Civil Engineering

This study describes a design comparison and costs between the Solid Slabs and Hollow Block Slabs for the roof of a three-story building. As for the subject of our study, it was the ground floor ceiling. We adopted the architectural maps of the building to be implemented in the fence the higher and middle institute of the comprehensive professions Bani Walid. And included a study of design and costs between Solid Slabs and Hollow Block Slabs and then the comparison between these two cases in order to obtain results preferably one of them economically, from which we can choose the best and most appropriate type between them and get the sequential results, and where a simple and quick presentation of the plan projection was made and then we moved to the analysis and design of slabs and beams in a way Construction and each model separately, and after that, we performed the calculation of the quantities and costs for each of the proposed slabs, which were represented by a slab of solid ...

Abu bahanapi kelapa sawit (POFA) dengan kehalusan yang berbeza (t-POFA, f-POFA dan u-POFA) memberi kesan kekuatan mampatan dan mikrostruktur mortar yang berasaskan POFA alkali teraktif. Campuran mortar ultrahalus POFA (u-POFA) alkali teraktif menunjukkan kekuatan mampatan yang tertinggi yang diukur antara 7 dan 28 hari. Pelbagai teknik penganalisaan (XRD, FTIR, dan FESEM-EDX) yang dilakukan pada sampel menunjukkan wujudnya pembentukan C-S-H dan N-A-S-H. Perbandingan telah dibuat secara individu untuk POFA, FA dan GGBFS sebagai mortar alkali teraktif menggunakan kaedah Taguchi. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kekuatan mampatan tertinggi pada 28 hari rawatan secara individu POFA, FA dan GGBFS sebagai mortar alkali teraktif adalah masing-masing 41.20 MPa, 51.14 MPa dan 93.97 MPa. Kekuatan mampatan yang tinggi ini boleh dikaitkan dengan pembentukan pengikat gel (C-S-H dan N-A-S-H) dalam mortar alkali teraktif, seperti yang dibuktikan oleh analisis XRD, FTIR dan FESM-EDX. Mortar alka...

يلعب نظام النقل بالحافلات في ليبيا دورا محوريا في حركة المسافرين عبر البلاد ، بما في ذلك المساهمة في الحد من الازدحام المروري والحوادث الناتجة من زيادة استخدام السيارات الخاصة. في دولة ليبيا، شهد قطاع النقل بالحافلات العامة انخفاضا مطردا منذ 1990. لذلك، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى رصد الوضع الراهن وتحديد الأسباب التي أدت إلى هذا الانخفاض؛ بهدف تمكين المعنيين بقطاع النقل والمواصلات من فهم أبعاد المشكلة للتمكن من معالجتها بشكل دائم ومستمر لزيادة استخدام النقل العام وتقليل الاعتماد على استخدام وسائل النقل الخاصة. تحقيقا لهذه الغاية ، قد يكون الاهتمام بتلبية احتياجات مستخدمي الحافلات وتحسين جودة الخدمة مفيدا في جعل هذه الوسيلة الخيار المفضل لذى المسافرين في ليبيا. لذلك، تهدف هذه الورقة إلى تقييم جودة الخدمة في نظام النقل العام بالحافلة وتسعى إلى قياس مستويات جودة الخدمة باستخدام طريقة تحليل الأهمية و الرضا(ISA). تم توزيع الاستبيان على ركاب الحافلات في بعض المدن الكبرى في ليبيا حيث تم استخدام طريقة أخذ العينات الطبقية لهذا البحث وكانت العينة النهائية لهذا البحث من 276 مشاركا. تشير النتائج إلى أ...

Here, 3,4-dimethylaniline (3,4-DMA) was selected as a representative organic substance of aniline compounds. A biochar-titanium dioxide (BC-TiO 2) composite was prepared by the sol−gel method to investigate its adsorption ability toward the 3,4-DMA compound. Simultaneously, the prepared composite's adsorption ability and physical and physicochemical properties were also investigated. The isotherm studies confirmed that the adsorption of 3,4-DMA on both BC and BC-TiO 2 composite agrees with the Langmuir and Toth adsorption models, which means the formation of a monolayer of 3,4-DMA on the surface. The maximum adsorption capacity of 3,4-DMA was 322.58 mg g −1 and 285.71mg g −1 for BC and BC-TiO 2 , respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics reveals that the adsorption process of 3,4-DMA on BC and the BC-TiO 2 composite is controlled by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with an R 2 of 0.99.

This study covers the evaluation of the quality of ground water and surface water using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purpose of Model Colony, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan based on parameters physical, chemical, biological and heavy metals. The ground water samples were collected through boring wells and surface water samples were collected from (KWSB) Karachi Water and Sewerage Board's water supply system from different locations of study area. Four different locations were selected for collection of water samples using sterilized plastic bottles (1.5L capacity) from 9C, Kazimabad, Abbasi market, and Surti Society. Sampling was done in the evening time (05:00 pm PST). The results were compared with the WHO guidelines. It is concluded that some parameters like Lead and Fecal Coliform (E. coli) are found above from WHO guidelines, some like Arsenic, pH, Turbidity, Total Alkalinity as (CaCO3), Calcium, Chloride, Hardness (CaCo3), Magnesium, Nitrate, Potassium, Sodium, Sulphate and TDS are found below from WHO guidelines. For Water Quality Assessment Weighted Arithmetic Index method is used. WQI categorizes the both sources of water of Model Colony as good quality water. The mixing of sewage water which may infiltrate from the river channels and nala surrounding the study area, results in decreased quality of water. Calculated value of WQI revealed that the ground water with WQI= 25.60 and surface water with WQI= 29.38 are grouped into good category of water quality which indicates that it is unfit for drinking purpose. However, it can be used for the domestic, irrigation and industrial use. However, it can be used Over all public opinion was recorded through checklist at Model Colony causing various health ailment problems. The survey shows that persons found having diseases like Diarrhea 90%, Hepatitis-A 15%, Skin 70%, Eyes problem 45% and Typhoid 65%.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to their detrimental threat to human life, widespread existence in food chains and incremental lifetime cancer risk are of great concern around the globe. Ensuing their carcinogenic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects, this paper reviews the status of PAHs pollution in air, sediment, soil and water of different world regions and food chains. Besides this, the review will also summarize the data available on the content of PAHs in various food types and effects of PAHs intake on human health along with some preventive measures. The result showed that the overall concentration of PAHs ranged from 0-3842 ng.m-3 in air, 0-205398.76 ng. L-1 in water and 0-233320 ng. g-1 in sediment while agriculture soil possesses lower concentration of PAHs than urban soil. Moreover, higher content of PAHs in air, water and sediment have found in Asia, Middle East, and Africa, respectively. At the end, discussion will be extended to describe some recommendations to reduce emission rate of PAHs around the world.

Contamination of the aquatic environment with antibiotics and resistance genes is becoming an increasing threat to global health. Overuse of antibiotics has become a serious ecological problem and there is growing concern that antibiotics are losing their effectiveness due to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. During the last twenty years, the consumption of antibiotics has increased rapidly, which has been cited as one of the world's worst abusers of