Institute of Pharmaceutical Research

Epilepsy is the neurological disorders in which several behavioral changes occur due to excessive electrical discharges on group of neurons in the brain. Epilepsy occurs in the hippocampus region of the brain. Some neurotransmitter like GABA and Glutamate play the important role for causing epilepsy. This review aimed to develop better understanding about epileptogenic drugs and some other aspects. A few clinical studies have reported that vitamin D can be helpful for controlling the effect of seizure and also act as a neuroprotective agent. It is well known that antiepileptic drugs are generally used for the treatment of epilepsy or related symptoms. In Pathogenesis of epilepsy, the concept developed for epileptogenesis comprises activities affecting both the origin and occurrence of epilepsy. GABA is known as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, inducing presynaptic inhibitory activities by hyperpolarizing the neuron. In this article, we have classified the epileptogenic drugs with their potential ability for increasing the risk of epileptic seizure. Epileptogenic drugs can also cause inflammation in brain. There are various inflammatory mediators released by taking the overdoses of some epileptogenic drugs. In this review, we also discuss toxicity study of common anti-epileptic drugs include idiosyncratic effect, local effect and effect on fetus during pregnancy period and common other neurological disorder induced by the use of epileptogenic drugs.

Flavonoids have more potent therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of epileptic disorders. Certain flavonoids possess significant synergistic effects and can be taken with particular antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to reduce the possibility of drug resistance. The combination of herbal and traditional medicines may not only prevent adverse effects but also increase the drug effects in overall comprehensive efficacy. The present study reviewed the potential efficacy of active constituents of selected flavonoids. Furthermore, in recent years, various researches have been attentive to specific flavonoids for their neuroprotective potential in in-vitro and in-vivo models. We have selected some specific flavonoids that have already proven therapeutic potential in animal epileptic models. Certain flavonoids possess significant synergistic effects and can be taken with particular AEDs t o reduce the possibility of drug resistance. Some flavonoids are shown to exhibit their neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and ischemic stroke, which are the most common examples of neurological disorders. The major outcomes of flavonoids on progressive neurological disorders may be correlated to the regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. It has been reported that the neuroprotective actions of naringenin in experimental strokes are mediated by a reduction in NF-B-induced neuroinflammation. These discoveries appear to suggest that some flavonoids are more effective than conventional antiepileptic medicines, which have fewer side effects and can be used for the cure of epileptic seizures. Recently, in many research studies, it has been found that plant-derived flavonoids provide synergistic pharmacological action in experimental models of severe epilepsy.

(PDF) Flavonoids and antiepileptic drugs: a comprehensive review on their neuroprotective potentials. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358262222_Flavonoids_and_antiepileptic_drugs_a_comprehensive_review_on_their_neuroprotective_potentials [accessed Jul 29 2022].

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition in which several neurotransmitters act like neuromodulators. The symptoms of epilepsy are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in a group of neurons in the hippocampus region of the brain. This can also affect electrical impulse generation, either in the focal area or in the hippocampus region of the brain. This review aimed to develop a better understanding of the transportation of nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier and how to enhance the delivery of the drug in epileptic conditions by the utilization of nanomaterials. A few clinical studies have reported that antiepileptic drugs are generally used for the treatment of epilepsy by decreasing the frequency and intensity of seizures or preventing tissue damage in the brain. In long-term therapy, antiepileptic drugs are primarily administered via the oral route, but they are not always beneficial. Therefore, intravenous routes are especially used in serious epileptic conditions. In this review, we discussed the drug delivery study of antiepileptic drugs that are used in the form of nanoparticles that can easily be transported across the blood-brain barrier. Besides, the nanoparticles can easily cross the blood-brain barrier and increase the uptake into the target cells. Drug absorption into the brain is substantially limited by some factors, especially in the blood-brain barrier, which affects the potency of antiepileptic drugs to reach and remain inside the brain. Novel drug delivery systems have already been studied in many clinical trials to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in epileptic conditions.

Psoriasis is a chronic, non-communicable, painful, disfiguring, and disabling disease of skin and joints. According to the National psoriasis foundation, psoriasis affected about 0.08-12%, globally worldwide hassle. Herbal medicine as a promising approach for anti-psoriatic because they are safe, effective, inexpensive and minimal side effects but still they have lesser bioavailability, skin penetration and patient compliance are the limitation to the treatment. Materials and methods: The literatures and data for the manuscript were searched in the various search engines such as web of science, PubMed, and Scopus for the management of psoriasis. A literature review revealed that herbal-based nanoemulsion with anti-psoriatic potential with enhanced drug loading capacity, therapeutic effects, stability and reduced dosage. Result: Nanoemulsions-based drug delivery systems have been considered encouraging vehicles for enhancing the therapeutic potentials of drugs for skin and topical application. Various novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been explored such as nanoemulsions, hydrogel, niosomes, ethosomes, dendrimers, nanosuspension, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes etc. used in this field to overcome these problems. Discussions: Numerous psoriatic patients are being treated with herbal medicines with lesser adverse effects. Clinicians should be aware of herbal or medicinal plants used in psoriasis and the side effects related to them. Therefore, the present review article features the various aspects of nanoemulsions as a novel drug delivery system for the management of psoriatic skin through herbal medicines.

Introduction: Chronic plaque psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder that affects 2–3% of the population. The
severity of the disease is influenced by the number and location of skin lesions, concomitant conditions such
psoriatic arthritis, and the impact on daily life. Several comorbidities, such as depression, cardiometabolic
disorders, and psoriatic arthritis, are linked to plaque psoriasis. Hence, aim of current review is to highlight the
comprehensive information on the pathophysiology, mechanism of action of recent approved drugs and future
prospective. Further, clinical research and lengthy prospective cohort studies have been discussed.
Materials and methods: The data were collected from the various reported literatures PubChem, scopus and other
search engines which are suggesting for the management of plaque psoriasis. These literature review were selected based on the current updated treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis.
Result: Various biologics have been promoted by the National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines as a first-line
treatment option for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis due to their effectiveness in treating the condition and
their acceptable safety profiles. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) modulator tapinarof, the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor roflumilast and the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor deucravacitinib are the new
drugs approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for promising treatment mild-severe plaque psoriasis.
Discussions: The conventional systemic therapy for treatment of plaque psoriasis was found to be unsatisfactory
due to several significant adverse effects and contraindications. It is vital to continue developing efficacious,
safe, and tolerant systemic medication approach capable of being employed as first-line systemic treatments for
those with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The recent approved drugs by USFDA for the management of psoriasis
offer the potential for enhanced efficacy and better disease control

Introduction: Glycyrrhizic acid which is the most important active ingredient extracted from the licorice root shows great potential as a carrier material in traditional chinese medicine. Nanotechnologies hold tremendous potential as an effective drug delivery system. Recent studies have indicated that the combination of glycyrrhizic acid and nanotechnology had better therapeutic effects. Materials and methods: Literatures were searched from various databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Journals Embase, Google Scholar and Science Direct by using keywords including like "Glycyrrhizic Acid" paired with "Traditional Chinese medicine", "Pharmacological activities", "Anti-tumor", "Antiviral", "Hepatoprotective", "Anti-psoriatic", "Anti-Inflammatory", "Nanotechnology", or "Nanoemulsions" and their combinations, mainly from 2004 to 2024. According to the research reports, glycyrrhizic acid have a wide range of biological activities, containing anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, gastro-protective effects, antiobesity effects, nephroprotective effect, cardiovascular effects and hepatoprotective activity and so on. Results: This article highlights the pharmacological properties of glycyrrhizic acid and its various potential therapeutic applications. The nanoformulation including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, phytosomes, liposomes, nanofibers, nanoemulsions, and hydrogels, have been explored to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. These formulations may offer enhanced solubility and absorption, as well as controlled and sustained release of glycyrrhizic acid. Conclusions: This review highlights on the recent studies for the pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of glycyrrhizic acid, nanotechnology based drug delivery and major safety and toxicity issues glycyrrhizic acid also have been discussed.

Since the earliest days, people have been employing herbal treatments extensively around the world. The development of phytochemical and phytopharmacological sciences has made it possible to understand the chemical composition and biological properties of a number of medicinal plant products. Due to certain challenges like large molecular weight and low bioavailability, some components of herbal extracts are not utilized for therapeutic purposes. It has been suggested that herbal medicine and nanotechnology can be combined to enhance the benefits of plant extracts by lowering dosage requirements and adverse effects and increasing therapeutic activity. Using nanotechnology, the active ingredient can be delivered in an adequate concentration and transported to the targeted site of action. Conventional therapy does not fulfill these requirements. This review focuses on different skin diseases and nanotechnology-based herbal medicines that have been utilized to treat them.

Zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus belongs to family Flaviviridae which becomes the focus of an ongoing pandemic and public health emergency all around the world. Zika virus has two lineages African and Asian. Mosquito-borne flavivirus is thought to replicate initially in dendritic cell and then spread to lymph nodes and then to the bloodstream. Zika virus was initially recognized in Uganda in 1947 in Monkeys through a method that observed yellow fever. It was later distinguished in people in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. The explosions of the zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, The Americas, Asia, and The Pacific. Gillian-Berre syndrome and congenital malformation (microcephaly) suspected to be linked with Zika virus. The virus can only be confirmed through laboratory test on blood or other body fluids, such as urine, saliva or semen. No specific antiviral treatment for Zika virus disease exists. Treatment is aimed at relieving sympto...

Pharmacovigilance outlined by the globe Health Organization (WHO) because the science and series of activities about the detection, evaluation, understanding rejection of adverse impact or Associate in Nursing different drug connected problem’ and a clinical test could be an analysis study in human volunteers to answer specific health queries. Fastidiously conducted clinical trials square measure quickest and safest thanks to realizing treatment that employment in individuals and thanks to improving health.  Play a crucial role in guaranteeing that patient to be provided the safe drug. The Pharmacovigilance has been recognizing to play a crucial role in the rational use of the drug by providing data concerning the adverse impact possess by drug normally population. The information of drug Adverse Drug Reaction (ADRs) are often increased by numerous suggests that such information studies, intensive observation, spontaneous reportage and different new method at dictatorial and scienti...

Eucalyptus globulus a widely observed plant has a tremendous latent in term of medicinal uses. Eucalyptus globulusa plant from family Myrtaceae, commonly known as blue gum grow well in Nilgiris, Annamalai, Palani and Shimla hills. It rich sources of phytochemical constituents which contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin and propanoids. Which are present in leafs, steam, and root of the plant. They are various properties like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic, astringent, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative, antiviral, antitumor, antihistaminic, anticancer cytochrome p450 inhibitor and hepatoprotective effect have also been reported by many researcher. The present review article critically discusses about various phytochemical associated with the plant along with numerous therapeutics application exhibited by the plant.

Objective: The present study was aimed to Chemoprotective Effect of Melastoma Malabathricum Linn against Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) Induced Cancer. Method: The leaves were chopped to smaller pieces and were thoroughly washed, dried under room temperature. By using Wiley mill, dried leaves were powdered. Accurately 100 gm of powdered leaves was weighed and transferred in a Soxhlet apparatus and extraction was performed using ethanol. Further, the extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator, which was used for preliminary phytochemical screeing as well as for anticancer activity. Result: The result of Hepatic cancer of extract leaves of Melastoma Malabathricum on DEN Induced Hepatic toxicity in rat. The liver marker enzyme, Hb, TLC, ESR, SGOT, SGPT blood serum and EDTA significantly rise level in DENA toxic group treated animals while comparing with normal/control group. Conclusion: From the detailed investigation on the present study inferred so far pertaining to MM effect on h...

Cancer in the broader sense refers to more than 277 different types of cancer disease. Scientists have identified the different stage of cancers, indicating that several gene mutations are involved in cancer pathogenesis. These gene mutations lead to abnormal cell proliferation. A genetic disorder caused by heritance or inheritance factor has a pivotal role in the increase of cell growth. The in the 1980s groundbreaking evidence began to emerge that a variety of viruses also cause cancer in human. There is now sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in human T-cell lymphotropic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 8 according to the International Agency for research on cancer (IARC). With the assistance of technological advances in bioinformatics and molecular technique, additional information has been obtained that can be useful for early diagnosis and proper treatment. These can a...

India, a country with 28 states and 8 Union territories has seen a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases over a period. While the entry of COVID-19 was random in various states, some states have managed the containment while in some states it has exponentially grown. COVID-19 disease is both virulent and contagious and this disease is not yet having a vaccine or medicine.In this study, research has been done on 4 months of data in 28 states and 8 Union territories. When the study is being conducted India had close to 1.3 million cases ranking 3rd in the world. Therefore, the sample size is quite enough to establish the hypothesis. The study is focused on analyzing and synthesizing testing levers along with population and number of cases. Two constructs namely "Proactiveness Index and Infection Ration" have been devised considering 3 different levers of population, testing, and cases. A relationship has been established and it has been found that in most of the cases Proactive I...

Clotrimazole is marketed as a regularly occurring drug under numerous distinct names and via means of numerous agencies because of its antifungal activity. Clotrimazole, an artificial imidazole derivative, is often used domestically for the remedy of vaginal and pores and skin infections because of yeasts and dermatophytes. It shows maximum activity towards Candida spp., Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp. and Malazzesia furfur (Pityrosporon orbicular) in vitro. In addition, it also has a few in vitro towards Gram positive bacteria, and at very high concentrations shows activity towards Trichomonas spp. In the remedy of vaginal candidiasis, Clotrimazole vaginal pills have produced treatment costs similar with the ones of traditional nystatin vaginal pills. Clotrimazole has been a success in sufferers of non- responsive patients to different antifungal formulations together with nystatin and amphotericin B. Results in trichomonal vaginitis are not impressive. Skin infections because of Candida or dermatophytes had been successfully deals with topical use of clotrimazole. In comparative trials, clotrimazole cream has been as powerful as Whitfield's ointment and tolnaftate with inside the remedy of dermatophytoses , and as powerful as nystatin in cutaneous candidiasis. Clotrimazole topical formulations are well tolerated; however skin infection has withdrawal of remedy in some cases. Candida septicemia and urinary and pulmonary candidiasis had been cured with oral clotrimazole remedy. Results in different kinds of fungal infections, such as pulmonary aspergillosis, had been disappointing. A restricting issue in oral clotrimazole remedy is the excessive occurrence of gastro- intestinal disturbances and neurological reactions.

Natural polymer is environment friendly in nature, and it is mainly taken from the plants and sometimes from animals if needed. Some common examples of it are protein, common rubber and starch. Various types of physio-mechanical variables like absorption of moisture, variation in weight, content regarding drugs. An in vitro drug executed by semi permeable membrane whereas, ex vivo drug executed by buccal mucosa. The component of pharmaceutical formulation is: Active ingredient and recipient is assembling of the dosage and the guidelines regarding it. It plays a major role in the formation of dosages; the magnitude towards the drugs should be harmious, harmless, immovable and fruitful. The broader division of polymers consists of semi synthetic, synthetic and natural polymer, it is used as the envious agents, defensive agents in the delivery system of the oral drug. Nowadays, it has been observed that the use of natural polymer is increasing day by day instead as the side effects caused by the semi synthetic and synthetic polymer is concerned.

Silver nanoparticles with sizes between 1 and 100 nanometer are frequently used in industries such as catalysis, electronics, and photonics. They have special qualities like optical, electrical, and magnetic characteristics that can be used as antimicrobial, biosensor textile, cosmetics, composite fibres, and electronic components, as well as to extend the shelf life of food substances. The primary goal of this review was to concentrate on recent developments in silver nanoparticle formulation techniques as well as potential future applications. The potential for biological uses of silver nanoparticles is extremely significant.

The primary outcome measure for the random controlled trial could be a composite measure that includes complications. The increased pressure in the abdominal cavity during laparoscopic surgery can cause stretching and compression of the nerves, which can lead to pain and discomfort. The study has evaluated the use of low pressure during the operation to reduce the cases of post-operation pain. , laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and effective procedure for the removal of the gallbladder, and it offers many benefits over traditional open surgery. However, it is important for patients to carefully consider the risks and benefits and to discuss their options with their surgeon before making a decision. The study has explained all the important aspects of the surgery and suggested various factors to reduce pain in the shoulder tip of the patients.

Nanoparticle-based medicate conveyance frameworks, moreover known as nanoDDSs, show a promising approach to focused on treatment within the treatment of cardiovascular illnesses (CVDs), which incorporate heart disappointment, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, and myocardial dead tissue. A diagram of the use of nanoparticles within the conclusion and treatment of cardiovascular infection (CVD) is displayed in this work. The nanoparticles that are examined incorporate natural and inorganic
nanoparticles, as well as multifunctional nanoparticles. Nano-DDSs have the capacity to move forward restorative results whereas simultaneously minimising side responses and focusing on particular zones. Usually fulfilled by precisely conveying solutions to atherosclerotic plaques and encompassing tissues. In expansion, these innovations make strides demonstrative capabilities of imaging modalities counting attractive reverberation imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). The application of nanotechnology permits for the determination of issues such as non-specific cytotoxicity, destitute dissolvability, and restricted bioavailability. Both the plausibility of custom fitted sedate conveyance and the advance that has been made in cardiovascular nanomedicine have the potential to upgrade quiet results significantly.