I am an Assistant Professor of Accounting and Auditing at the Faculty of Administrative Science, Ibb University, Yemen. I keep looking for chances to explore the academic world through teaching and research. My research interests include earnings management, financial accounting and reporting, corporate governance, and auditing.
This study aims to identify the obstacles of learning chemistry for ninth grade students in Syria... more This study aims to identify the obstacles of learning chemistry for ninth grade students in Syrian Arab Republic-Idlib Suburb Refugee camps and suggest solutions to overcome these obstacles. The study followed an analytical descriptive approach using two questionnaires of (58) items of questions for teachers and (18) for students.The population of the study included (27) teachers of chemistry and (91) ninth grade in schools in students in Idlib Refugee camps between 2016 and 2018. The SPSS program adopted for the analysis of data and the statistical study showed the following results: the obstacles identified by teachers included tools, materials, and structures of laboratories as the most significant, as well as the situation of schools and the education environment in the camps. Students also identified obstacles related to tools, materials, and the structure of laboratories, then difficulties with teachers, availability and content of chemistry textbooks, and finally personal or ...
The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of institutional investors’ ownership ... more The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of institutional investors’ ownership (INOW) on firms’ environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting in Saudi Arabia. Using data on ESG reporting from the Bloomberg database for 206 Saudi-listed firms spanning the period from 2010 to 2019 and employing ordinary least squares regression (OLS), the results show a significant and positive association between INOW and ESG reporting. When institutional investors are classified into government and privately managed institutions, the research findings clearly show that only government-managed institutional investors (Govt_IO) are linked to ESG reporting in a positive and significant way, whereas there is no significant association between privately managed institutions (Prvt_IO) and ESG reporting. In addition, when the ESG score is disaggregated by individual pillars, we find Govt_IO is positively associated with environmental score and social score. These results suggest t...
The code of corporate governance in Saudi Arabia places a greater focus on social responsibility ... more The code of corporate governance in Saudi Arabia places a greater focus on social responsibility initiatives by Saudi companies and the reporting of such activities to the community. The current study examines the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures amongst Saudi companies. In particular, we extend previous studies by covering unique Saudi corporate governance mechanisms (i.e., the presence of members of the royal family on the board (BROY) and of external members on the audit committee (ACEXT)), and their impact on ESG disclosure. Using 206 company-year observations for Saudi listed companies spanning the period 2010 to 2019, we find the presence of BROY and ACEXT has a positive and significant association with ESG disclosure. The findings of this study may help policymakers to develop regulations regarding corporate governance mechanisms to enhance ESG disclosure.
This study investigates the association between institutional investors’ ownership and sell-side ... more This study investigates the association between institutional investors’ ownership and sell-side analysts’ stock recommendations in the context of the heterogeneous nature of institutional investor...
Purpose This study aims to investigate the link between audit committee characteristics and the l... more Purpose This study aims to investigate the link between audit committee characteristics and the liquidity of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Malaysia, which is an emerging economy in Southeast Asia. Another purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of the revised Malaysian code of corporate governance (MCCG) on the link between audit committee characteristics and IPO liquidity. Design/methodology/approach The final sample consists of 304 Malaysian IPOs listed in 2002–2017. This study uses ordinary least squares regression method to analyse the data. To confirm this study’s findings, a hierarchical or four-stage regression analysis is used to compare the t-values of the main and moderate regression models. Findings The findings show that audit committee characteristics (size and director independence) have a positive and significant relationship with IPO liquidity. Also, the revised MCCG positively moderates the relationship between audit committee characteristics ...
Only a few studies have investigated the association between the characteristics of the chief exe... more Only a few studies have investigated the association between the characteristics of the chief executive officer (CEO) (i.e., tenure and local or expatriate) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. Our study adds to the fledgling literature by providing new evidence from Saudi Arabia. Given the dominance of family control among Saudi Arabian listed firms, additionally, this study examined the moderating effect of family ownership on the CEO-CSR relationship. Using CSR scores from Bloomberg database from 2010 to 2019 and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, the findings reveal that the association between CEO tenure and CSR reporting is positively significant; however, the association between CEO nationality and CSR is not significant. In addition, the findings indicate that family ownership is an important contingency factor that explains the association between CEO tenure and CEO nationality, and CSR reporting. Our study contributes to an emerging line of CSR resear...
PurposeThis study aims to investigate the monitoring role of ownership structure (OWS) on real ea... more PurposeThis study aims to investigate the monitoring role of ownership structure (OWS) on real earnings management (REM) practices; previous studies primarily examined the effect of OWS on accrual-based earnings management.Design/methodology/approachThe sample of this study is 490 companies listed on the Malaysian Stock Exchange during the period 2013–2016 (1,960 company-year observations). The regression of a feasible generalized least square was used for data analysis. The authors use three regression models ordinary least squares, panel-corrected standard errors and Driscoll–Kraay standard errors to corroborate the findings and also examine alternative REM measures.FindingsAnalysis of the data shows that family, foreign and institutional ownership has a positive link with the quality of financial reporting and, to a large extent, is capable of alleviating REM. The findings also indicate that some form of OWS significantly affects REM, corroborating existing theories on corporate ...
This study investigates real earnings management in family firms and further examines the moderat... more This study investigates real earnings management in family firms and further examines the moderating effects of the independence and compensation of directors. Based on a sample of 106 non-financial public listed firms over 5 years in Saudi Arabia, the empirical results show that family firms are positively linked to real earnings management. This result supports the entrenchment hypothesis that family firms have lower earnings quality due to manipulation in real activities. Further, we found evidence that the proportion of independent directors and the compensation paid to directors both interacted in family firms to reduce real earnings management. Our findings suggest that increasing the proportion of independent directors and paying higher compensation to directors are one workable way for family firms to mitigate their real earnings management behaviour.
This study investigates the association between institutional investors’ ownership and sell-side ... more This study investigates the association between institutional investors’ ownership and sell-side analysts’ stock recommendations in the context of the heterogeneous nature of institutional investors. Based on a sample of 281 Malaysian public listed companies over the period 2008–2013 (732 company-year observations), we find a significant positive relationship between institutional ownership, in particular ownership held by privately managed institutional investors, and sell-side analysts’ stock recommendations, but no significant relationship between state-owned institutional investors and sell-side analysts’ stock recommendations. This suggests that the relationship between institutional investors and analysts’ stock recommendations are different among different types of institutional investors. Our results are robust to tests for potential endogeneity between institutional ownership and analysts’ stock recommendations.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2020
Recent studies claim that improvements in regulations and corporate governance law in different c... more Recent studies claim that improvements in regulations and corporate governance law in different countries are restricting accrual-based earnings management and encouraging managers to shift to real earnings management (REM). However, it is not yet clear whether audit committee (AC) directors with legal expertise are associated with higher or lower REM. Thus, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the AC chair's legal expertise and REM in the energy and utilities sectors in Malaysia. The study uses a sample of all energy and utilities companies listed on Bursa Malaysia between 2013 and 2018. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is applied to analyse the study data. The study finds that AC chairs with legal expertise are positively and significantly associated with REM, suggesting that they have not yet ceased REM practices. The findings add to the corporate governance and earnings management literature, and inform regulators and other readers of financial reports about the monitoring role of the AC chair.
This paper investigates accrual earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) in f... more This paper investigates accrual earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) in family businesses (FB) in Saudi Arabia. Current literature indicates that minority rights are confiscated by the controlling shareholders in a business environment weak to protect investors. Based on this argument, considering the various implications of AEM and REM on family businesses, the results show evidence that family businesses in Saudi Arabia engaged in both types of earnings management during the period 2014–2018, with a positive and significant effect on both AEM and REM. This evidence supports the entrenchment hypothesis that FB have lower earnings quality due to manipulation in accruals and real activities. The results therefore indicate that earnings announced in Saudi family businesses’ financial statements are less reliable. These findings, that family-controlled firms are able to manipulate earnings, should be considered by regulators and policymakers.
Journal of Advanced Research in Business and Management Studies, 2019
This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the role of family ownership for mitiga... more This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the role of family ownership for mitigating earnings management (accrual & real). Family ownership is among the corporate governance primary mechanisms that have been a focus of many researchers and scholars. The present study argues that firms with family ownership are less likely to allow earnings management because they have typically invested a lot of their private fortune in the firm and families are more concerned about the survival of the firm and its reputation; thus, they have a strong motivation to monitor management very well. Despite that, there is a lack of prior studies that examine these relationships in developing countries. So, the main objective of this study was to bridge this gap and try to enrich the existing literature.
International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2019
The aim of this study is to provide a complete description of the related literature associated t... more The aim of this study is to provide a complete description of the related literature associated to the relationship between ownership structures, namely; family, managerial and foreign ownership; and Real and Accrual Earning Management. As has much research over the past decades preceding this study, this research explores how ownership structure plays an essential function in forming the corporate governance system of a company. The existing literature on ownership structure indicates that there is a lack of research on the three forms of ownership nominated above and their subsequent impact on the two kinds of earnings management in developing countries. Thus, this research focuses on the three specific and less researched ownership structures to fill the identified gap as well as to attempt to add to the literature in this field.
This study aims to identify the obstacles of learning chemistry for ninth grade students in Syria... more This study aims to identify the obstacles of learning chemistry for ninth grade students in Syrian Arab Republic-Idlib Suburb Refugee camps and suggest solutions to overcome these obstacles. The study followed an analytical descriptive approach using two questionnaires of (58) items of questions for teachers and (18) for students.The population of the study included (27) teachers of chemistry and (91) ninth grade in schools in students in Idlib Refugee camps between 2016 and 2018. The SPSS program adopted for the analysis of data and the statistical study showed the following results: the obstacles identified by teachers included tools, materials, and structures of laboratories as the most significant, as well as the situation of schools and the education environment in the camps. Students also identified obstacles related to tools, materials, and the structure of laboratories, then difficulties with teachers, availability and content of chemistry textbooks, and finally personal or ...
The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of institutional investors’ ownership ... more The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of institutional investors’ ownership (INOW) on firms’ environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting in Saudi Arabia. Using data on ESG reporting from the Bloomberg database for 206 Saudi-listed firms spanning the period from 2010 to 2019 and employing ordinary least squares regression (OLS), the results show a significant and positive association between INOW and ESG reporting. When institutional investors are classified into government and privately managed institutions, the research findings clearly show that only government-managed institutional investors (Govt_IO) are linked to ESG reporting in a positive and significant way, whereas there is no significant association between privately managed institutions (Prvt_IO) and ESG reporting. In addition, when the ESG score is disaggregated by individual pillars, we find Govt_IO is positively associated with environmental score and social score. These results suggest t...
The code of corporate governance in Saudi Arabia places a greater focus on social responsibility ... more The code of corporate governance in Saudi Arabia places a greater focus on social responsibility initiatives by Saudi companies and the reporting of such activities to the community. The current study examines the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures amongst Saudi companies. In particular, we extend previous studies by covering unique Saudi corporate governance mechanisms (i.e., the presence of members of the royal family on the board (BROY) and of external members on the audit committee (ACEXT)), and their impact on ESG disclosure. Using 206 company-year observations for Saudi listed companies spanning the period 2010 to 2019, we find the presence of BROY and ACEXT has a positive and significant association with ESG disclosure. The findings of this study may help policymakers to develop regulations regarding corporate governance mechanisms to enhance ESG disclosure.
This study investigates the association between institutional investors’ ownership and sell-side ... more This study investigates the association between institutional investors’ ownership and sell-side analysts’ stock recommendations in the context of the heterogeneous nature of institutional investor...
Purpose This study aims to investigate the link between audit committee characteristics and the l... more Purpose This study aims to investigate the link between audit committee characteristics and the liquidity of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Malaysia, which is an emerging economy in Southeast Asia. Another purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of the revised Malaysian code of corporate governance (MCCG) on the link between audit committee characteristics and IPO liquidity. Design/methodology/approach The final sample consists of 304 Malaysian IPOs listed in 2002–2017. This study uses ordinary least squares regression method to analyse the data. To confirm this study’s findings, a hierarchical or four-stage regression analysis is used to compare the t-values of the main and moderate regression models. Findings The findings show that audit committee characteristics (size and director independence) have a positive and significant relationship with IPO liquidity. Also, the revised MCCG positively moderates the relationship between audit committee characteristics ...
Only a few studies have investigated the association between the characteristics of the chief exe... more Only a few studies have investigated the association between the characteristics of the chief executive officer (CEO) (i.e., tenure and local or expatriate) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. Our study adds to the fledgling literature by providing new evidence from Saudi Arabia. Given the dominance of family control among Saudi Arabian listed firms, additionally, this study examined the moderating effect of family ownership on the CEO-CSR relationship. Using CSR scores from Bloomberg database from 2010 to 2019 and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, the findings reveal that the association between CEO tenure and CSR reporting is positively significant; however, the association between CEO nationality and CSR is not significant. In addition, the findings indicate that family ownership is an important contingency factor that explains the association between CEO tenure and CEO nationality, and CSR reporting. Our study contributes to an emerging line of CSR resear...
PurposeThis study aims to investigate the monitoring role of ownership structure (OWS) on real ea... more PurposeThis study aims to investigate the monitoring role of ownership structure (OWS) on real earnings management (REM) practices; previous studies primarily examined the effect of OWS on accrual-based earnings management.Design/methodology/approachThe sample of this study is 490 companies listed on the Malaysian Stock Exchange during the period 2013–2016 (1,960 company-year observations). The regression of a feasible generalized least square was used for data analysis. The authors use three regression models ordinary least squares, panel-corrected standard errors and Driscoll–Kraay standard errors to corroborate the findings and also examine alternative REM measures.FindingsAnalysis of the data shows that family, foreign and institutional ownership has a positive link with the quality of financial reporting and, to a large extent, is capable of alleviating REM. The findings also indicate that some form of OWS significantly affects REM, corroborating existing theories on corporate ...
This study investigates real earnings management in family firms and further examines the moderat... more This study investigates real earnings management in family firms and further examines the moderating effects of the independence and compensation of directors. Based on a sample of 106 non-financial public listed firms over 5 years in Saudi Arabia, the empirical results show that family firms are positively linked to real earnings management. This result supports the entrenchment hypothesis that family firms have lower earnings quality due to manipulation in real activities. Further, we found evidence that the proportion of independent directors and the compensation paid to directors both interacted in family firms to reduce real earnings management. Our findings suggest that increasing the proportion of independent directors and paying higher compensation to directors are one workable way for family firms to mitigate their real earnings management behaviour.
This study investigates the association between institutional investors’ ownership and sell-side ... more This study investigates the association between institutional investors’ ownership and sell-side analysts’ stock recommendations in the context of the heterogeneous nature of institutional investors. Based on a sample of 281 Malaysian public listed companies over the period 2008–2013 (732 company-year observations), we find a significant positive relationship between institutional ownership, in particular ownership held by privately managed institutional investors, and sell-side analysts’ stock recommendations, but no significant relationship between state-owned institutional investors and sell-side analysts’ stock recommendations. This suggests that the relationship between institutional investors and analysts’ stock recommendations are different among different types of institutional investors. Our results are robust to tests for potential endogeneity between institutional ownership and analysts’ stock recommendations.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2020
Recent studies claim that improvements in regulations and corporate governance law in different c... more Recent studies claim that improvements in regulations and corporate governance law in different countries are restricting accrual-based earnings management and encouraging managers to shift to real earnings management (REM). However, it is not yet clear whether audit committee (AC) directors with legal expertise are associated with higher or lower REM. Thus, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the AC chair's legal expertise and REM in the energy and utilities sectors in Malaysia. The study uses a sample of all energy and utilities companies listed on Bursa Malaysia between 2013 and 2018. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is applied to analyse the study data. The study finds that AC chairs with legal expertise are positively and significantly associated with REM, suggesting that they have not yet ceased REM practices. The findings add to the corporate governance and earnings management literature, and inform regulators and other readers of financial reports about the monitoring role of the AC chair.
This paper investigates accrual earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) in f... more This paper investigates accrual earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) in family businesses (FB) in Saudi Arabia. Current literature indicates that minority rights are confiscated by the controlling shareholders in a business environment weak to protect investors. Based on this argument, considering the various implications of AEM and REM on family businesses, the results show evidence that family businesses in Saudi Arabia engaged in both types of earnings management during the period 2014–2018, with a positive and significant effect on both AEM and REM. This evidence supports the entrenchment hypothesis that FB have lower earnings quality due to manipulation in accruals and real activities. The results therefore indicate that earnings announced in Saudi family businesses’ financial statements are less reliable. These findings, that family-controlled firms are able to manipulate earnings, should be considered by regulators and policymakers.
Journal of Advanced Research in Business and Management Studies, 2019
This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the role of family ownership for mitiga... more This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the role of family ownership for mitigating earnings management (accrual & real). Family ownership is among the corporate governance primary mechanisms that have been a focus of many researchers and scholars. The present study argues that firms with family ownership are less likely to allow earnings management because they have typically invested a lot of their private fortune in the firm and families are more concerned about the survival of the firm and its reputation; thus, they have a strong motivation to monitor management very well. Despite that, there is a lack of prior studies that examine these relationships in developing countries. So, the main objective of this study was to bridge this gap and try to enrich the existing literature.
International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2019
The aim of this study is to provide a complete description of the related literature associated t... more The aim of this study is to provide a complete description of the related literature associated to the relationship between ownership structures, namely; family, managerial and foreign ownership; and Real and Accrual Earning Management. As has much research over the past decades preceding this study, this research explores how ownership structure plays an essential function in forming the corporate governance system of a company. The existing literature on ownership structure indicates that there is a lack of research on the three forms of ownership nominated above and their subsequent impact on the two kinds of earnings management in developing countries. Thus, this research focuses on the three specific and less researched ownership structures to fill the identified gap as well as to attempt to add to the literature in this field.
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Papers by Shaker AL-Duais