained independence as a result of collapse of the Soviet Union, on the political map along with Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Setting diplomatic relations with other countries and the integration with the world community, also the process of developing cooperation between Turkic states has been developed in parallel for the newly established states.
The cooperation of Turkish countries which are based on a common historical past and common Turkic culture is based on mutual respect and mutual benefits of all parties. In the current stage in the process of the Turkic integration Turkey and Kazakhstan are playing an active role in many areas. The first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, who was the pioneer of many international Turkish cooperations, had closely followed and supported the establishment of these organizations. For this reason, Turkic leaders have identified Nazarbayev as a ―Elder Leader of the Turkic World‖ and acknowledged him as a spiritual leader. Within the framework of Turkic cooperation, in Ankara TURKSOY (International Organization of Turkic Culture) was established in 1990s. The aim of TURKSOY was to strengthen cultural ties and cooperation and to propagate the common Turkic values. Under the initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, Turkic Council (Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States) and TURKPA (Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking Countries) have been established. The main purpose of these organizations is to expand and deepen the fields of cooperation between Turkic states.
In the early periods, if the cooperation between the Turkic countries was limited to the cultural area and the common Turkic heritage, the political, economic and regional issues are discussed in the recent period. The
Council of Elders, which operates under the Turkish Cooperation Council, Turkish Academy in Astana (Nursultan) and the Turkic Cultural Foundation based in Baku was established under the initiative of
Nazarbaev.
In this work, the role of the first President of Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, will be scrutinised in the context of development of cooperation between Turkic countries and strengthening the integration between Turkic states in the period of their independence

The article discusses the role of the language in the process of national
development and its importance as one of the crucial elements of soft power in world politics. The paper emphasizes that language is the most effective and sustainable method of influencing on national values. Also, usage of the language as a tool of soft power is illustrated with examples.

The Bolshevik Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union in Russia had influenced the history of Eurasia. Kazakhstan is one of the Central Asian countries influenced by the Soviet Revolution. Kazakhstan is situated in the heart of Eurasia and is neigbour to Russia. The main aim of the Soviet Union’s ideological and social policy was to dismantle all local people from their roots and create the "Homo Soveticus" based on Russian culture and language.
By this work I underline the main purpose of the important political and social reforms in Sovyet Kazakhstan  was to influence and change the social texture, in terms of social, demographic and cultural changes will be discussed. The 20th century affected the ‘social plant’ of the Soviet Kazakhstan. In addition to the ‘social plant’, demographic and cultural changes in Kazakhstan were revealed during that period.