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Autism

From Wikipedia
autism
disability, pervasive developmental disorder, class of disease
Subclass ofautism spectrum disorder, disease, neurodiversity, neurodevelopmental disorder Edit
Facet giveneuropsychology, developmental psychology Edit
Has causecauses of autism, heredity, environment Edit
Does not have causevaccine, refrigerator mother theory, electronic visual display Edit
Health specialtypsychology Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentvenlafaxine, risperidone, quetiapine, (RS)-fenfluramine Edit
Has phenotypedevelopmental language disorder Edit
ICD-9-CM299.0 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC97161 Edit
Stack Exchange taghttps://psychology.stackexchange.com/tags/autism Edit
Opposite ofallism Edit

Autism, dem sanso dey bell am autism spectrum disorder (ASD) be developmental disorder characterize by difficulties plus social interaction den communication, den by restricted den repetitive behavior.[1] Parents often dey notice signs during de first three years of dema kiddie ein life.[1][2] Dese signs often dey develop gradually, though sam kiddies plus autism dey experience worsening insyd dema communication den social skills after dem reach developmental milestones at a normal pace.[3]

Dem associate autism plus combination of genetic den environmental factors.[4] Risk factors during pregnancy dey include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins wey dey include valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, den air pollution, fetal growth restriction, den autoimmune diseases.[5][6][7] Controversies surround oda proposed environmental causes; for example, de vaccine hypothesis, wich na dem disprove am.[8] Autism dey affect information dem dey process insyd de brain den how nerve cells den dema synapses dey connect den organize; dem no dey bab well how dis dey occur.[9] De Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), dey combine autism den less severe forms of de condition, wey dey include Asperger syndrome den pervasive developmental disorder dem otherwise no specify (PDD-NOS) into de diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[1][10]

Early behavioral interventions anaa speech therapy fi help kiddies plus autism gain self-care, social, den communication skills. Although dem no know ein cure, na der be cases of kiddies wey dem recover. Sam autistic adults be unable make dem live independently. Na autistic culture develop, plus sam individuals dey seek cure wey odas dey believe make dem accept autism as difference make dem accommodate am instead of make dem cure am.

Globally, dem dey estimate autism make e affect 24.8 million people as of 2015. Insyd de 2000s, na dem estimate de number of people wey e affected at 1–2 per 1,000 people worldwide. Insyd de developed countries, dem dey diagnose about 1.5% of kiddies plus ASD as of 2017, from 0.7% insyd 2000 insyd de United States. E dey occur four-to-five times more often insyd males dan females. Na de number of people dem diagnose increase dramatically since de 1960s, wich fi partly be secof changes insyd diagnostic practice. Dem no resolve de question of whether actual rates increase.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0). In: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  2. ↑ Landa RJ (2008). "Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life". Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 4 (3): 138–147. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0731. PMID 18253102.
  3. ↑ Stefanatos GA (2008). "Regression in autistic spectrum disorders". Neuropsychol Rev. 18 (4): 305–319. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y. PMID 18956241. S2CID 34658024.
  4. ↑ Chaste P, Leboyer M (2012). "Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (3): 281–292. PMC 3513682. PMID 23226953.
  5. ↑ Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z (2015). "Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)". Reproductive Toxicology. 56: 155–169. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007. PMID 26021712.
  6. ↑ Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF (2017). "Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings". Pediatrics (Review). 139 (Suppl 1): S38–S49. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2828F. PMID 28562247.
  7. ↑ Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA (2014). "Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance". World J Gastroenterol (Review). 20 (29): 9942–9951. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942. PMC 4123375. PMID 25110424.
  8. ↑ Rutter M (2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". Acta Paediatr. 94 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x. PMID 15858952.
  9. ↑ Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT (2009). "Autism". Lancet. 374 (9701): 1627–1638. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3. PMC 2863325. PMID 19819542.
  10. ↑ Johnson CP, Myers SM (2007). "Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1183–1215. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361. PMID 17967920. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009.
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