Phone: +821026167470 Address: Solar Energy Utilization Lab. Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology Hallym University (www.hallym.ac.kr) Chuncheon, Korea
A novel stability indicating, specific, precise and accurate, high performance liquid chromatogra... more A novel stability indicating, specific, precise and accurate, high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of Dexibuprofen in pharmaceutical dosage forms of capsules and tablets, and in human serum.Acetonitrile: Buffer:AceticAcid 0.1M(65:35:0.3 v/v/v) was themobile phase at flowrate 1.0ml/min using a Hibar® iBondapak® C18 column monitored at wavelength of 220nm. The calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.9995 for the drug. The averages of the absolute and relative recoveries were found to be 100.07%for Dexibuprofenwith 10ng/ml limit of quantification and 3ng/ml limit of detection. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid, base, oxidation, and thermal degradation). Maximum degradation was observed in base and 35% H2O2 while found relatively stable in the other stress conditions. The studies of forced degradation prove the stability indicating power of the method. The de...
A new accurate, specific, precise, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been... more A new accurate, specific, precise, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of ciprofloxacin in bulk and in its pharmaceutical dosage forms of tablet and dry suspension. Acetonitrile: 0.25M Phosphoric Acid (pH 3.0 ± 0.1 with Diethylamine) (70:30), was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min using a Symmetry C column. The effluent was 18 spectrophotometrically monitored at 278 nm. The intraday and inter-day precisions showed coefficients of variation ranged from 0.51% to 1.18% at different levels of concentrations. The calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.99989. The averages of the absolute and relative recoveries were found to be 98.55% to 99.89%. The proposed HPLC method was successfully applied to quantify the amount of Ciprofloxacin in bulk and two dosage forms in quality control.
Illustration of charge transfer between Bi2O4 and nanoclusters, and photocatalytic MO degradation... more Illustration of charge transfer between Bi2O4 and nanoclusters, and photocatalytic MO degradation by M/Bi2O4 under visible light irradiation (M = Ag or Au).
Abstract The degradation of sulfisoxazole (SSX) on pure TiO 2 under visible light irradiation was... more Abstract The degradation of sulfisoxazole (SSX) on pure TiO 2 under visible light irradiation was investigated. 50 µM SSX was completely degraded in a suspension of pure TiO 2 (Hombikat UV100, 15 mg/30 mL) at pH i = 4.0 after 30 min of visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm and light intensity = 0.26 × 10 −3 einstein min −1 L −1 ). Although neither SSX nor pure TiO 2 alone absorbs visible light, the complexation of SSX on the TiO 2 surface induces visible light absorption and electron transfer from SSX to the TiO 2 conduction band (CB) (i.e., ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT)) in the SSX-TiO 2 complex. The visible light absorption and formation of an SSX-TiO 2 complex were confirmed by measuring the UV–visible absorption spectra, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra, and elemental mapping images of the SSX-TiO 2 complex powder. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) proceeded in a suspension of pure TiO 2 with SSX under visible light irradiation. 93% reduction was achieved after 1 h of visible light irradiation. This result corroborates the LMCT mechanism of the SSX-TiO 2 complex. The visible light-induced degradation of SSX on pure TiO 2 is ascribed to both electron transfer from SSX to the TiO 2 CB in the SSX-TiO 2 complex and the reaction of SSX with reactive oxygen species that are generated from oxygen reduction. The pseudo-first-order degradation rate constant ( k ) for SSX was higher at lower pH (e.g., 0.103 min −1 at pH i = 4.0 and 0.011 min −1 at pH i = 6.0), higher TiO 2 loading (e.g., 0.103 min −1 at [TiO 2 ] = 0.5 g/L and 0.048 min −1 at [TiO 2 ] = 0.1 g/L), and higher TiO 2 surface area (e.g., 0.103 min −1 at 316 m 2 /g and 0.025 min −1 at 85 m 2 /g), which enhanced the formation of the SSX-TiO 2 complex by providing better conditions for the adsorption of SSX on the TiO 2 surface. Not only SSX ( k = 0.103 min −1 ) but also other sulfa drugs such as sulfathiazole ( k = 0.010 min −1 ), sulfamoxole ( k = 0.009 min −1 ), sulfamethizole ( k = 0.007 min −1 ), and sulfamethoxazole ( k = 0.006 min −1 ) were degraded on pure TiO 2 under visible light irradiation. In addition, the degradation efficiency was not reduced by repeated cycles of SSX degradation. Therefore, the pure TiO 2 /visible light system is proposed as a practical method for the treatment of sulfa drug-contaminated water.
Poultry farming is the most dynamic & 2nd major industry in Pakistan. It has challenges of outbre... more Poultry farming is the most dynamic & 2nd major industry in Pakistan. It has challenges of outbreaks of viral diseases resulting in high mortality, morbidity and huge economic loss in Pakistan. Conventional diagnostic tests are expensive, laborious & require technical expertise. Hence, a highly sensitive & specific dot-ELISA kit is developed, in two steps; first whole antigen is prepared from AIV, NDV and IBV and is applied onto nitrocellulose membrane; second rabbit anti-chicken antibodies is raised, purified and conjugated with enzyme HRP. Dot ELISA results are much comparative with ELISA & have advantages of high specificity, sensitivity & facile. This kit has the advantage of loading multiple antigens from local isolates & can be performed even at poultry forms; with no technical expertise or advance laboratory facilities for interpretations. Even the staff can test their bird’s immune response after vaccination or test for the presence of infection. It can be prepared & used on...
In this article we describe development and validation of stability indicating, accurate, specifi... more In this article we describe development and validation of stability indicating, accurate, specific, precise and simple Ion-pairing RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and cetirizine HCl along with preservatives i.e. propylparaben, and methylparaben in pharmaceutical dosage forms of oral solution and in serum. Acetonitrile: Buffer: Sulfuric Acid (45:55:0.3 v/v/v) was the mobile phase at flow rate 1.0 mL min-1 using a Hibar® Lichrosorb® C18 column and monitored at wavelength of 230nm. The averages of absolute and relative recoveries were found to be 99.3%, 99.5%, 99.8% and 98.7% with correlation coefficient of 0.9977, 0.9998, 0.9984, and 0.9997 for cetirizine HCl, paracetamol, methylparaben and Propylparaben respectively. The limit of quantification and limit of detection were in range of 0.3 to 2.7 ng mL-1 and 0.1 to 0.8 ng mL-1 respectively. Under stress conditions of acidic, basic, oxidative, and thermal degradation, maximum degradation was observed in basic and oxidative stress where a significant impact was observed while all drugs were found almost stable in the other conditions. The developed method was validated in accordance with ICH and AOAC guidelines. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantify amount of paracetamol, cetirizine HCl and two most common microbial preservatives in bulk, dosage form and physiological fluid.
Here in this article we are describing about a simple, isocratic reverse phase high-performance l... more Here in this article we are describing about a simple, isocratic reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Prazosin (PRZ) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (diclofenac sodium, flurbiprofen, mefenamic acid, meloxicam and naproxen). This method was successfully applied for quantification of respective drugs in bulk, dosage formulations and human serum. Chromatographic separation was achieved at 240nm on the Nucleosil® C18 (250mm x 4.6mm, 10μm), ambient temperature using mobile phase consisting of methanol: acetonitrile (85:15 v/v pH 3.0 adjusted by phosphoric acid 85 %). Flow rate was 1.0 mL min-1 with an average operating pressure of 140 kg/cm2. Calibration curves were linear over range of 2.5-1000 μg mL-1 with a correlation coefficient 0.9997±0.0002. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the ranges of 4.0-45.1 ng mL-1 and 12.1-136.6 ng mL-1, respectively. Suitability of this method for the quantitative determination of the drugs was proved by validation in accordance with the requirements laid down by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Method was validated in accordance with ICH and AOAC guidelines and is applicable to the routine analysis of PRZ and NSAIDs, alone or in combination.
The medicinal and preservative uses of clove (syzygium aromaticum) have been claimed for centurie... more The medicinal and preservative uses of clove (syzygium aromaticum) have been claimed for centuries and it was valued by the people of ancient times for its beneficial health effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of clove against clinical and foodborne isolates. In vitro antibacterial activity of different concentrations (40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5%) ranged from 400 mg/ml to 50mg/ml of aqueous extract of clove was investigated against five clinical isolates including Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes and one foodborne isolate Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028. Agar well diffusion assay and filter paper disk diffusion assay were used to determine the growth inhibition. MICs and MBCs/MLCs were evaluated by broth dilution method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test. The aqueous extract of clove exhibited strong inhibition against S. enterica ATCC 14028, E. coli , K. pneumoniae, P.
aeruginosa, S. typhi and S. pyogenes. The maximum diameters of zones of inhibition that were measured ranged between 23-20 mm/100 μl in well diffusion assay and 12-11 mm/10 μl in filter paper disk diffusion assay for 40% (400 mg/ml) concentration of aqueous extract. The minimum concentration of extract that checked for
growth inhibition was 50 mg/ml and was inhibitory and effective in well diffusion assay. The MBC of clove extract was found to be 40 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa, 70 mg/ml for S. typhi, 80 mg/ml for S. enterica ATCC 14028 and E. coli and 90 mg/ml for S. pyogenes. The MICs were also recorded. In conclusion, since the aqueous extract of clove has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all test isolates that were resistant against various antibiotics tested, so its effective use can be made in therapy for infections caused by these organisms as
in recent years multidrug resistance has emerged among pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic therapy. Moreover, as spice extract showed remarkable activity against S. enterica atcc 14028 and E. coli which are pathogenic and important food spoilage causing organisms so it may also provide an alternative to conventional antibacterial food additives.
Multidrug resistance is a condition or status of a micro-organism that facilitate or enable the o... more Multidrug resistance is a condition or status of a micro-organism that facilitate or enable the organism to not only act as pathogen but also to resist against distinct chemicals of a wide variety of structure and function targeted to eradicate the organism such as antibiotics antiviral medications, antiparasitic drugs, and antifungal drugs etc. Based on degree of resistance different types of MDR can be categorized such as extensively-drug resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR). The explanations of such terminologies were published and are openly accessible in a journal called "Clinical Microbiology and Infection".
This article describes a new, accurate and highly specific high performance liquid chromatograph... more This article describes a new, accurate and highly specific high performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection (HPLC-UV) for the simultaneous determination of cetirizine HCl (CZ), chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), loratadine (LTD), domperidone (DP), buclizine (BZ) and meclizine (MZ) in pharmaceutical dosage form and human serum, involving pyridoxine (PYD) as the internal standard. The mobile phase consists of heptane sulphonic acid salt buffer and acetonitrile, drawn at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min�1 using
a symmetry C18 column with UV detection at 230 nm. The intraday and inter-day precision
measurements showed coefficients of variation always less than one. The calibration curve was tested in the range of 10–2150 ng mL�1 and the correlation coefficient of >0.9990 in all cases was obtained. The averages of the absolute and relative recoveries were found to be in the range of 98 to 102%. Up to six antihistamines were separated in the same chromatogram with good resolution. The proposed HPLC method has reasonable applications in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form and pharmacokinetics studies.
Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, Oct 28, 2013
A reverse phase stability indicating HPLC method for simultaneous determination of two antispasmo... more A reverse phase stability indicating HPLC method for simultaneous determination of two antispasmodic drugs in pharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms (injectable) and in serum has been developed and validated. Mobile phase ingredients consist of Acetonitrile : buffer : sulfuric acid 0.1 M (50 : 50 : 0.3 v/v/v), at flow rate 1.0 mL/min using a Hibar μBondapak ODS C18 column monitored at dual wavelength of 266 nm and 205 nm for phloroglucinol and trimethylphloroglucinol, respectively. The drugs were subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (oxidation, base, acid, and thermal degradation). Oxidation degraded the molecule drastically while there was not so much significant effect of other stress conditions. The calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and 0.9992 for PG and TMP, respectively. The drug recoveries fall in the range of 98.56% and 101.24% with 10 pg/mL and 33 pg/mL limit of detection and limit of quantification for both phloroglucinol and trimethylphloroglucinol. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and was applied successfully to quantify the amount of trimethylphloroglucinol and phloroglucinol in bulk, injectable form and physiological fluid. Forced degradation studies proved the stability indicating abilities of the method.
The emphasis of this study was on the sensitivity of the antibiotics to pathogenic bacterial stra... more The emphasis of this study was on the sensitivity of the antibiotics to pathogenic bacterial strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Total of 280 samples were collected in microbiology laboratory of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Staphyloccus aureus was isolated by using Blood agar, Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, Catalase, Coagulase and Dnase tests. Anti PBP-2a latex agglutination test was used to identify MRSA. Out of 139 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various clinical samples, 43.16% were found to be methicillin resistant. The efficacies of these isolates were tested by paper disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. All MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin. Among MRSA isolates, 44.82% were from different inpatient departments, whereas, 40.43% of the MRSA isolates were from outpatients. This preliminary report showed a high prevalence of MRSA in the hospital. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, regular surveillance of hospital acquired infections is the need of the hour. Keywords: Methicillin resistant, Staphylococcus aureus, Anti PBP-2a, latex agglutination test, Paper disc diffusion method
Scope of the environmental studies arrived when mankind faced serious threats regarding health du... more Scope of the environmental studies arrived when mankind faced serious threats regarding health due to changes in the environment. Some of the chemicals were determined as the indicator of environmental pollution, mercury is one of them. In this research a new spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of mercury in liquid samples using silver nano-particles by the process of amalgamation. This research was dually emphasized on the production of uniformly sized and stable nano-particles of silver as well as the determination of mercury by them. Changes in the spectral characters of silver nano-particles by the addition of mercury were of the basic interest. Fish samples were sampled for the mercury content from Local Street and amalgamation was carried out. Results found out to be out of limits as per FDA and EPA
A novel stability indicating, specific, precise and accurate, high performance liquid chromatogra... more A novel stability indicating, specific, precise and accurate, high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of Dexibuprofen in pharmaceutical dosage forms of capsules and tablets, and in human serum.Acetonitrile: Buffer:AceticAcid 0.1M(65:35:0.3 v/v/v) was themobile phase at flowrate 1.0ml/min using a Hibar® iBondapak® C18 column monitored at wavelength of 220nm. The calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.9995 for the drug. The averages of the absolute and relative recoveries were found to be 100.07%for Dexibuprofenwith 10ng/ml limit of quantification and 3ng/ml limit of detection. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid, base, oxidation, and thermal degradation). Maximum degradation was observed in base and 35% H2O2 while found relatively stable in the other stress conditions. The studies of forced degradation prove the stability indicating power of the method. The de...
A new accurate, specific, precise, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been... more A new accurate, specific, precise, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of ciprofloxacin in bulk and in its pharmaceutical dosage forms of tablet and dry suspension. Acetonitrile: 0.25M Phosphoric Acid (pH 3.0 ± 0.1 with Diethylamine) (70:30), was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min using a Symmetry C column. The effluent was 18 spectrophotometrically monitored at 278 nm. The intraday and inter-day precisions showed coefficients of variation ranged from 0.51% to 1.18% at different levels of concentrations. The calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.99989. The averages of the absolute and relative recoveries were found to be 98.55% to 99.89%. The proposed HPLC method was successfully applied to quantify the amount of Ciprofloxacin in bulk and two dosage forms in quality control.
Illustration of charge transfer between Bi2O4 and nanoclusters, and photocatalytic MO degradation... more Illustration of charge transfer between Bi2O4 and nanoclusters, and photocatalytic MO degradation by M/Bi2O4 under visible light irradiation (M = Ag or Au).
Abstract The degradation of sulfisoxazole (SSX) on pure TiO 2 under visible light irradiation was... more Abstract The degradation of sulfisoxazole (SSX) on pure TiO 2 under visible light irradiation was investigated. 50 µM SSX was completely degraded in a suspension of pure TiO 2 (Hombikat UV100, 15 mg/30 mL) at pH i = 4.0 after 30 min of visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm and light intensity = 0.26 × 10 −3 einstein min −1 L −1 ). Although neither SSX nor pure TiO 2 alone absorbs visible light, the complexation of SSX on the TiO 2 surface induces visible light absorption and electron transfer from SSX to the TiO 2 conduction band (CB) (i.e., ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT)) in the SSX-TiO 2 complex. The visible light absorption and formation of an SSX-TiO 2 complex were confirmed by measuring the UV–visible absorption spectra, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra, and elemental mapping images of the SSX-TiO 2 complex powder. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) proceeded in a suspension of pure TiO 2 with SSX under visible light irradiation. 93% reduction was achieved after 1 h of visible light irradiation. This result corroborates the LMCT mechanism of the SSX-TiO 2 complex. The visible light-induced degradation of SSX on pure TiO 2 is ascribed to both electron transfer from SSX to the TiO 2 CB in the SSX-TiO 2 complex and the reaction of SSX with reactive oxygen species that are generated from oxygen reduction. The pseudo-first-order degradation rate constant ( k ) for SSX was higher at lower pH (e.g., 0.103 min −1 at pH i = 4.0 and 0.011 min −1 at pH i = 6.0), higher TiO 2 loading (e.g., 0.103 min −1 at [TiO 2 ] = 0.5 g/L and 0.048 min −1 at [TiO 2 ] = 0.1 g/L), and higher TiO 2 surface area (e.g., 0.103 min −1 at 316 m 2 /g and 0.025 min −1 at 85 m 2 /g), which enhanced the formation of the SSX-TiO 2 complex by providing better conditions for the adsorption of SSX on the TiO 2 surface. Not only SSX ( k = 0.103 min −1 ) but also other sulfa drugs such as sulfathiazole ( k = 0.010 min −1 ), sulfamoxole ( k = 0.009 min −1 ), sulfamethizole ( k = 0.007 min −1 ), and sulfamethoxazole ( k = 0.006 min −1 ) were degraded on pure TiO 2 under visible light irradiation. In addition, the degradation efficiency was not reduced by repeated cycles of SSX degradation. Therefore, the pure TiO 2 /visible light system is proposed as a practical method for the treatment of sulfa drug-contaminated water.
Poultry farming is the most dynamic & 2nd major industry in Pakistan. It has challenges of outbre... more Poultry farming is the most dynamic & 2nd major industry in Pakistan. It has challenges of outbreaks of viral diseases resulting in high mortality, morbidity and huge economic loss in Pakistan. Conventional diagnostic tests are expensive, laborious & require technical expertise. Hence, a highly sensitive & specific dot-ELISA kit is developed, in two steps; first whole antigen is prepared from AIV, NDV and IBV and is applied onto nitrocellulose membrane; second rabbit anti-chicken antibodies is raised, purified and conjugated with enzyme HRP. Dot ELISA results are much comparative with ELISA & have advantages of high specificity, sensitivity & facile. This kit has the advantage of loading multiple antigens from local isolates & can be performed even at poultry forms; with no technical expertise or advance laboratory facilities for interpretations. Even the staff can test their bird’s immune response after vaccination or test for the presence of infection. It can be prepared & used on...
In this article we describe development and validation of stability indicating, accurate, specifi... more In this article we describe development and validation of stability indicating, accurate, specific, precise and simple Ion-pairing RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and cetirizine HCl along with preservatives i.e. propylparaben, and methylparaben in pharmaceutical dosage forms of oral solution and in serum. Acetonitrile: Buffer: Sulfuric Acid (45:55:0.3 v/v/v) was the mobile phase at flow rate 1.0 mL min-1 using a Hibar® Lichrosorb® C18 column and monitored at wavelength of 230nm. The averages of absolute and relative recoveries were found to be 99.3%, 99.5%, 99.8% and 98.7% with correlation coefficient of 0.9977, 0.9998, 0.9984, and 0.9997 for cetirizine HCl, paracetamol, methylparaben and Propylparaben respectively. The limit of quantification and limit of detection were in range of 0.3 to 2.7 ng mL-1 and 0.1 to 0.8 ng mL-1 respectively. Under stress conditions of acidic, basic, oxidative, and thermal degradation, maximum degradation was observed in basic and oxidative stress where a significant impact was observed while all drugs were found almost stable in the other conditions. The developed method was validated in accordance with ICH and AOAC guidelines. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantify amount of paracetamol, cetirizine HCl and two most common microbial preservatives in bulk, dosage form and physiological fluid.
Here in this article we are describing about a simple, isocratic reverse phase high-performance l... more Here in this article we are describing about a simple, isocratic reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Prazosin (PRZ) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (diclofenac sodium, flurbiprofen, mefenamic acid, meloxicam and naproxen). This method was successfully applied for quantification of respective drugs in bulk, dosage formulations and human serum. Chromatographic separation was achieved at 240nm on the Nucleosil® C18 (250mm x 4.6mm, 10μm), ambient temperature using mobile phase consisting of methanol: acetonitrile (85:15 v/v pH 3.0 adjusted by phosphoric acid 85 %). Flow rate was 1.0 mL min-1 with an average operating pressure of 140 kg/cm2. Calibration curves were linear over range of 2.5-1000 μg mL-1 with a correlation coefficient 0.9997±0.0002. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the ranges of 4.0-45.1 ng mL-1 and 12.1-136.6 ng mL-1, respectively. Suitability of this method for the quantitative determination of the drugs was proved by validation in accordance with the requirements laid down by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Method was validated in accordance with ICH and AOAC guidelines and is applicable to the routine analysis of PRZ and NSAIDs, alone or in combination.
The medicinal and preservative uses of clove (syzygium aromaticum) have been claimed for centurie... more The medicinal and preservative uses of clove (syzygium aromaticum) have been claimed for centuries and it was valued by the people of ancient times for its beneficial health effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of clove against clinical and foodborne isolates. In vitro antibacterial activity of different concentrations (40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5%) ranged from 400 mg/ml to 50mg/ml of aqueous extract of clove was investigated against five clinical isolates including Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes and one foodborne isolate Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028. Agar well diffusion assay and filter paper disk diffusion assay were used to determine the growth inhibition. MICs and MBCs/MLCs were evaluated by broth dilution method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test. The aqueous extract of clove exhibited strong inhibition against S. enterica ATCC 14028, E. coli , K. pneumoniae, P.
aeruginosa, S. typhi and S. pyogenes. The maximum diameters of zones of inhibition that were measured ranged between 23-20 mm/100 μl in well diffusion assay and 12-11 mm/10 μl in filter paper disk diffusion assay for 40% (400 mg/ml) concentration of aqueous extract. The minimum concentration of extract that checked for
growth inhibition was 50 mg/ml and was inhibitory and effective in well diffusion assay. The MBC of clove extract was found to be 40 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa, 70 mg/ml for S. typhi, 80 mg/ml for S. enterica ATCC 14028 and E. coli and 90 mg/ml for S. pyogenes. The MICs were also recorded. In conclusion, since the aqueous extract of clove has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all test isolates that were resistant against various antibiotics tested, so its effective use can be made in therapy for infections caused by these organisms as
in recent years multidrug resistance has emerged among pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic therapy. Moreover, as spice extract showed remarkable activity against S. enterica atcc 14028 and E. coli which are pathogenic and important food spoilage causing organisms so it may also provide an alternative to conventional antibacterial food additives.
Multidrug resistance is a condition or status of a micro-organism that facilitate or enable the o... more Multidrug resistance is a condition or status of a micro-organism that facilitate or enable the organism to not only act as pathogen but also to resist against distinct chemicals of a wide variety of structure and function targeted to eradicate the organism such as antibiotics antiviral medications, antiparasitic drugs, and antifungal drugs etc. Based on degree of resistance different types of MDR can be categorized such as extensively-drug resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR). The explanations of such terminologies were published and are openly accessible in a journal called "Clinical Microbiology and Infection".
This article describes a new, accurate and highly specific high performance liquid chromatograph... more This article describes a new, accurate and highly specific high performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection (HPLC-UV) for the simultaneous determination of cetirizine HCl (CZ), chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), loratadine (LTD), domperidone (DP), buclizine (BZ) and meclizine (MZ) in pharmaceutical dosage form and human serum, involving pyridoxine (PYD) as the internal standard. The mobile phase consists of heptane sulphonic acid salt buffer and acetonitrile, drawn at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min�1 using
a symmetry C18 column with UV detection at 230 nm. The intraday and inter-day precision
measurements showed coefficients of variation always less than one. The calibration curve was tested in the range of 10–2150 ng mL�1 and the correlation coefficient of >0.9990 in all cases was obtained. The averages of the absolute and relative recoveries were found to be in the range of 98 to 102%. Up to six antihistamines were separated in the same chromatogram with good resolution. The proposed HPLC method has reasonable applications in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form and pharmacokinetics studies.
Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, Oct 28, 2013
A reverse phase stability indicating HPLC method for simultaneous determination of two antispasmo... more A reverse phase stability indicating HPLC method for simultaneous determination of two antispasmodic drugs in pharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms (injectable) and in serum has been developed and validated. Mobile phase ingredients consist of Acetonitrile : buffer : sulfuric acid 0.1 M (50 : 50 : 0.3 v/v/v), at flow rate 1.0 mL/min using a Hibar μBondapak ODS C18 column monitored at dual wavelength of 266 nm and 205 nm for phloroglucinol and trimethylphloroglucinol, respectively. The drugs were subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (oxidation, base, acid, and thermal degradation). Oxidation degraded the molecule drastically while there was not so much significant effect of other stress conditions. The calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and 0.9992 for PG and TMP, respectively. The drug recoveries fall in the range of 98.56% and 101.24% with 10 pg/mL and 33 pg/mL limit of detection and limit of quantification for both phloroglucinol and trimethylphloroglucinol. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and was applied successfully to quantify the amount of trimethylphloroglucinol and phloroglucinol in bulk, injectable form and physiological fluid. Forced degradation studies proved the stability indicating abilities of the method.
The emphasis of this study was on the sensitivity of the antibiotics to pathogenic bacterial stra... more The emphasis of this study was on the sensitivity of the antibiotics to pathogenic bacterial strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Total of 280 samples were collected in microbiology laboratory of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Staphyloccus aureus was isolated by using Blood agar, Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, Catalase, Coagulase and Dnase tests. Anti PBP-2a latex agglutination test was used to identify MRSA. Out of 139 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various clinical samples, 43.16% were found to be methicillin resistant. The efficacies of these isolates were tested by paper disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. All MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin. Among MRSA isolates, 44.82% were from different inpatient departments, whereas, 40.43% of the MRSA isolates were from outpatients. This preliminary report showed a high prevalence of MRSA in the hospital. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, regular surveillance of hospital acquired infections is the need of the hour. Keywords: Methicillin resistant, Staphylococcus aureus, Anti PBP-2a, latex agglutination test, Paper disc diffusion method
Scope of the environmental studies arrived when mankind faced serious threats regarding health du... more Scope of the environmental studies arrived when mankind faced serious threats regarding health due to changes in the environment. Some of the chemicals were determined as the indicator of environmental pollution, mercury is one of them. In this research a new spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of mercury in liquid samples using silver nano-particles by the process of amalgamation. This research was dually emphasized on the production of uniformly sized and stable nano-particles of silver as well as the determination of mercury by them. Changes in the spectral characters of silver nano-particles by the addition of mercury were of the basic interest. Fish samples were sampled for the mercury content from Local Street and amalgamation was carried out. Results found out to be out of limits as per FDA and EPA
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Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes and one foodborne isolate Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028. Agar well diffusion assay and filter paper disk diffusion assay were used to determine the growth inhibition. MICs and MBCs/MLCs were evaluated by broth dilution method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test. The aqueous extract of clove exhibited strong inhibition against S. enterica ATCC 14028, E. coli , K. pneumoniae, P.
aeruginosa, S. typhi and S. pyogenes. The maximum diameters of zones of inhibition that were measured ranged between 23-20 mm/100 μl in well diffusion assay and 12-11 mm/10 μl in filter paper disk diffusion assay for 40% (400 mg/ml) concentration of aqueous extract. The minimum concentration of extract that checked for
growth inhibition was 50 mg/ml and was inhibitory and effective in well diffusion assay. The MBC of clove extract was found to be 40 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa, 70 mg/ml for S. typhi, 80 mg/ml for S. enterica ATCC 14028 and E. coli and 90 mg/ml for S. pyogenes. The MICs were also recorded. In conclusion, since the aqueous extract of clove has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all test isolates that were resistant against various antibiotics tested, so its effective use can be made in therapy for infections caused by these organisms as
in recent years multidrug resistance has emerged among pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic therapy. Moreover, as spice extract showed remarkable activity against S. enterica atcc 14028 and E. coli which are pathogenic and important food spoilage causing organisms so it may also provide an alternative to conventional antibacterial food additives.
a symmetry C18 column with UV detection at 230 nm. The intraday and inter-day precision
measurements showed coefficients of variation always less than one. The calibration curve was tested in the range of 10–2150 ng mL�1 and the correlation coefficient of >0.9990 in all cases was obtained. The averages of the absolute and relative recoveries were found to be in the range of 98 to 102%. Up to six antihistamines were separated in the same chromatogram with good resolution. The proposed HPLC method has reasonable applications in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form and pharmacokinetics studies.
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes and one foodborne isolate Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028. Agar well diffusion assay and filter paper disk diffusion assay were used to determine the growth inhibition. MICs and MBCs/MLCs were evaluated by broth dilution method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test. The aqueous extract of clove exhibited strong inhibition against S. enterica ATCC 14028, E. coli , K. pneumoniae, P.
aeruginosa, S. typhi and S. pyogenes. The maximum diameters of zones of inhibition that were measured ranged between 23-20 mm/100 μl in well diffusion assay and 12-11 mm/10 μl in filter paper disk diffusion assay for 40% (400 mg/ml) concentration of aqueous extract. The minimum concentration of extract that checked for
growth inhibition was 50 mg/ml and was inhibitory and effective in well diffusion assay. The MBC of clove extract was found to be 40 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa, 70 mg/ml for S. typhi, 80 mg/ml for S. enterica ATCC 14028 and E. coli and 90 mg/ml for S. pyogenes. The MICs were also recorded. In conclusion, since the aqueous extract of clove has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all test isolates that were resistant against various antibiotics tested, so its effective use can be made in therapy for infections caused by these organisms as
in recent years multidrug resistance has emerged among pathogenic bacteria against antibiotic therapy. Moreover, as spice extract showed remarkable activity against S. enterica atcc 14028 and E. coli which are pathogenic and important food spoilage causing organisms so it may also provide an alternative to conventional antibacterial food additives.
a symmetry C18 column with UV detection at 230 nm. The intraday and inter-day precision
measurements showed coefficients of variation always less than one. The calibration curve was tested in the range of 10–2150 ng mL�1 and the correlation coefficient of >0.9990 in all cases was obtained. The averages of the absolute and relative recoveries were found to be in the range of 98 to 102%. Up to six antihistamines were separated in the same chromatogram with good resolution. The proposed HPLC method has reasonable applications in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form and pharmacokinetics studies.