Papers by Muhammad Muzammal
Polymers
The latest advancements in cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this study. We summar... more The latest advancements in cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this study. We summarize the characteristics, modifications, applications, and properties of cellulose. Here, we discuss new breakthroughs in modified cellulose that allow for enhanced control. In addition to standard approaches, improvements in different techniques employed for cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this review. The various strategies for synthetic polymers are also discussed. The recent advancements in polymer production allow for more precise control, and make it possible to make functional celluloses with better physical qualities. For sustainability and environmental preservation, the development of cellulose green processing is the most abundant renewable substance in nature. The discovery of cellulose disintegration opens up new possibilities for sustainable techniques. Based on the review of recent scientific literature, we believe that additional chemical units of cellulos...
Genes
The L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) gene encodes an important mitochondrial enzyme. H... more The L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) gene encodes an important mitochondrial enzyme. However, its altered activity results in excessive levels of L-2-hydroxyglutarate, which results in diverse psychiatric features of intellectual disability. In the current study, we executed an in-silico analysis of all reported L2HGDH missense and nonsense variants in order to investigate their biological significance. Among the superimposed 3D models, the highest similarity index for a wild-type structure was shown by the mutant Glu336Lys (87.26%), while the lowest similarity index value was shown by Arg70* (10.00%). Three large active site pockets were determined using protein active site prediction, in which the 2nd largest pocket was shown to encompass the substrate L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG) binding residues, i.e., 89Gln, 195Tyr, 402Ala, 403Gly and 404Val. Moreover, interactions of wild-type and mutant L2HGDH variants with the close functional interactor D2HGDH protein resulted in ...
Applied Microbiology, 2022
Microbial lipase is one of the major sources of the enzyme that has been broadly exploited in the... more Microbial lipase is one of the major sources of the enzyme that has been broadly exploited in the food, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries due to its high catalytic activity, high yield, and environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize the medium for the submerged fermentation for lipase production by a novel strain, Bacillus salmalaya strain 139SI. The media subjected to lipase production was Luria Bertani (LB) with different carbon sources and surfactants supplemented to determine which would give the highest lipase activity of Bacillus salmalaya. The Lipase activity of the supernatant containing lipase enzyme was ddetermined using the titrimetric method with hydrolysis reaction. Results showed that the olive oil that was used as a carbon source, induced the highest lipase activity (11.0 U/mL) compared to sunflower oil (9.6 U/mL) and cooking oil waste (7.8 U/mL). For surfactants, LB medium supplemented with tween 80 enha...
Molecules, 2022
Controlled release matrices have predictable drug release kinetics, provide drugs for an extended... more Controlled release matrices have predictable drug release kinetics, provide drugs for an extended period of time, and reduce dosing frequency with improved patient compliance as compared with conventional tablet dosage forms. In the current research work, losartan potassium controlled release matrix tablets were fabricated and prepared with rate altering agents; that is, Ethocel grade 100 combined with Carbopol 934PNF. Various drug to polymer ratios were used. HPMC, CMC, and starch were incorporated in some of the matrices by replacing some amount of filler (5%). The direct compression method was adopted for the preparation of matrices. In phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), the dissolution study was conducted by adopting the USP method-I as the specified method. Drug release kinetics was determined and dissolution profiles were also compared with the reference standard. Prolonged release was observed for all matrices, but those with Ethocel 100FP Premium showed more extended release. The co...
Metabolic Brain Disease, 2021
Background L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L2HGA) is a rare neurometabolic disorder that occurs due... more Background L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L2HGA) is a rare neurometabolic disorder that occurs due to accumulation of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and urine. The clinical manifestation of L2HGA includes intellectual disability, cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, speech problems and macrocephaly. Methods In the present study, we ascertained a multigenerational consanguineous Pakistani family with 5 affected individuals. Clinical studies were performed through biochemical tests and brain CT scan. Locus mapping was carried out through genome-wide SNP genotyping, whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. For in silico studies protein structural modeling and docking was done using I-TASSER, Cluspro and AutoDock VINA tools. Results Affected individuals presented with cognitive impairment, gait disturbance, speech difficulties and psychomotor delay. Radiologic analysis of a male patient revealed leukoaraiosis with hypoattenuation of cerebral white matter, ...
Banana is the second most significant fruit crop and also is important food crop. Banana producti... more Banana is the second most significant fruit crop and also is important food crop. Banana production is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. The banana production is also affected by the viruses and among these one is banana bunchy virus (BBTV). Throughout the world and also in Pakistan Banana bunchy virus is a major threat to the cultivation of banana. For Virus free multiplication and propagation of banana tissue culture is regarded as the main method. The main aim of this study was to develop the effective and reproducible banana culture with the help of tissue culture technique. Two new verities i-e 8818-william and Brazilian were tested through two different types of treatment in the culture. One MS media was provided with MS salts which contained sucrose 30g/L, vitamins 4.3g/L, kinetin 1mg/L, BAP 5mg/L, IAA 0.5mg/L, Gellum gum 1.8 g/L, silver nitrate 50μM and cacl2 0.1g/L. while the second media was supplemented with same ingredients used in the first media but the exce...
Journal of entomology and zoology studies, 2020
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic illness that is spread by female sandflies from the genus Phlebotomu... more Leishmaniasis is a parasitic illness that is spread by female sandflies from the genus Phlebotomus. It is communicated by sandflies phlebotomine and occurs in four main clinical conditions. The sign and symptoms of leishmaniasis disease are fever, weight loss, loss of appetite, papules formation. The life cycle of Leishmania switches between two different forms i.e. intracellular and extracellular. Leishmaniasis in humans has anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission patterns. The leishmaniasis disease is endemic in the region of South America, Asia, and Europe. In Pakistan, it is more common in the south, and mostly present in rural and semi-urban areas of Baluchistan, Sindh, and Punjab, province. The medications used for the treatment of leishmaniasis may include first-line medicines such as pentavalent antimonial and second-line drugs such as “paromomycin, pentamidine and miltefosine”, for cases that are resistant. Further studies are needed to understand the pathology of this illn...
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an “alpha virus” and female mosquitoes of Aedes species is blamable ... more Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an “alpha virus” and female mosquitoes of Aedes species is blamable for the virus transmission, particularly by “Aedes aegyptius” and “Aedes albopictus”. Major sign of Chikungunya virus are temperature (severe) & body pain. Other features include headache, joint and muscle swelling, skin rashes. Although Chikungunya virus is not deadly but its features can be severe and cause serious damage. Just like other mosquitos borne diseases, important prevention for Chikungunya is to prevent from mosquito bite. It is essential to contrivance different protocols of affected individual care, in which main care procedures plays the important role.
Proline dehydrogenase is an important mitochondrial enzyme that is encoded by the PRODH gene. Bio... more Proline dehydrogenase is an important mitochondrial enzyme that is encoded by the PRODH gene. Biologically, a mutation in this gene affects the activity of proline dehydrogenase enzyme that is normally involved in conversion of proline to glutamate. However, its reduced or null activity leads to excess quantity of proline in the body, which results in different psychiatric phenotypes along with intellectual disability. In the present study, we performed in silico analysis on all reported mutations of PRODH. The 3D models of normal and mutant PRODH were predicted using I-TASSER. The predicted structures were visualized and superimposed using chimera 1.13.1. The CASTp was used to identify active sites in modelled proteins. Protein-protein docking was done with Cluspro, while protein-substrate docking was done with Auto Dock 1.5.6 and-MGL tools and the results were visualized using LigPlus+ v.2.2 and Discovery studio 2020 respectively. Alignment of 3D models (mutant with wildtype) reve...
Annals of Human Genetics, 2021
Alopecia‐mental retardation syndrome (APMR) is a rare autosomal recessive neuro‐dermal disorder. ... more Alopecia‐mental retardation syndrome (APMR) is a rare autosomal recessive neuro‐dermal disorder. It is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypic features, that is, absence of hair on the scalp, eyelashes, and eyebrows and mild to severe intellectual disability. So far, approximately 14 families (i.e., Iranian, Pakistani, and Swiss) with APMR have been reported in the scientific literature. Its precise prevalence is still unknown, but according to a predictive estimate, it prevails with the ratio of 1 in 1,000,000 persons worldwide. Until now, only four loci (two characterized and two uncharacterized) have been reported to be involved in APMR. The pathogenic variants in alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein [AHSG; APMR1 (MIM#203650)] and lanosterol synthase [LSS; APMR4 (MIM#618840)] are the characterized genetic factors associated with APMR. Among them, AHSG was reported in a consanguineous Iranian family and LSS gene in a Swiss origin family, while the remaining two uncharacterized loci, that is,...
Comparative study of plant extracts crude and aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic with antibiotics,... more Comparative study of plant extracts crude and aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic with antibiotics, provide evidence that calotropis procera extracts has the similar antibacterial activity as these antibiotics against test pathogens i.e. Salmonella typhi and E.coli. The analysis of antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extract of leaves and flower of Calotropis procera was carried out in disc method and also determined MIC value at 600nm through optical density using spectrophotometer. The zone of inhibition produced by extracts was examined and compares it with zone produced by antibiotics. The effect exhibited by ethanolic extract of leaves and flower was significantly greater than the aqueous and methanolic extract of leaves and flower. Crude extracts i.e. latex, leaves, fruit and flower crude extracts. Among them, flower crude extracts shows similar zone of inhibition to test anitibiotics.while in MIC value, we made different concentration of extracts and ant...
Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
The diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that has emerged as a great socioeconomic burden for... more The diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that has emerged as a great socioeconomic burden for the developing world. The figure of individuals with diabetes is growing due to people growth, aging, urbanization, and increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity. Counting the occurrence of diabetes and the amount of individuals pretentious by diabetes. This is a local issue therefore requires native data to develop a real picture of the problem. In this study prevalence of Diabetes were noted using self-made proforma and then statistical analysis was preformed using SPSS software for analyzing data. Our results suggest that the prevalence of Diabetes were so high without any difference of gender and also the age, Serious safety measures and actions should be taken by the Government of Pakistan to control the spread of Diabetes in this area.
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an "alpha virus" and female mosquitoes of Aedes species is blamable ... more Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an "alpha virus" and female mosquitoes of Aedes species is blamable for the virus transmission, particularly by "Aedes aegyptius" and "Aedes albopictus". Major sign of Chikungunya virus are temperature (severe) & body pain. Other features include headache, joint and muscle swelling, skin rashes. Although Chikungunya virus is not deadly but its features can be severe and cause serious damage. Just like other mosquitos borne diseases, important prevention for Chikungunya is to prevent from mosquito bite. It is essential to contrivance different protocols of affected individual care, in which main care procedures plays the important role.
To find out the risk factors as well as the tendency of active human immunodeficiency virus, hepa... more To find out the risk factors as well as the tendency of active human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections among the prisoners of central jail D.
Plants contain different types of bio-active compounds that can be used to cure many diseases and... more Plants contain different types of bio-active compounds that can be used to cure many diseases and also they can cure against many infectious diseases. These compounds are known as phytochemicals they may be primary or secondary constituents. Primary constituents have proteins, sugar, amino acids. Secondary constituents contain terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids. These compounds have antifungal as well as antibacterial activities.In this study different plants that are commonly found in Dera Ismail Khan region was investigated for phytochemical analysis, These plants were Acacia Nilotica, Luffa Cylindrical, Morus Nigra, Morus Alba, Punica Granatum and Psidium Guava commonly available in Dera Ismail khan region of Pakistan. Leaves, flower and fruits were washed, dried in air and ground to powdered. Aqueous extracts of leaves, flower and fruits were used for phytochemical analysis. All the parts were rich in phytochemicals i.e. terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids and steroids, etc. The phytochemical analysis has a great interest in pharmaceutical industries for new drugs and for curing different diseases. These phytochemicals found in this study can be used for curing different diseases.
Thyroid gland is the largest and purest endocrine gland in the body about 20gm in weight. It secr... more Thyroid gland is the largest and purest endocrine gland in the body about 20gm in weight. It secretes two types of hormones Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). These two hormones are involved in the basic metabolic process in the body. Due to malnutrients our youth is facing many problems related to health. This study was done on the normal and obese individuals to find out the level of thyroid hormone in their body that either obesity has any effect on the thyroid hormone level in the body. Using standard method the BMI of all the individuals was calculated. Also the level of Thyriod hormone was calculated using Elisa technique. In our finding highest level of TSH in male participants was found to be 2.672μIU/ml and his BMI was 32.196, while he had low level of T3 and T4 hormone i.e. 0.971ng/ml and 5.683μg/dl respectively. In Female participants highest level of TSH was found to be 2.875μIU/ml.Her BMI was 32.87 and her T3 and T4 hormone level was 1.019ng/ml and 5.621μg/dl respectively, Which was significantly lesser then the rest of the female participants with normal BMI. Our study strongly relates to the hypothesis that obese individuals has high level of TSH while low level of T3 and T4 hormone as compared to the normal individuals. So our study suggest that for normal level and functioning of hormones in the body, foucs on your diet and avoid malnutreints, so your body weigth remains normal as such your hormonal level.
4515 by Muhammad Muzammal
Banana is the second most significant fruit crop and also is important food crop. Banana producti... more Banana is the second most significant fruit crop and also is important food crop. Banana production is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. The banana production is also affected by the viruses and among these one is banana bunchy virus (BBTV). Throughout the world and also in Pakistan Banana bunchy virus is a major threat to the cultivation of banana. For Virus free multiplication and propagation of banana tissue culture is regarded as the main method. The main aim of this study was to develop the effective and reproducible banana culture with the help of tissue culture technique. Two new verities i-e 8818-william and Brazilian were tested through two different types of treatment in the culture. One MS media was provided with MS salts which contained sucrose 30g/L, vitamins 4.3g/L, kinetin 1mg/L, BAP 5mg/L, IAA 0.5mg/L, Gellum gum 1.8 g/L, silver nitrate 50µM and cacl2 0.1g/L. while the second media was supplemented with same ingredients used in the first media but the exception was that in place of Gellum gum 0.2 gm cotton was used for support. Liquid media was more efficient in the multiplication of shoots with the number of 13.6 in comparison to the solid media which scored 9.5 number of shoots. The maximum efficiency of the liquid media in proliferation and multiplication of shoots was probably due to the even spreading of the nutrients in the media. Along with that liquid media is also advantageous as the explants can easily obtain the nutrients as compared to solid media.
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Papers by Muhammad Muzammal
4515 by Muhammad Muzammal