Journalism Studies

In the past twenty years, democratic participation through activism and civil disobedience has been increasingly expanded with the evolution of information and communication technology. It is assumed that the role of traditional media is not as influential as it once was due to the growing presence of self-made war journalists, hacktivists and whistleblowers, facilitated through the potential of the internet. The use of the latter as a tool from which information is disseminated rapidly, is fast influencing societal understanding and exposure to issues as they develop. Social media demonstrates precisely this phenomenon, in which people are able to accrue information and act upon it through mass communication and mobilisation. This article will therefore endeavor to analyse the evolution of media in conjunction with activism, from traditional media ethno-political conflict reporting, to today's whistleblowers and hacktivists that use the internet as their main platform. By factoring in these different aspects, this article is able to present a detailed account of the advantages and drawbacks of the latest developments in internet and technology, with special emphasis being placed on the role of online activism.

The second edition of the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, co-edited by two leading scholars in the international relations subfield of public diplomacy, includes 16 more chapters from the first. Ten years later, a new global landscape of public diplomacy has taken shape, with major programs in graduate-level public diplomacy studies worldwide. What separates this handbook from others is its legacy and continuity from the first edition. This first edition line-up was more military-focused than this edition, a nod to the work of Philip M. Taylor, to whom this updated edition is dedicated. This edition includes US content, but all case studies are outside the United States, not only to appeal to a global audience of scholars and practitioners, but also as a way of offering something fresher than the US/UK-centric competition. In Parts 1-4, original contributors are retained, many with revised editions, but new faces emerge. Parts 5 and 6 include 16 global case studies in public diplomacy, expanding the number of contributors by ten. The concluding part of the book includes chapters on digital and corporate public diplomacy, and a signature final chapter on the noosphere and noo-politik as they relate to public diplomacy. Designed for a broad audience, the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy is encyclopedic in its range and depth of content, yet is written in an accessible style that will appeal to both undergraduate and postgraduate students.

This study examines whether and how public media systems contribute to the health of democracies in 33 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, the Middle East, Latin America, and South America. We gather national economic data and public media funding levels, audience shares, and regulatory data, primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data. We then assess correlations with strength of democracy indices and extend Hallin and Mancini's typology of North American and European media systems through hierarchical cluster analysis of these 33 countries. We find five models of public media systems around the world, ranging from "state-administered" systems with low levels of independence (Botswana and Tunisia) to systems aligning with Hallin and Mancini's "Democratic Corporatist" model, with strong and secure (multiyear) funding, large audience shares, and strong regulatory protection for their independence. In between, we identify three mixed models: a "Liberal-Pluralist" model, a "Direct Funding" model, and a "Commercial-Public" model. Correlations and cluster analyses show that high levels of secure funding for public media systems and strong structural protections for the political and economic independence of those systems are consistently and positively correlated with healthy democracies.

A reflexão proposta tem como tema mapear estudos científicos sobre jornalismo investigativo desenvolvidos no Brasil. O objetivo é identificar o conhecimento que embasa as teses e dissertações brasileiras sobre Jornalismo Investigativo, publicadas no Portal CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), para verificar se há uma taxonomia. O corpus da pesquisa compreendeu o período de 2006 a 2016, com recorte no referencial teórico e conceitual. A metodologia utilizada foi a Bibliometria. A pesquisa encontrou 15 estudos. Entre os resultados constatou um crescimento de pesquisas sobre jornalismo investigativo a partir de 2011.

Mass media studies, covering journalism, news and facts. Its dynamic coverage is growing rapidly, starting from the era of the invention of the printing press to the industrial revolution 4.0. The presence of digital media or online media, shifting print media with paper-based materials, does not affect journalists and facts, only makes it easier for them to process for the perfection of the news and facts contained in it. Good skills are needed, from a journalist, through formal university education, to courses that make them more skilled and reliable in producing quality news, with adequate empirical facts and opinions. ABSTRAK Studi media massa, mencakup jurnalisme, berita dan fakta. Cakupannya yang dinamis bertumbuh pesat, dimulai sejak era penemuan mesin cetak hingga revolusi industry 4.0. Kehadiran media digital atau juga media online, menggeser media cetak dengan bahan dasar kertas, tidak mempengaruhi jurnalis dan fakta, hanya memudahkan mereka berproses untuk sebuah kesempurnaan berita dan fakta yang terdapat di dalammnya. Diperlukan kemampuan yang baik, dari seorang jurnalis, melalui pendidikan formal universitas, hingga kursus-kursus yang menjadikan mereka bisa lebih terampil dan dapat diandalkan melahirkan beritayang berkualitas, dengan suguhan fakta empiric dan opini yang memadai.

SPECIAL REPORT: By David Robie, who sailed on the original Rainbow Warrior to Rongelap atoll and is author of the book Eyes of Fire. Thirty five years ago today the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior was bombed in Auckland’s Waitematā Harbour by French secret agents in a blatant act of state terrorism, killing a photojournalist. People’s campaigns have moved on since then from nuclear tests and refugees to climate justice – and future Pacific refugees. The environmental campaign flagship was bombed on 10 July 1985 just weeks after it had been in the Marshall Islands carrying out four humanitarian voyages to rescue more than 320 Rongelap atoll villagers from the ravages of US nuclear tests and take them to a new home, Mejato island on Kwajalein atoll.

This piece is a review of Beth Knobel's study on accountability reporting trends in American newspapers from 1991-2011. Knobel's work proposes that American newspapers have shifted to include more original accountability reporting in order to stand out in an increasingly competitive digital world, highlighting that the journalism is far from becoming obsolete.

... As author Randy Shilts has concluded, these exclusions were “initially written as an enlightened and even compassionate treatment of homosexuality ... and narrative qualities of news, highlighting the way events are turned into news stories (Carey, 1975; Darnton, 1975; Schudson ...

Modern zoological parks, as community enterprises housing exotic animals with hundreds, sometimes thousands of visitors every day, must prepare for the innate possibility of dangerous situations. When such controversy does arise, clashing viewpoints among media outlets, the zoo’s communications department, and the public’s mediated communication encourages examination with a theoretical eye. This paper utilizes the controversy of the Copenhagen Zoo’s public dissections to illustrate each of the parties’ influence on one another through Bitzer’s Rhetorical Situation. That analysis lays the groundwork justifying the public’s influence on the media’s agenda, also illustrated through the Cincinnati Zoo’s controversy regarding Harambe the gorilla. This reverse of the original notions of McCombs and Shaw’s Agenda-Setting Theory explains that as social media becomes more prevalent, media entities will continue to lose issue salience, ultimately resulting in the public agenda’s greater infl...

Development journalism remains an important concept in the journalism studies literature, but it has, at the same time, suffered from a lack of empirical research. Drawing on a survey of 2598 journalists from eight South Asian, Southeast Asian, and sub-Saharan African countries, which was conducted as part of the Worlds of Journalism Study, this study assesses the importance journalists ascribe to three key development journalism roles—social intervention, national development, and educating people. It also compares these perceptions across the countries, between government- and privately owned news media in these countries, and between these countries and 19 Worlds of Journalism Study countries in Western Europe and North America, which profess to adhere to an objective and democratic press function. Findings suggest that journalists from the eight countries, across government- and privately owned media, considered development journalism important, and detached, adversarial journalism as less important. Their rating of the latter roles differed considerably from those of journalists from the 19 comparison countries. Results suggest that journalists were more likely socialized into their roles rather than being forced into the same by the heavy hand of government.

Ce livre offre un portrait détaillé des journalistes français et américains en action, alors qu’ils débattent de la façon dont traiter et commenter l’un des sujets les plus importants de notre époque. En s’appuyant sur des interviews avec des journalistes de premier plan et sur les analyses d’un vaste échantillon d’informations tirées de la presse papier et de la télévision depuis les années 1970, Rodney Benson montre comment le débat sur l’immigration s’est progressivement focalisé sur les cadres spectaculaires et chargés d’émotion de l’humanitarisme et de l’ordre public.

Avec une préface de Érik Neveu.

ABSTRACT:
Journalists are in charge of bringing knowledge to the community, eroding the ignorance that occurs. The work routine must be ready to be assigned at any time, working for twenty-four hours, when approaching the "deadline," though it must work late into the night. This study discusses fifteen female journalists covering news coverage in Ambon City, constructing herself to choose journalist profession. With this research is expected to help understand and describe the background of women choose profession journalist. This research uses subjective interpretive method with phenomenology approach. The researcher explores the communication experiences of women who are the background of choosing journalist profession, done by using data collecting through in-depth interview and participant observation with supporting data based on social action perspective. The results of the study explained that women interpret themselves choose the profession of journalists who motivated with the motive of cause and purpose motive. Female journalists get discrimination from the surrounding environment, constructed by the journalist profession for men's work. The cultural environment treats them by creating stereotypes of timing difficulties in work and household affairs as the nature of women.

In this paper we investigate values in contemporary journalism as expressed through promotional videos. When news organisations advertise themselves, they make claims that are meant to attest to what they stand for: be it ‘the whole picture’ (the Guardian, UK), that we should ‘know no boundaries’ (the Sydney Morning Herald, Australia), or that they offer audiences ‘your news, your way’ (ABC News24, Australia), or even demand that we ‘stay ahead, stay connected’ (BBC World News, UK) by engaging with their programmes.
In questioning the concepts of ‘value’, ‘value creation’ (Picard 2010:10) and what these mean for news organisations and their increasingly active audiences, the authors explore the way in which news providers sell themselves and/or their products to their audiences through promotional advertisements. This initial study examines the most recent promotional advertisements produced in 2012/2013 for four long established, well-resourced and widely recognised quality news media organisations: the BBC and the Guardian in the UK, and the Sydney Morning Herald and the ABC in Australia.
Through analysis of both the verbal and visual features of these advertisements we ask the following questions of these texts:
What kind of values do these news organisations present to the world? And do these news organisations attempt to redefine themselves in the face of social media? If so, how do they achieve this? The analysis demonstrates the differing degrees of uptake of interaction with audiences, of digital innovation and the ‘values’ that stand as the measure of worth or importance placed in the products and services that these news organisations claim to provide.

Dünyada ve Türkiye’deki otoriterleşme eğilimleriyle ortaya çıkan sansür olgusu ve bilgi akışının önüne set çekme girişimleri yaygınlaşırken, iletişim teknolojileriyle bu olumsuz girişimler aşılmaya çalışılıyor. Otoriter yönetimler, bilgi akışı önüne geleneksel yollarla engeller koymanın olanaksız olduğunu fark ederek, akan bilgilerin içindeki hakikate halel getirecek bulandırma yollarına başvuruyor. Bu hakikati bulandırma ve erişilen bilgilerin inanılırlığını kuşkulu hale getirme eğilimine son zamanlardaki moda deyimle hakikat sonrası (post-truth) da deniyor. Ancak içinden geçtiğimiz zamanlarda üstümüze neredeyse sınırsız bir sel gibi akan bilginin içinden işimize yarayacak olanlarını ayırt etmekte güçlük çekme halimizi anlamak için sanırız daha farklı kavramlara ihtiyaç var. Zira hemen hemen her mecrada önümüze çıkan bilgiler, görüntüler, reklamlar birer manipülasyon aracına dönüşebiliyor. Bir taraftan bizlerin karakter analizleriyle- beğenilerimizi, siyasi eğilimlerimizi, duygu durumlarımızı ve daha pek çok parametreyi bir araya getirerek- ziyaret ettiğimiz, müdavimi olduğumuz sitelerde, arama motorlarında karşımıza çıkacak olan sonuçlarda neredeyse kişiye özel sonuçlarla karşı karşıya bırakıyor bizi. Bu gelişmeler, sadece gündelik hayatımızı ve kişisel tercihlerimizi değil, aynı zamanda bizler hakkında karar vermeye yetkili kıldığımız kişilerin kimler olacağına dair seçimlerimizi de etkileyecek sonuçlar ortaya çıkarıyor. Son ABD Başkanlık seçimlerinde Cambridge Analytica ve Facebook marifetiyle seçmenler üzerinde yapılan manipülasyon, durumun ne kadar ciddi olduğunu bir kez daha anlamamızı sağladı.
Bu gelişmeler eşliğinde düşündüğümüz zaman, “iletişim hakkı” ya da “hak odaklı iletişim”in ne kadar önemli olduğu bir kez daha ortaya çıkıyor. Günümüzde iletişim özgürlüğü, düşündüklerini ifade etme özgürlüğünün yanında, kişinin hayatıyla ilgili önemli bilgilere sağlıklı bir biçimde erişebilme özgürlüğünü de kapsıyor. Elinizdeki kitap da iletişim hakkına odaklı farklı perspektiflerden yazılmış makale ve raporları içeriyor.

Despite the major changes that have occurred in the ecology of media, this article considers mediatization to be still a concept valuable for grasping and interpreting relations among political communication actors. This article analyses the use of Twitter by politicians as evidenced by journalists' accounts (and practices). In particular, it focuses on journalistic uses of Twitter in the context of political current affairs. This article investigates how and to what degree the use of social media has changed journalists' practices in gathering political news. Moreover, it analyses how journalists describe politicians' use of Twitter and how they reflexively conceive whether adjustments by those politicians to the media logic exist. To this end, the studies present results from 25 semi-structured interviews with Italian journalists occupying prominent roles within the Italian news organizations most important in terms of newspaper circulations and unique visitors to their websites. The research proves that mediatization is still an important framework within which to interpret practices in the new media environment.

Tradicionalmente, el Diseño ha sido una disciplina directamente relacionada con el aspecto meramente estético. Tan sólo alguna de sus especialidades, como el Diseño Gráfico, se ha asociado a la Comunicación Visual, y en el terreno periodístico se ha tratado como un complemento de la información y un procedimiento secundario en la elaboración de noticias, reportajes y otros contenidos. Esta disociación entre Diseño e Información no tiene sentido y consideramos que limita el poder comunicativo de ambas materias. Son igual de importantes el «qué» y el «cómo» en la elaboración de los mensajes de carácter informativo. Del mismo modo, son tan importantes los redactores como los diseñadores (frecuentemente conocidos en los medios impresos como maquetadores). En definitiva, forma y contenido están en el mismo nivel y deben ser complementarios. El objetivo principal de este capítulo es destacar la intensa relación existente entre Periodismo y Diseño y proporcionar a los estudiantes más herramientas que potencien su capacidad narrativa e informativa. Conocer estos puntos que los unen hace que los estudiantes de Periodismo pierdan la reticencia inicial a adentrarse en el Diseño porque consideran erróneamente que para diseñar hace falta dibujar.

This essay posits American journalism as a particular realm of public knowledge production, inflected with its own professional practices as well as the way in which those practices subjugate technologies of representation. Taking the Arab Spring of 2011 as a case study in journalistic knowledge production, this article analyzes three epistemological conditions underscoring the Arab Spring’s development as an object of knowledge: the use of social media tools within the practice of journalism, the representational authority of the individual reporter, and the articulation of journalistic knowledge to broader institutions of liberal democratic power. While these are by no means the only possible themes of investigation, by looking at how journalistic practices rendered the Arab Spring sensible and worthy of public consideration, this essay hopes to reveal them as temporally and technologically contingent, but also linked to the values of liberal democracy that undergird journalism’s role in American public life.

This article reports key findings from a comparative survey of the role perceptions, epistemological orientations and ethical views of 1800 journalists from 18 countries. The results show that detachment, non-involvement, providing political information and monitoring the government are considered essential journalistic functions around the globe. Impartiality, the reliability and factualness of information, as well as adherence to universal ethical principles are also valued worldwide, though their perceived importance varies across countries. Various aspects of interventionism, objectivism and the importance of separating facts from opinion, on the other hand, seem to play out differently around the globe. Western journalists are generally less supportive of any active promotion of particular values, ideas and social change, and they adhere more to universal principles in their ethical decisions. Journalists from non-western contexts, on the other hand, tend to be more interventio...

Convergence, media cross���ownership and multimedia newsrooms are becoming increasingly part of the vocabulary of contemporary journalism���in practice, education, as well as research. The literature exploring multimedia is expanding rapidly but it is clear that it means many different things to different people. Research into what multimedia in news work means for journalism and journalists is proliferating. In this paper the social and cultural context of multimedia in journalism, its meaning for contemporary newsrooms and ...

The article presents the journalism blogs, because of their professional importance, information relevance and social reflection. The blogs nature suggests journalism style, fits the already established model of creating and perceiving information, the aspects of media influence or media manipulation. The interest of professional journalists in Bulgaria in social media, and mostly in blogs, is significant. Unfortunately, not all of them use their advantages, because they use blogs as a public archive for their texts. Others give up too early, because they do not find social, creative and financial reasons to continue maintaining them. But it is a fact that blogs prove to be exactly those new media, which are a useful, interesting tool in situations of protest, social conflict and political instability. The blogs present the ability of Bulgarian journalists to create online media productions, as well as the Bulgarian audience to use them as an information and social factor. The Bulgarian journalists consider blogs to be an alternative information channel, where they feel greater freedom in expressing their personal opinion, and true mean for demonstrating their position without compromising on their conscience or professional principles.

The role of digital press and social media in public relations is essential in 3.0 Internet ecosystems. Our interactive society requires organizations which align their actions with social demands and values. And these actions are linked to the participation in digital press and social media.
In this regard, we have carried out a study on the strategic tools of interactivity in both environments: digital press (Le Monde and USA Today) and social media (Pinterest). We make a comparison between ways of engagement with the consumer in a more controlled mass media (digital press) and in an open arena (social media).
Digital journalism is acquiring maturity in the use of its own resources: interactivity, multimedia and hypertext. The use of these features is a recent phenomenon. In this paper, we analyse the results of interactivity following an empirical study involving quantitative and qualitative methodology in which the use of certain aspects of this key tool for digital newspapers are analysed. The sample is made up of two of the most read digital newspapers in their respective countries. We analyse the number and percentage of news items with interactivity and with interactivity in the forum, the number and percentage of total comments in the forum per day and per piece, the number and percentage of online interviews per day, and we establish potential, in the area of communication, for public relations. For an enterprise, for a non-profit entity or for a public administration, it would be useful to explore the potential for engagement with customers through digital newspapers. 
In addition to the quantitative aspect of the research, we also analyse, from a qualitative point of view, the technological interactive needs for public relations in these digital newspapers, and the new relationships between journalist (and journal) and Public Relations organizations. These factors (technological interactive needs and new relationships) could change the professional dimension—empathy, orientation towards service, establishment of links with others, organizational awareness, collaboration between public relations managers and digital newspapers—of this synergy. We study if these types of interaction (comments and online interviews) could be transferred to a holistic environment of public relations.
In parallel, we analyse the social media site Pinterest as it is a growing source of information in social media.  The Internet has provided the tools to convert the individual into an active user, a process made all the more fluid with bidirectional and interactive content flow. Likewise, in terms of public relations, large companies and small businesses have had to transform the way they interact with their consumers or potential customers in order to benefit from the rapid advances of the digital age. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Pinterest acts as a communication tool to promote public relations. Through online observation and in-depth interviews, we establish the key factor regarding Pinterest users’ perception about the potential for public relations. The global public relations strategies (in digital newspapers and social media) embrace new tools, and we consider this categorization necessary.

Contemporary journalism faces a crisis of trust that threatens the institution and may imperil democracy itself. Critics and experts see a renewed commitment to local journalism as one solution. But a lasting restoration of public trust requires a different kind of local journalism than is often imagined, one that engages with and shares power among all sectors of a community.

Andrea Wenzel models new practices of community-centered journalism that build trust across boundaries of politics, race, and class, and prioritize solutions while engaging the full range of local stakeholders. Informed by case studies from rural, suburban, and urban settings, Wenzel's blueprint reshapes journalism norms and creates vigorous storytelling networks between all parts of a community. Envisioning a portable, rather than scalable, process, Wenzel proposes a community-centered journalism that, once implemented, will strengthen lines of local communication, reinvigorate civic participation, and forge a trusting partnership between media and the people they cover.

En este libro damos respuesta a la pregunta: ¿quiénes son y en qué situación profesional se encuentran las mujeres periodistas? Para responder a esta cuestión se analiza a nivel teórico y empírico el perfil y los antecedentes sociodemográficos de las mujeres periodistas a partir de una profunda revisión teórico/política y los resultados empíricos de Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS), procedentes de encuestas realizadas a 27.304 periodistas de 67 países de todo el mundo entre 2012 y 2016. El conjunto de datos procedentes de WJS es el más completo, coherente y cuidadosamente monitoreado que jamás ha existido sobre los periodistas. Todas las regiones del mundo están cubiertas, algo que nos permite sacar conclusiones que no pudieron extraerse en estudios comparativos anteriores.

GUERRA, Josenildo Luiz. O percurso interpretativo na produção da notícia. São Cristóvão: Editora UFS; Aracaju: Fundação Oviêdo Teixeira, 2008.
O livro está esgotado. Por isso, disponibilizo versão em PDF.

Dois objetivos básciso são perseguidos neste livro: aproximar a reflexão teórica sobre o jornalismo ao saber prático da profissão e propor conceitos e parâmetros para a avaliação da qualidade dos produtos jornalísticos. Ambos os objetivos são complementares entre sí. A pretensão de unir toeria e prática, se bem encaminhada, produz o autoconhecimento da profissão sobre bases que a experiência demonstrou serem sólidas. A pretensão de qualidade se vale do autoconhecimento para avaliar a experiência quando seus resultados se tornam questionáveis.

This study sought to find out the challenges of implementing convergence in Kenyan newsrooms: A case of the Standard Group PLC. This study was guided by three objectives: (1) Factors driving the need for newsroom convergence, (2) Key actors driving the convergence process at Standard Group PLC and (3) Challenges of implementing convergence at SG. The study was guided by two theories – Media Convergence Theory and Disruptive Innovation Theory. This study used a Qualitative Research Approach, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with 13 participants from the institution and one Focus Group Discussion with 9 participants from all editorial departments to collect data. The participants for this study were journalists and editors who have worked at the Standard Group PLC for more than 5 years as well as key actors in the convergence implementation process. All participants were purposively selected. This study identified cost management, competition, technological advances and au...

This chapter discusses research on the policies, laws, and subsidies that create and shape the organizational
structures and practices that form the basis of the news media. The research reviewed treats news media
institutions as political actors and makes assumptions about journalism’s importance in a democratic society.
Although this line of research, with its emphasis on political economic and normative questions, often has been
marginalized in American mass communication scholarship, the authors explain its ongoing importance,
particularly in relation to the journalism crisis, and, suggest future directions.

The delivery of news on Twitter and social media to an increasing majority of people has replaced the attempt to disseminate facts and truth on traditional news media, with the new goal of massive engagement via likes, retweets, and shares, with the result that an informed public, however imperfectly constructed, is being shoved aside by a polarized populace seething with anger.

The manuscript proposes a theoretical overview of editorial journalism in the contemporary media landscape by addressing aspects ranging from definitions to its alleged political effects. We also discuss the characteristics and routines driving the production of editorial texts in different journalistic cultures-a topic less considered in current research. At first, the manuscript explains how the division between news and opinion contributed to journalism's emergence as a social field-a debate that deserves more attention since the scholarship has traditionally put opinionated journalism in the background. We then highlight the typical structure of editorial pieces, as well as the procedures and criteria generally considered in their construction. Next, the article analyzes the relationship between editorial journalism and the political arena. Finally, we reflect on the relevance of the media's opinions in a digital environment. In addition to updating the debate on editorial journalism, the manuscript is relevant as historical and conceptual support to journalists' training.