Detailed Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. xiv Preface ................................................................................................................................................. xvi Acknowledgment ..............................................................................................................................xxiii Chapter 1 Journalism in the Twenty-First Century: To Be or Not to Be Transmedia? ........................................... 1 João Canavilhas, Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal Transmedia content has been the subject of several studies in the ield of iction, sustaining relative unanimity about the characteristics that this kind of content should have. In the ield of journalism, the situation is fairly diferent due to its particular speciicities. Multimedia, intermedia, or cross-media are often wrongly used as synonymous of transmedia, although there are important diferences between all these concepts. In part, this misunderstanding is motivated by the fact that all of them relate to convergence processes in journalism, but a more detailed analysis allows us to ind diferences, highlighting transmedia as the most complete concept. This chapter proposes a framework that can support journalists in the production of transmedia contents that conveniently explore the characteristics of the involved media, using formats and languages that better it the story, and enabling the user to engage in the interpretation, change, and distribution of these contents. Chapter 2 A Question of Trust: Functions and Efects of Transmedia Journalism ............................................... 15 Tobias Eberwein, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria Narrative forms of journalistic reporting are traded as a sheet anchor in many newsrooms, as editors hope that they could brave the never-ending storm of the media crisis. But how does journalistic storytelling evolve from analog to digital? What are the potentials of narrative journalism across multiple media types and platforms? And what efects do such transmedia narratives have on media users? These questions are answered based on a multi-method research design, which includes both an explorative communicator study and an experiment with users. The investigation demonstrates that journalists expect narratives in digital media surroundings to invigorate the authenticity and comprehensibility of their coverage. This hope, however, only partly becomes a reality on the side of the recipients. Indeed, users judge multimedia online reportages to be more emotional than monomedia oline pieces, but as far as remembering and comprehending their contents is concerned, print texts are more efective.  Chapter 3 Viral News Content, Instantaneity, and Newsworthiness Criteria ........................................................ 31 Lila Luchessi, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Argentina Social networks have modiied the activities of the press, the actions of audiences, and the perceptions of societies. The strategies displayed to avoid losing consumers aim at fulilling the audience’s needs and the gap between the producers’ and the consumers’ interests tends to widen. This leads to a crisis point in news inancing, afecting the traditional logic of the media industry; while advertisers are now able to reach their audiences without its mediation, viralization and instantaneity force the media to publish information incompatible with the public interest as considered by the press. In this way, traditional newsworthiness criteria are replaced by other criteria that redeine the concept of information. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the way in which instantaneity and viralization have afected not only the journalistic activity but also the information selection criteria and the audiences’ input on the web. Chapter 4 A Matter of Time: Transmedia Journalism Challenges ........................................................................ 49 André Fagundes Pase, Pontiical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Bruna Marcon Goss, Pontiical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Roberto Tietzmann, Pontiical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Among all factors that compose the journalistic routine, time plays an important role. It delimitates the period to produce content. Transmedia projects often need a faster pace than usual articles, mostly because the reporters need to plan before they leave newsrooms to capture content and, depending on the media used, work on diferent platforms to deliver the whole content. This chapter discusses the process behind three transmedia journalistic cases: Black Hawk Down (published by Philadelphia Enquirer, in 1997), Inside Disaster (released by PTV, in 2010), and Harvest of Change (published by Des Moines Register, in 2014). Using the case study method, they will be discussed, analyzing the process behind their publication. This relection highlights how the adoption of tools and usage of paths to connect or publicize content on diferent media increased the relevance not only of time to create but the efort dedicated to plan the transmedia strategy. Chapter 5 Immersive Journalism Design Within a Transmedia Space ................................................................. 67 Nohemí Lugo Rodríguez, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico The purpose of this chapter is to contribute to the theoretical frame of transmedia journalism by proposing a question-based model that focuses on transmedia design when an immersive journalism piece is integrated into a transmedia space. Immersive journalism is a new medium that could be efectively used to foster social empathy by means of virtual reality stories in journalism. The chapter is guided by the following ideas: (1) narrative strategies that may be useful in the design of immersive journalism experiences; (2) aesthetic principles of immersive experiences; and (3) inclusion of an immersive experience in a transmedia space. Thus, this chapter reviews the narrative techniques and aesthetics of immersive experiences that might contribute to the design of both the immersive piece and the transmedia space.  Chapter 6 Designing Transmedia Journalism Projects .......................................................................................... 83 Kevin Moloney, Ball State University, USA This chapter explores the design and execution of transmedia journalism projects to inform professional production and academic experimentation. It draws on the author’s current project to illustrate real-world production planning. The chapter opens with a discussion of how design thinking and audience targeting apply to this task and contribute to project success. The chapter then elaborates the low of decisions required for a thorough transmedia plan and inally presents the Refuge project as a design example. This pilot transmedia story network focuses on the single issue of refugees: those who migrate by force, either to escape sufering and deprivation or to build new, more hopeful lives elsewhere. It is the irst in a networked series of similar projects that will explore the issues that polarize the electorate in the American West, from economic stratiication to religious identity, environment, and gun ownership rights. Chapter 7 Tell Me a Story, but It Should Be Real! Design Practice in Transmedia Journalism ......................... 104 Mariana Ciancia, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Michele Mattei, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Multi-channel structures within the convergence era, both as crossmedia and transmedia phenomena, have become increasingly important, and have completely changed the role of the audience, undermining the notions of authority and authorship, shaping society, and inluencing media habits. This has created a mediascape in which readers can vicariously enter ictional and non-ictional spaces that can be explored through multiple media windows. Starting from the assumption that transmedia design can address not only the entertainment market but also the non-ictional ield, this chapter aims at exploring journalism through the design lens. The irst part of the work is devoted to a description of the contemporary communication scenario, and the second part aims to suggest guidelines for the application of a transmedia approach within the Italian news business, in the form of a conceptual and operational tool. Chapter 8 2016 Rio Summer Olympics and the Transmedia Journalism of Planned Events .............................. 126 Renira Rampazzo Gambarato, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia Geane C. Alzamora, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil Lorena Peret Teixeira Tárcia, University Center of Belo Horizonte, Brazil The news coverage of the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics in Brazil encompassed multiple media platforms and the low of information in the intersection between mass media (especially television) and social media (especially Snapchat and Instagram). The 2016 Rio Olympics was the Games of Snapchat stories and ilters along with Instagram stories for news coverage. This chapter aims to investigate how transmedia features are structured and implemented in the news coverage of the 2016 Olympics by the oicial Brazilian broadcaster, Globo Network. The theoretical framework focuses on transmedia journalism of planned events, and the methodology is based on the analytical model for transmedia news coverage of planned events developed by Gambarato and Tárcia. The research indings indicate that the coverage presented systematic content expanded throughout various media platforms (a core characteristic of transmedia journalism) but involved limited mechanisms of audience engagement, particularly in terms of citizen participation.  Chapter 9 Transmedia Journalism and the City: Participation, Information, and Storytelling Within the Urban Fabric ....................................................................................................................................... 147 Renira Rampazzo Gambarato, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia This chapter discusses the participatory lair of transmedia journalism within the concreteness of urban spaces by examining The Great British Property Scandal (TGBPS), a transmedia experience designed to inform and engage the public and ofer alternative solutions to the long-standing housing crisis in the United Kingdom. The theoretical framework is centered on transmedia storytelling applied to journalism in the scope of urban spaces and participatory culture. The methodological approach of the case study is based on Gambarato’s transmedia analytical model and applied to TGBPS to depict how transmedia strategies within urban spaces collaborated to inluence social change. TGBPS is a pertinent example of transmedia journalism within the liquid society, integrating mobile technologies into daily processes with the potential for enhanced localness, customization, and mobility within the urban fabric. Chapter 10 Future of Food: Transmedia Strategies of National Geographic ........................................................ 162 Alexander Godulla, University of Leipzig, Germany Cornelia Wolf, University of Leipzig, Germany The National Geographic Society (NGS) has always sought to incorporate new ways of media production into its working routine, thus deining standards of journalism both in technical and narrative terms. As a logical result, the NGS also relies on cross media strategies, focusing on transmedia storytelling in order to connect its audience. The “Future of Food” project is one of the largest transmedia projects in journalism. The chapter irst outlines the concept of transmedia storytelling and discusses 10 qualities in the context of journalism. Secondly, the authors systematically discuss the case study “Future of Food” by applying the transmedia qualities to the project. This provides insights into the modes and combinations of story elements and allows to draw attention to challenges and opportunities for researchers, producers, and users. Chapter 11 The Transmedia Revitalization of Investigative Journalism: Opportunities and Challenges of the Serial Podcast ...................................................................................................................................... 183 Colin Porlezza, University of Zurich, Switzerland Eleonora Benecchi, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland Cinzia Colapinto, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy This chapter analyzes the transmediality of the record-breaking podcast Serial with regard to three speciic contexts: organizational structures and innovation, journalistic production, and user engagement. This case study shows that the transmedia approach of Serial cannot only revitalize long-form journalism, particularly in the case of investigative journalism, but it can also strengthen forms of slow and networked journalism. This case allows us to look at fan communities not only as an engaged audience, useful for commercial purposes, but also as a source for story development and production—even if both the journalistic production and the user engagement are confronted with speciic ethical issues with regard to selective transparency and participation.  Chapter 12 Potential Mediations of Hashtags Within Transmedia Journalism ..................................................... 202 Luciana Andrade Gomes Bicalho, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil In the last few years, sociopolitical events have been marked by the presence of hashtags on social networks, creating a direct dialogue with street protests. This chapter aims to investigate how media activism movements appropriate hashtags to expand the narrative through social engagement. In this sense, hashtags appear as signic processes that perform a mediating function. They articulate common positioning that creates hybrid and transmedia storytelling using online and oline dynamics. From the theoretical-methodological support of semiotics by Charles Sanders Peirce and the principles of transmedia, this study analyzes the news production by the Brazilian media activism group Mídia Ninja [Ninja Media]. The results point to a transmedia journalism anchored to the social use of hashtags by the association of new signs to semiosis, generating provisional action habits from collateral experience. Chapter 13 The Transmedia Dynamics of TV3: Newscast “Especial 9-N” on Connections of Online Social Media .................................................................................................................................................. 222 Geane C. Alzamora, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil The newscast “Especial 9-N,” produced by TV3 (Catalonia) in association with TV3’s news channel 3/24, presents transmediatic components by combining multiplatform journalistic coverage and citizen participation in online social media. The program aired on November 9, 2014, the date of the non-binding referendum on the sovereignty of Catalonia, held by Generalitat, the regional government. This chapter discusses in what measure the editorial strategy adopted optimized social engagement with the news and favored the circulation of broadcast journalism on online social media. The analysis was based on the systematic observation of the program and its records on online social media, to assess the nature and the intensity of the communicational activity. It was concluded that TV3’s institutional identiication with aspects related to the region’s sovereignty, in the context of signiicant social mobilization around the theme, fostered transmedia circulation and social engagement with the news story. Chapter 14 The Transmedia Script for Nonictional Narratives ............................................................................ 235 Anahí Lovato, National University of Rosario, Argentina This chapter proposes a journey through an experience of transmedia journalism developed by the multimedia communication team at the National University of Rosario, Argentina, focusing on the transformation of the current media ecosystem, the characteristics assumed by transmedia storytelling in a nonictional ield, and the development of the transmedia script for the project Women for Sale, a transmedia documentary that addresses the traicking of people for the purposes of sexual exploitation. The creation of a complex narrative universe and the deinitions of stories, platforms, user experiences, and the execution of a transmedia project are analyzed in light of what has been learned in this experience of journalistic production.  Chapter 15 Transmedia Television Journalism in Brazil: Jornal da Record News as Reference .......................... 253 Yvana Fechine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil Soia Costa Rêgo, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil One of the main features of television is its appeal to transmediation—a production model oriented for the distribution of additional and/or associated content of a speciic production in diferent media and technology platforms. In each ield of television production (entertainment, journalism, advertising, etc.), transmediation takes various demonstrations and functions. The interest of the authors here is to show how transmedia strategies are part of the construction of the éthos in TV journalism, based on the analysis of Jornal da Record News, the irst Brazilian newscast to be introduced as a transmedia production. Related References ............................................................................................................................ 266 Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 301 About the Contributors .................................................................................................................... 341 Index ................................................................................................................................................... 345