This trial aimed to assess the growth performance of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed novel formul... more This trial aimed to assess the growth performance of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed novel formulations, evaluate fish welfare status, and determine flesh quality as part of the evaluation of sustainable feeds. A control diet containing fish meal and soy products (CTRL) was compared to: a diet with processed animal proteins (PAP); a diet without PAP (NoPAP); a PAP diet lower in protein (PAP−); and a NoPAP diet higher in protein (NoPAP+). Groups of 50 fish, weighing 58.84 ± 1.39 g (IBW), were allocated to 20 tanks and fed with formulated diets ad libitum over 91 days. Better growth performance was observed after the experiment in fish fed the NoPAP+ diet when compared to other diets. Protein retention was higher in CTRL diets than in PAP and PAP− diets. Protein and phosphorous digestibility were lower in fish fed PAP− diet. Diets did not influence the texture analysis. However, sensory analysis revealed higher acceptance for fish fed the NoPAP diet when compared to the PAP diet. Lyso...
The ‘Carpione’ (Salmo carpio L.) is a species strictly endemic to the Lake Garda, the largest Ita... more The ‘Carpione’ (Salmo carpio L.) is a species strictly endemic to the Lake Garda, the largest Italian lake, with a peculiar reproductive biology when compared to other Italian endemic Salmonids: it is gregarious and it spawns twice a year (summer and winter) at very high depth (above 150 m). Carpione is considered to be critically endangered within the IUCN Red List, as its population has drastically reduced in the last decades, mainly for overfishing and introduced species (Coregonus spp) and its conservation also goes through ex-situ reproduction. An ongoing project is studying the definition of rearing protocols to produce restocking material. Over the difficulty to find wild spawners, sanitary restrictions impose strict limitations to freely move and propagate the species in breeding plants, so that a specific plant for quarantine has been at first identified. Also if similarities with other Salmonid culture has been observed, specific hatching and rearing temperature, light-dark cycle and artificial diet are tested in the fish plant of the FEM-IASMA. In particular recent improvements of spawners feed led to an higher eggs production and higher juveniles production (about 25.000 alevins) from the last winter artificial reproduction. Study of spawning areas in Lake Garda by means of sonar sensor measurements and underwater robot camera revealed the potential of evaluating the best reintroduction techniques for the species
Seaweeds are promising ingredients for aquafeed for improving fish growth and as source of n3 fat... more Seaweeds are promising ingredients for aquafeed for improving fish growth and as source of n3 fatty acids. The present study aimed at assessing the effects on marketable and qualitative traits of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) fillets of a low-level inclusion (5%) of a commercial mix of seaweed formulation in a soybean-rich diet. The fish were fed for 12 weeks and sampled immediately after the acclimation period (T0), after 6 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (end of the trial, T2). Six fish per treatment were sacrificed at each sampling, individually weighed and submitted to the sectioning to obtain the body components that, after measurements, were needed to calculate the marketable indexes (condition factor, dressed and fillet yields, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index). On fillets, physical properties such as pH, texture and color were measured and the cholesterol content, the proximate and the fatty acid composition were analyzed. Results revealed that the inclusion of seaweed mixture in a soybean rich diet significantly affected fillet yield and hepatosomatic index after 12 weeks of administration. The physical parameters of muscle, such as color, pH, water holding capacity and texture were not modified in comparison to the vegetable rich diet. Slight modifications in the proximate composition emerged at the end of the trial, especially concerning the protein content, which increased in parallel to a decrease of lipid content. However, the fatty acid profile of the muscle was deeply modified by the administered diets in comparison to the first 6 weeks. The inclusion level of seaweeds utilized in the present study was not sufficient for improving PUFAn-3 level of a diet rich in vegetable protein and oi
Carpione (Salmo carpio, Linnaeus 1758) is an endangered precious endemism of Lake Garda (Northern... more Carpione (Salmo carpio, Linnaeus 1758) is an endangered precious endemism of Lake Garda (Northern Italy), the largest Italian lake. To date, several bottlenecks about its culture remain unsolved, including the identification of a proper growth-out diet. The aim of the present study was to test four different grossly isolipidic, isoproteic, and isoenergetic diets in which the main ingredients had a different origin. Specifically, a diet currently used by local farmers for carpione culture, largely based on marine ingredients, was used as control (CTRL), while the other three diets were formulated by partially replacing marine ingredients with plant ones (VEG) or with different percentages of processed animal proteins (PAP1 and PAP2). The feeding trial was run in triplicate, over a three-month period. No significant differences in growth performance among the experimental groups were observed. However, remarkable histological alterations and inflammatory markers upregulation were obse...
This study compared the nutrient-energy retention, digestive function, growth performance, and we... more This study compared the nutrient-energy retention, digestive function, growth performance, and welfare of rainbow trout (ibw 54 g) fed isoproteic (42%), isolipidic (24%), fishmeal-free diets (CV) over 13 weeks. The diets consisted of plant-protein replacement with graded levels (10, 30, 60%) of protein from poultry by-product (PBM) and black soldier fly H. illucens pupae (BSFM) meals, either singly or in combination. A fishmeal-based diet was also tested (CF). Nitrogen retention improved with moderate or high levels of dietary PBM and BSFM relative to CV (p < 0.05). Gut brush border enzyme activity was poorly affected by the diets. Gastric chitinase was up-regulated after high BSFM feeding (p < 0.05). The gut peptide and amino acid transport genes were differently regulated by protein source and level. Serum cortisol was unaffected, and the changes in metabolites stayed within the physiological range. High PBM and high BSFM lowered the leukocyte respiratory burst activity and ...
The present work summarizes the GAIN project effort in testing several alternative formulation co... more The present work summarizes the GAIN project effort in testing several alternative formulation concepts in five farmed species: rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, gilthead seabream, European seabass, and turbot.
Maintaining animal health trough a healthy diet is one of the most important factors in fish farm... more Maintaining animal health trough a healthy diet is one of the most important factors in fish farming. Gastrointestinal disorders, can impact importantly the survival, growth, and health of farmed rainbow trout. Essential oils are well-known as antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory molecules. In this experiment we evaluated the effects of essential oils supplementation in fish diet on the gut microbiota of farmed trout. We fed an equal number of fish (from an “all female” stock), in three independent rearing tanks: the control group received the standard diet, in the two other groups standard diet was supplemented with 0.02% and 0.03% GrowNat™/MixOil™. A total of 58 fecal samples were collected at seven different times (T0-T6) for a total of 32 weeks. The fecal microbiota was investigated by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing (454 FLX Roche). Hierarchical clustering analysis of the ARDRA band profiles shows a clear separation between control and treated samples in particular on T6 indicating a possible effect of the supplementation in modulating gut microbiota. Metagenome-based fingerprinting and high-throughput sequencing on bacterial 16S rRNA genes indicated that fish gut was dominated by Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, which displayed differences between treated and untreated fish. Finally our results show the potential of this animal model to study the host–microbiota interactions, using a metagenomics approach to evaluate the interaction of environment, genetics, and microbiota in health and disease
This trial aimed to assess the growth performance of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed novel formul... more This trial aimed to assess the growth performance of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed novel formulations, evaluate fish welfare status, and determine flesh quality as part of the evaluation of sustainable feeds. A control diet containing fish meal and soy products (CTRL) was compared to: a diet with processed animal proteins (PAP); a diet without PAP (NoPAP); a PAP diet lower in protein (PAP−); and a NoPAP diet higher in protein (NoPAP+). Groups of 50 fish, weighing 58.84 ± 1.39 g (IBW), were allocated to 20 tanks and fed with formulated diets ad libitum over 91 days. Better growth performance was observed after the experiment in fish fed the NoPAP+ diet when compared to other diets. Protein retention was higher in CTRL diets than in PAP and PAP− diets. Protein and phosphorous digestibility were lower in fish fed PAP− diet. Diets did not influence the texture analysis. However, sensory analysis revealed higher acceptance for fish fed the NoPAP diet when compared to the PAP diet. Lyso...
The ‘Carpione’ (Salmo carpio L.) is a species strictly endemic to the Lake Garda, the largest Ita... more The ‘Carpione’ (Salmo carpio L.) is a species strictly endemic to the Lake Garda, the largest Italian lake, with a peculiar reproductive biology when compared to other Italian endemic Salmonids: it is gregarious and it spawns twice a year (summer and winter) at very high depth (above 150 m). Carpione is considered to be critically endangered within the IUCN Red List, as its population has drastically reduced in the last decades, mainly for overfishing and introduced species (Coregonus spp) and its conservation also goes through ex-situ reproduction. An ongoing project is studying the definition of rearing protocols to produce restocking material. Over the difficulty to find wild spawners, sanitary restrictions impose strict limitations to freely move and propagate the species in breeding plants, so that a specific plant for quarantine has been at first identified. Also if similarities with other Salmonid culture has been observed, specific hatching and rearing temperature, light-dark cycle and artificial diet are tested in the fish plant of the FEM-IASMA. In particular recent improvements of spawners feed led to an higher eggs production and higher juveniles production (about 25.000 alevins) from the last winter artificial reproduction. Study of spawning areas in Lake Garda by means of sonar sensor measurements and underwater robot camera revealed the potential of evaluating the best reintroduction techniques for the species
Seaweeds are promising ingredients for aquafeed for improving fish growth and as source of n3 fat... more Seaweeds are promising ingredients for aquafeed for improving fish growth and as source of n3 fatty acids. The present study aimed at assessing the effects on marketable and qualitative traits of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) fillets of a low-level inclusion (5%) of a commercial mix of seaweed formulation in a soybean-rich diet. The fish were fed for 12 weeks and sampled immediately after the acclimation period (T0), after 6 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (end of the trial, T2). Six fish per treatment were sacrificed at each sampling, individually weighed and submitted to the sectioning to obtain the body components that, after measurements, were needed to calculate the marketable indexes (condition factor, dressed and fillet yields, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index). On fillets, physical properties such as pH, texture and color were measured and the cholesterol content, the proximate and the fatty acid composition were analyzed. Results revealed that the inclusion of seaweed mixture in a soybean rich diet significantly affected fillet yield and hepatosomatic index after 12 weeks of administration. The physical parameters of muscle, such as color, pH, water holding capacity and texture were not modified in comparison to the vegetable rich diet. Slight modifications in the proximate composition emerged at the end of the trial, especially concerning the protein content, which increased in parallel to a decrease of lipid content. However, the fatty acid profile of the muscle was deeply modified by the administered diets in comparison to the first 6 weeks. The inclusion level of seaweeds utilized in the present study was not sufficient for improving PUFAn-3 level of a diet rich in vegetable protein and oi
Carpione (Salmo carpio, Linnaeus 1758) is an endangered precious endemism of Lake Garda (Northern... more Carpione (Salmo carpio, Linnaeus 1758) is an endangered precious endemism of Lake Garda (Northern Italy), the largest Italian lake. To date, several bottlenecks about its culture remain unsolved, including the identification of a proper growth-out diet. The aim of the present study was to test four different grossly isolipidic, isoproteic, and isoenergetic diets in which the main ingredients had a different origin. Specifically, a diet currently used by local farmers for carpione culture, largely based on marine ingredients, was used as control (CTRL), while the other three diets were formulated by partially replacing marine ingredients with plant ones (VEG) or with different percentages of processed animal proteins (PAP1 and PAP2). The feeding trial was run in triplicate, over a three-month period. No significant differences in growth performance among the experimental groups were observed. However, remarkable histological alterations and inflammatory markers upregulation were obse...
This study compared the nutrient-energy retention, digestive function, growth performance, and we... more This study compared the nutrient-energy retention, digestive function, growth performance, and welfare of rainbow trout (ibw 54 g) fed isoproteic (42%), isolipidic (24%), fishmeal-free diets (CV) over 13 weeks. The diets consisted of plant-protein replacement with graded levels (10, 30, 60%) of protein from poultry by-product (PBM) and black soldier fly H. illucens pupae (BSFM) meals, either singly or in combination. A fishmeal-based diet was also tested (CF). Nitrogen retention improved with moderate or high levels of dietary PBM and BSFM relative to CV (p < 0.05). Gut brush border enzyme activity was poorly affected by the diets. Gastric chitinase was up-regulated after high BSFM feeding (p < 0.05). The gut peptide and amino acid transport genes were differently regulated by protein source and level. Serum cortisol was unaffected, and the changes in metabolites stayed within the physiological range. High PBM and high BSFM lowered the leukocyte respiratory burst activity and ...
The present work summarizes the GAIN project effort in testing several alternative formulation co... more The present work summarizes the GAIN project effort in testing several alternative formulation concepts in five farmed species: rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, gilthead seabream, European seabass, and turbot.
Maintaining animal health trough a healthy diet is one of the most important factors in fish farm... more Maintaining animal health trough a healthy diet is one of the most important factors in fish farming. Gastrointestinal disorders, can impact importantly the survival, growth, and health of farmed rainbow trout. Essential oils are well-known as antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory molecules. In this experiment we evaluated the effects of essential oils supplementation in fish diet on the gut microbiota of farmed trout. We fed an equal number of fish (from an “all female” stock), in three independent rearing tanks: the control group received the standard diet, in the two other groups standard diet was supplemented with 0.02% and 0.03% GrowNat™/MixOil™. A total of 58 fecal samples were collected at seven different times (T0-T6) for a total of 32 weeks. The fecal microbiota was investigated by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing (454 FLX Roche). Hierarchical clustering analysis of the ARDRA band profiles shows a clear separation between control and treated samples in particular on T6 indicating a possible effect of the supplementation in modulating gut microbiota. Metagenome-based fingerprinting and high-throughput sequencing on bacterial 16S rRNA genes indicated that fish gut was dominated by Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, which displayed differences between treated and untreated fish. Finally our results show the potential of this animal model to study the host–microbiota interactions, using a metagenomics approach to evaluate the interaction of environment, genetics, and microbiota in health and disease
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Papers by Filippo Faccenda