Twitter

An analysis of the debates around net neutrality in India in 2015, with the release of a consultation paper by TRAI, and the release of a viral video by AIB (All India Bakchod) and how behaviour on Twitter and YouTube contributed to the mobilization.

From sites like Hollaback! and Everyday Sexism, which document instances of street harassment and misogyny, to social media-organized movements and communities like #MeToo and #BeenRapedNeverReported, feminists are using participatory digital media as actvist tools to speak, network, and organize against sexism, misogyny, and rape culture. As the first book-length study to examine how girls, women, and some men negotiate rape culture through the use of digital platforms, including blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and mobile apps, the authors explore four primary questions: What experiences of harassment, misogyny, and rape culture are being responded to? How are participants using digital media technologies to document experiences of sexual violence, harassment, and sexism? Why are girls, women and some men choosing to mobilize digital media technologies in this way? And  finally, what are the various experiences of using digital technologies to engage in activism? In order to capture these diverse experiences of doing digital feminist activism, the authors augment their analysis of this media (blog posts, tweets, and selfies) with in-depth interviews and close- observations of several online communities that operate globally.

This chapter interrogates how activist social media communication in authoritarian contexts is shaped through the mutual articulation of social media user practices, business models, and technological architectures, as well as through the controlling efforts of states. It specifically focuses on social media protest activity and contention in China, Tunisia, and Iran, authoritarian states which have made a large effort to control online activity. The analysis shows that instead of blocking or repressing social media activism, authoritarian states rather shape online contention. Online censorship and offline repression push users to adapt their communication by creatively misspelling words, using synonyms, symbolic language and parody, and through self-censorship. Simultaneously by using commercial platforms activists effectively lose control over their data, and over the spaces through which they communicate. This is particularly problematic in authoritarian settings, in which activist communication depends on specific technological arrangements and on the ability to keep sensitive data out of the hands of the authorities. Finally, while activist social media communication is shaped by Internet censorship and encapsulated by commercial social platforms, activists are constantly exploring new ways to evade censorship, but also to regain control over their collective data. They do so through technical means, especially filtering circumvention tools, but also by posting and translating information across different social media services, and by setting up their own platforms to curate their data.

Twitter makes visible some of the most fundamental divides in professional journalism today. It reveals tensions about what constitutes news, the norms guiding journalists providing it, professional identity, and public service. This article argues that these tensions result from a clash between the institutional logic of professional control (Lewis, 2012) and an ethic of transparency. Drawing from extensive research on a political press corps, involving observation, interviews, and analysis of tweets, this study witnesses the adoption of Twitter in the everyday working practices of reporters. It thereby also provides reasons why Twitter has been so successful in journalism. Tensions between professional control and transparency in journalism may, furthermore, be emblematic for divides in other professions today.

Accelerationism, in its Landian formulation, has always mobilised a diachronic coupling of techonomic velocity and occult methodology as its propulsive dynamo. Land's declaration that 'poetry is invasion and not expression' invites the examination of occultation at the level of poetic form and the concurrent identification of an aesthetic sensibility by which a peculiar set of technologically embedded twenty-first century literary practices might be grasped as an accelerationist poetics. Hyperstition, camouflage, ( )hole complex, cryptography, cybertextuality and algorithmic processing are indicative of an arsenal of occult formal technologies that have acquired new possibilities in the context of ubiquitous digital communication. If you rub semantics hard enough, the data begins shows through. In its reckless adherence to the modernist dictum that novelty is to be generated at all costs, accelerationist poetics privileges formal experimentation over human preservation, locking technique onto an inhuman vector of runaway automatisation that, for better or worse, charts the decline of human values as modernity hands the latter over to its machinic successor in final, fatal phase shift. This text proposes a dark celebration of twenty-first century poetics as it rides the digital death drive into terminal data night.

Full text online: https://www.urbanomic.com/document/poememenon/

Video: https://vimeo.com/139684251

Unlike traditional mass media, peer interaction between individuals is of critical importance in the dissemination mechanisms for social media. There is emerging interest in the possible novel application of social media in disseminating public health information or messages. In this paper, we analyze tweet and re-tweet behaviour in the context of Australian public health-related micro-blog posts to provide preliminary insights into the characteristics of widely disseminated tweets (including characteristics of re-tweeting accounts). In this way we also consider the nature and role of human computer-mediated interactions in affecting the level of dissemination of Twitter-based public health messages.

Microblogging is getting popular nowadays in web 2.0. Twitter, which is an example of application used for microblogging, has many users online at the same time and also exchanges a lot of data over the internet every seconds. This paper discusses the evaluation of Protocol Buffers as an alternative of JSON to be used as data serialization format in microblogging data communication, which in this case is used on Twitter. The results show that the implemented Protocol Buffers is a better alternative for data serialization format than JSON. In terms of performance, it can be observed that Protocol Buffers has better performance than JSON. The resulting data serialization has smaller file size, thus resulting in faster data exchange compared to JSON, so protocol buffers will be a better alternative to be used for data serialization.

This article takes a closer look at how the American author Tao Lin uses Twitter to perform his authorial identity. Twitter serves as a primary platform for Lin to shape and reshape the public images of him as an author. Lin's Twitter presence operates as 140-character bursts of authorial self-presentation. The tweets he chooses to post combined with his views on Twitter as a presentational platform show that Lin is conscious of his identity performance, especially online. With this knowledge, he uses the language of Twitter to enact his authorial identity and influence the representations that circulate in the literary world, but he fell short because of the dominant role print media play in images of authorship. To counteract this and gain cultural legitimacy for his online identity in the literary world, Lin resorts to remediating his Twitter profiles into a fetishized print book. Lin's coquettish relationship with Twitter shows his audience that the platform is more than a place to generate attention for oneself; it is a site for the continual reshaping of identity on a mass scale.

Abstract:
The growth and widespread use of social media is altering the viewing experience for some television audiences quite considerably. Viewers are increasingly integrating social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook into their TV-watching experience to collectively discuss programmes and live TV events as they happen. In sum, viewers are watching television with their laptops or mobile devices at hand, seemingly in an effort to transform their experience into a social, or community event (Makice, 2009). This paper will examine this growing intersecting media landscape of television and social media, considering the consequences of increased audience involvement within this convergence. Analysing the Twitter-led engagement of viewers of Channel 4’s 2011 Street Riots: The Live Debate, this study illustrates how Twitter is being used by television audiences and networks surrounding the live broadcast of a programme. I show how the viewing audience uses Twitter to express their views on issues within the debate and also on the show itself, the importance of “liveness” (Auslander 2008) and the extended tweeting audience, and how information and knowledge is circulated, in form of “collective intelligence” (Lévy, 1997). I argue that we can see these processes resulting in a change in viewership for many individuals, subsequently influencing the ways in which audience and programmes engage with each other.

Introduction
Introduction by Patrick R. Lowenthal

Trends and Issues with Online Learning
From Reluctant and Reticent to Engaged and Enthusiastic: The Passage to Online Teaching
Susan Giullian

Preparing Special Education Teachers Through Online Instruction
Donna Sobel

Using eCollege to Facilitate Learning, Provide for Program Coherence, Manage Accountability Innovations, and Ensure the Evolution of a Principal Licensure Program
Connie Fulmer

Make, Share, Find: Web 2.0 and Informal Learning
Phil Antonelli

Technology in Action
The Advantages of a Ning Social Network Within a Higher Education Program
Laura Summers

Fresh and Forward-thinking: Using Blogs for Educational Purposes
Joanna C. Dunlap & Ellen Stevens

Hanging on by a Thread
Dorothy F. Garrison-Wade

Instructional Uses of Twitter
Joanna C. Dunlap & Patrick R. Lowenthal

Using Audio for Giving Feedback to Project Teams: A Useful Complement to Track Changes
Brent G. Wilson

Wordle… Just for Phluff?
Joanna C. Dunlap

A Teaching Video Project Brought to Closure
Farah A. Ibrahim

Improving the Design of PowerPoint Presentations
Patrick R. Lowenthal

Emerging Tools and Applications
Audacity
Ning
Blogger
PBworks
Bubbl.us
Picnik
Delicious
ScreenSteps Desktop
Facebook
Songza
Flickr
SkyDrive
Google Docs
Skype
Google Reader
Twitter
iSpring
Ustream
Jing VoiceThread
Media Converter
Youtube
MyPodcast
Zotero

Resources
Down-and-dirty Guidelines for Effective Discussions in Online Courses
Joanna C. Dunlap

Protocols for Online Discussions
Joanna C. Dunlap

Improving the Odds of Effective Collaborative Work in Online Courses
Joanna C. Dunlap

Based on the concept of visibility and its importance to the political dynamics, this dissertation seeks to understand the processes of the spread and gain of visibility of issues in social networking sites. To perceive the political consequences of these processes are also an aim of this study, having as a starting point the understanding of
the political relevance of the public visibility sphere. We used as a case study the discourses that circulated on Twitter over three issues: abortion of anencephalic, the “Ficha Limpa” law and quotas in universities. Through the analysis of the network of users formed around the issues, their connections and patterns of replication and conversation, we characterize how the process of dissemination of content occurs on the network and analyze the political impact of it. The results show that patterns of information dissemination on Twitter differ from standard broadcasting of traditional media. The influence of social actors who already have high visibility - as the news media themselves - however, is high in this network, accounting for some of the clusters of information dissemination.

This is a book review of Ethan Katsh and Orna Rabinovich-Einy's Digital Justice: Technology and the Internet of Disputes. According to Katsh and Rabinovich-Einy, "disputes... are the collateral damage of innovation." While that may be true, it is also true that we do not all share the same risk of becoming collateral damage and that we do not share equally in the spoils of innovation. While the online dispute resolution approach championed in Digital Justice holds great promise for improving procedural justice in commercial and institutional transactions, its idealization of technology makes it unsuitable for resolving anti-social interactions facilitated by social media. The internet is currently overrun with violence, threats, revenge porn, propaganda, and conspiracy theories. These conflicts, which disproportionately burden women and racial, religious, and sexual minorities, are facilitated by powerful tech corporations with little incentive to pour their considerable resources into eliminating them. Resolving or preventing these disputes requires the rejection of technological determinism and engagement with the reality of consent, power, labor, and compromised intermediaries.

The Digital India initiative by the Government of India is an initiative by Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India. Launched in the year 2015, the programme enhanced its scope to various digital services wings. In this study, the researcher attempted to identify public sentiments by studying their comments through Tweets. The researcher considered the Tweets by Digital India for a period of one year

Twitter is the popular and commonly used social networking platform because it permits users to express their thoughts, opinions about any item, and allows them to post comments or messages all around the world. Sentiment Analysis techniques are used to study and analyze these reviews or opinions. Sentiment analysis is a NLP technique that is used to express opinions into dif erent sentiments like positive, negative, and neutral. In this paper, we take Airline Dataset from Twitter and did sentiment analysis on that dataset using machine learning algorithms like SVM, Naïve Bayes and Random Forest. Sentiments are expressed in three categories positive, negative and neutral. Our dataset contains 11533 tweets and the dataset is not balanced. The performance of various machine learning algorithms is discussed in this paper

2013 curriculum is a new curriculum in the Indonesian education system which has been enacted by the government to replace KTSP curriculum. The implementation of this curriculum in the last few years has sparked various opinions among students, teachers, and public in general, especially on social media twitter. In this study, a sentimental analysis on 2013 curriculum is conducted. Ensemble of several feature sets were used including textual features, twitter specific features, lexicon-based features, Parts of Speech (POS) features, and Bag of Words (BOW) features for the sentiment classification using K-Nearest Neighbor method. The experiment result showed that the the ensemble features have the best performance of sentiment classification compared to only using individual features. The best accuracy using ensemble features is 96% when k=5 is used.

Modern zoological parks, as community enterprises housing exotic animals with hundreds, sometimes thousands of visitors every day, must prepare for the innate possibility of dangerous situations. When such controversy does arise, clashing viewpoints among media outlets, the zoo’s communications department, and the public’s mediated communication encourages examination with a theoretical eye. This paper utilizes the controversy of the Copenhagen Zoo’s public dissections to illustrate each of the parties’ influence on one another through Bitzer’s Rhetorical Situation. That analysis lays the groundwork justifying the public’s influence on the media’s agenda, also illustrated through the Cincinnati Zoo’s controversy regarding Harambe the gorilla. This reverse of the original notions of McCombs and Shaw’s Agenda-Setting Theory explains that as social media becomes more prevalent, media entities will continue to lose issue salience, ultimately resulting in the public agenda’s greater infl...

This research explores social network site interaction through digital and gendered labor. Due to enhanced interaction possibilities as well as mining and analytic techniques, all digital interaction is labor, at both the social and institutional level. Responses to a survey ( N = 455) suggest that digital labor varies depending on the most-used social network site. In addition, women test higher in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism, and contribute statistically more emotional labor online through liking and commenting. Women describe intricate processes of deciding whether they can or should socially interact, often fearing interpersonal conflict or being told they are stupid. Men, on the other hand, view social network sites as places for entertainment and base their emotional labor on some judged entertainment value. As such, this study illuminates how social network sites function as extensions of the home. Instead of being invited to contribute new cultural prod...

Until recently, knowledge-intensive work activities have predominantly taken place in office buildings as a specialized form of economic infrastructure. New digital technologies together with an economic and organizational transition from closed firms to open platforms has changed the pattern of work within the modern metropolis. The office building is no longer the sole workplace typology and work activity has intensified in other urban locations. The questions then are: "How might smart cities reinterpret workplace culture at the urban scale outside the framework of office buildings typology?" and "Which tools and methodologies can be used to make digital workplace culture visible at the urban scale?" In order to answer these questions, workplaces are observed not as private architectural spaces but as compositions of "subjective urban experiences". A Twitter data analysis provides evidence of workplace spatial culture within the innovative global cities of Amsterdam, London and Paris, interpreted as behavior settings. This analysis shows that office pattern locations are generally distributed independently to knowledge intensive business services and workplace demand, as expressed through social media analyses. In addition to office buildings, transit hubs, urban amenities and new digital services play a key role in reframing workplace location. Moving beyond generic visions for digital work in outer spaces, big data therefore provides specific insights and incentives for considering workplace design at the urban scale.

Social media is increasingly important in daily life and is an especially important social interaction mechanism for young people. Although research has been conducted evaluating user types based on motives for using social media, no such framework has been extended to social media websites. We extend previous research by evaluating the underlying structure of social media website usage motivations using a 13 item survey and evaluations from 19 different social media websites administered to 1686 young Americans. Using a multidimensional scaling approach, we uncover 2 major motive dimensions underlying social media website use: fun-related and content-specific. Based on the derived dimensions, we generate a graphical “quadrant” system for classifying social media websites and depict all 19 social media sites based on their quadrant. We propose that our quadrant system can be used by other researchers to further refine understanding of social media website usage motives.

Tietokoneiden laskentatehon kasvu on tehnyt mahdolliseksi asioiden, tapahtumien ja ilmiöiden synty- ja leviämismekanismien analysoinnin aiempaa tarkemmin. Optimistisimmat ovat arvioineet, että tietoteknologia on synnyttämässä uutta tiedettä – sosiaalifysiikkaa (social physics), joka antaa uusia mahdollisuuksia ihmisten käyttäytymisen ja ilmiöiden leviämisen tutkimiseen (Pentland 2014). Uutta tutkimusta ja uusia analysointimenetelmiä tarvitaan, sillä sosiaalinen media on tehnyt monesta yksityisestä ja aiemmin piiloon jääneestä asiasta julkista. Ei olekaan yllättävää, että sosiaalinen analytiikka ja erityisesti tunteita ja mielipiteitä ilmentävien sisältöjen automaattinen tunnistaminen on tätä nykyä yksi nopeimmin kasvavista tietoteknologian sovellusalueista (Gartner 2014). Sosiaalisella analytiikalla viitataan väljästi menetelmiin, työkaluihin ja toimintatapoihin, joilla organisaatiot pyrkivät hyödyntämään virtuaalisista sosiaalisista suhteista kertyvää tietoa oman toimintansa kehittämisessä.

Sosiaalista analytiikkaa on muun muassa se, kun yritys monitoroi ja analysoi yhteisösivustojen keskusteluja, jotta se voi kohdentaa mainontaansa paremmin, tunnistaa piilevää kysyntää tai oppia asiakkaidensa tuote- ja palvelukokemuksista. Yritysten ohella sosiaalinen analytiikka tarjoaa myös julkishallinnolle lukemattomia käyttökohteita. Esimerkiksi kunnalle on arvokasta tietää, millaisessa sävyssä sen tekemisistä ja palveluista sosiaalisessa mediassa keskustellaan. Kuntalaisten mielipiteiden parempi ymmärtäminen antaa mahdollisuuden käynnistää toimenpiteitä ja tehdä ratkaisuja, jotka vastaavat kuntalaisten odotuksia. Erityisesti nuorten kohdalla sosiaalisen analytiikan avulla voidaan saada aikaan hyviä tuloksia, jos nuorille syntyy tunne siitä, että heidän tarpeensa on huomattu. Muodollisilla palautejärjestelmillä on tulevaisuudessakin paikkansa, mutta demokratia voi sitä paremmin, mitä luontevammin hallintokoneisto ja kansalaiset toisensa kohtaavat. Sosiaalinen analytiikka ei yksinään riitä ratkaisuksi, mutta se saattaa hyvinkin olla keskeinen osa sitä.

Se presentan los resultados del plan de medios sociales de la Plataforma Latina de Revistas de Comunicación (PlatCom) integrada por 8 revistas académicas fundacionales y dos revistas honoríficas consorciadas. El estudio refleja la actividad desplegada en los últimos cinco años (2013-2017). El objetivo es describir la estrategia llevada a cabo en las redes sociales para difundir los artículos académicos y las actividades de PlatCom, así como cuantificar y valorar la interactividad generada y su contribución en los procesos de visibilidad científica. La singularidad de la incitativa reside en la gestión de carácter conjunto y mancomunado realizada para varias revistas de forma simultánea. Se realiza un estudio exploratorio descriptivo comparativo e interanual. El procedimiento consideró la recopilación anual de datos cuantitativos sobre las mismas variables para habilitar la comparación y facilitar la identificación de tendencias o posibles mejoras a realizar.  Para ello, se utilizaron los datos extraídos mediante Google Analytics en los medios propios de PlatCom: el blog, dos redes sociales de carácter generalista (Facebook y Twitter) y dos redes sociales de ámbito académico (Academia.edu y Mendeley). En este periodo, las redes sociales y el blog fueron gestionadas a diario por una profesional especialista en Social Media. Las variables consideradas han sido: las visualizaciones o visitas, las descargas y el número de seguidores.  La conclusión principal del estudio revela que las redes sociales y el blog son muy útiles a la hora de difundir los artículos académicos. Academia.edu obtiene los mejores resultados como red social para artículos académicos. Facebook y Twitter exigen un tipo de comunicación más distendida en el diseño de los mensajes. Como acción futura se sugiere incorporar Social Ads como herramienta de segmentación precisa para llegar al público objetivo que nosotros deseamos y estudiar la relación entre métricas alternativas y citación del artículo.

The main objective of this exploratory study is to identify the social, economic, environmental and cultural factors related to the sustainable care of both environment and public health that most concern Twitter users. With 336 million active users as of 2018, Twitter is a social network that is increasingly used in research to get information and to understand public opinion as exemplified by Twitter users. In order to identify the factors related to the sustainable care of environment and public health, we have downloaded n = 5873 tweets that used the hashtag #WorldEnvironmentDay on the respective day. As the next step, sentiment analysis with an algorithm developed in Python and trained with data mining was applied to the sample of tweets to group them according to the expressed feelings. Thereafter, a textual analysis was used to group the tweets according to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), identifying the key factors about environment and public health that most conc...

The Human Element Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on the Canvas open network was designed to be a connectivist experience exploring methods for humanization of online education. This MOOC introduced and discussed methods that faculty could adopt in order to potentially increase instructor presence, social presence, and cognitive presence within their own online courses. The design of the MOOC and the learners’ perceptions of social presence after taking part in this MOOC are discussed in this chapter.

Social media data is increasingly used to gain insights into trends in mental health, but prior studies aimed at confirming a link between online expression of suicidal ideation on social media and actual suicide deaths have been inconclusive. Using comprehensive six-year data sets of Twitter posts and suicide deaths in Japan, we examine the diurnal relationship between the proportional incidence of a suicide-related keyword, “kietai” (“I want to disappear”), and suicide deaths with an OLS regression model. We also use co-occurrence analysis to reveal changes in the linguistic context of the suicide-related keyword at different hours of the day. We find a clear diurnal pattern in the use of this suicide-related keyword, peaking between 1am and 5am. This diurnal trend is positively correlated with suicide deaths among younger cohorts (ages 15 to 44), but the correlation is negative among older adults (45 and over). The correlation among young adults strengthens when a delay between tweet incidence and suicide deaths is included. Compared to daytime tweets, nighttime tweets exhibited a stronger relationship between words related to self-disgust and words directly indicating suicidal intent. This study confirms the hypothesised link between online suicidal ideation and suicide death. Despite frequent flippant use of the keyword, the consistent correlation and the diurnal changes in the context of the keyword's usage demonstrate the value of social media data to the study of mental health trends in groups at risk of suicide.

This paper examines new para-journalism forms such as micro-blogging as “awareness systems” that provide journalists with more complex ways of understanding and reporting on the subtleties of public communication. Traditional journalism defines fact as information and quotes from official sources, which have been identified as forming the vast majority of news and information content. This model of news is in flux, however, as new social media technologies such as Twitter facilitate the instant, online dissemination of short fragments of information from a variety of official and unofficial sources. This paper draws from computer science literature to suggest that these broad, asynchronous, lightweight and always-on systems are enabling citizens to maintain a mental model of news and events around them, giving rise to awareness systems that the paper describes as ambient journalism. The emergence of ambient journalism brought about by the use of these new digital delivery systems and evolving communications protocols raises significant research questions for journalism scholars and professionals. This research offers an initial exploration of the impact of awareness systems on journalism norms and practices. It suggests that one of the future directions for journalism may be to develop approaches and systems that help the public negotiate and regulate the flow of awareness information, facilitating the collection and transmission of news.

With the emergence of interactive communication that more easily allows consumers to contact public relations offices, researchers are increasingly investigating the dialogic potential of online communication for maintaining relations with the general public (Bortrec & Seltzer, 2009; Kent & Taylor, 1998, 2002; Kent, Taylor, & White, 2003; Ryba1ko & Seltzer, 2010). Kent and Taylor (1998) defined dialogic communication as "any negotiated exchange of ideas and opinions" {p. 325) with the purpose of engaging in honest, open, and ethical give-and-take with the public. The authors urged public relations organizations to facilitate dialogue by establishing channels and procedures for fostering dialogue, including social network sites (i.e., Facebook and Twitter). Specifically, public relations professionals argue social network sires and Twitter facilitate two-way communication by opening up new direct avenues of communication between organizations and their public, providing mor...

Nowadays, nearly all people utilize the device which is connected to Internet. People are accustomed to the use information technology devices in their daily life to interact with other people. Currently, many social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube are becoming popular. This study selected Twitter platforms, which is started to gain popularity. By the rapid growth of users signing up for Twitter accounts, at the same time, cybercrime started to bloom each year in social media platforms. Cyberbully is one of the cybercrime practices which had caused a significant impact on the targeted victims. The victims experienced social pressure, which they need to bear each day while the bullies stayed free behind the veil of anonymity. This study aims to identify the common vulgar words used by the cyberbullies on Twitter. Also, this study is subject to produce essential features of Twitter based on the collected tweets. The evaluation in this study includes the occurrences of the vulgar word perpetrated by the cyberbullies from Twitter. This study detected the usage of vulgar words in cyberbully activities on Twitter platform. A list of vulgar words were extracted and evaluated from a corpus of 50 Twitter users who posted a various number of tweets. The vulgar words detection in the tweets enable the tracking process of the cyberbully activities. In the evaluation section, we discussed how the usage of the vulgar words would define the user's earnestness in doing the cyberbully activities in the Twitter. This study shows there are users with a low number of tweets have a high number of vulgar words occurrences, while other users with high numbers of tweets but less number of vulgar words occurrences. The information collected in this study is expected to assist marking users with a high number of vulgar words occurrences who tend to have high possibilities in doing cyber-bully activities.

The prevalence of misinformation within social media and online communities can undermine public security and distract attention from important issues. Fact-checking interventions, in which users cite fact-checking websites such as Snopes.com and FactCheck.org, are a strategy users can employ to refute false claims made by their peers. While laboratory research suggests such interventions are not effective in persuading people to abandon false ideas, little work considers how such interventions are actually deployed in real-world conversations. Using approximately 1,600 interventions observed on Twitter between 2012 and 2013, we examine the contexts and consequences of fact-checking interventions.W e focus in particular on the social relationship between the individual who issues the fact-check and the individual whose facts are challenged. Our results indicate that though fact-checking interventions are most commonly issued by strangers, they are more likely to draw user attention ...