Nusret Zencirci

The purpose of this study was to investigate the resistance of bread and einkorn wheat genotypes under in vitro conditions against drought stress during germination. Twelve bread and ten einkorn wheat genotypes were used as plant material and seven drought stress levels were applied based on a three-replicate factorial restricted randomized block design in order to investigate their effects on germination rate (GR), germinating power (GP), coleoptile length (CL), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot root length ratio (SRLR), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), and root fresh dry weight ratio (RFDWR) during the year 2014-2015. PEG – 6000 was used to evaluate the effect of drought stress under in vitro conditions on the wheat genotypes. The values of all traits were decreased by the increased effect of PEG levels (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the variance analysis showed that the genotypes had significant statistical differences for the examined traits under drought stress (p < 0.05). According to the results of the GGE biplot analysis, of the total variation between the genotypes and traits investigated under drought stress (75.97%), PC1 and PC2 represented 51.51% and 24.47%, respectively. In addition, einkorn wheat populations were located in the sector of GR, GP, and SRL, which means that these populations had a greater performance for these traits under drought stress conditions. Bread wheat and einkorn genotypes behaved differently for the traits under drought stress. It is considered that the results of the field and in vivo experiments for cold and drought stress will contribute to producing reliable suggestions.

Powdery mildew caused by Podosphaeraaphanis var. aphanis mostly infects the wild and cultivated strawberries in Turkey. The disease affects leaves, stems and fruits. Mycelia of the fungi inhibit the photosynthesis and nutrients uptake from the host cells. This reduces yield, quality, and market value of the fruit. In Turkey, intense strawberry cultivations in Mediterranean and Aegean regions are mainly influenced by contamination levels of nursery plants. However, scattered wild strawberry cultivations (Fragaria vesca) in Marmara and Black Sea regions are mainly affected by environmental conditions, particularly by the climate. Determining spatial distribution of powdery mildew of wild strawberry in Turkey is important for plant protection experts, producers, and breeders. In this study, powdery mildew risk areas for wild strawberry in Turkey were spatially analyzed and mapped in geographic information systems (GIS). In analyzing and mapping process, climatic raster maps and optimal climatic requirements of the disease were utilized. According to the produced raster maps, disease risk areas concentrated in the Black Sea and Marmara geographic regions of Turkey between May and October. Powdery mildew risk areas covered maximum area (3141.18 km 2) in October, and these areas were detected in Istanbul (2790.92 km 2), Sinop (215.0 km 2), and Giresun (155.26 km 2) provinces, respectively. Accuracy assessment of each risk map was performed by using geo-referenced field data collected between May and October in 2015. Accuracy changed between 75.68 % and 83.33 % in monthly basis, and overall accuracy was determined as 80.00 %.The results of this study supplied a good and reliable basis to control the disease. Türkiyède Yabani Çilek (Fragariavesca) için Külleme (Podosphaeraaphanis var. aphanis) Risk Alanlarının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleriyle Belirlenmesi Öz : Podosphaera aphanis var. aphanisìn neden olduğu külleme Türkiyè de çoğunlukla yabani ve kültür çileklerini enfekte eder. Hastalık yaprakları , sapları ve meyveleri etkiler. Fungusun miselleri fotosentezi ve konukçu hücrelerden besin alımını engeller. Bu meyve verimini , kalitesini ve pazar değerini düşürür. Türkiye ' de , Akdeniz ve Ege bölgelerindeki yoğun kültür çileği yetiştiriciliği en çok fidanlık bitkilerinin kontaminasyon seviyelerinden etkilenmektedir. Ancak , Marmara ve Karadeniz bölgelerindeki dağınık yabani çilek (Fragaria vesca) yetiştiriciliği , başta iklim olmak üzere çevresel koşullardan etkilenmektedir. Türkiye ' de yabani çilek küllemesinin mekansal dağılımının belirlenmesi bitki koruma uzmanları , üreticileri ve yetiştiricileri için önemlidir. Bu çalışmada , Türkiye ' de yabani çilek için külleme risk alanları , coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinde (CBS) mekansal olarak analiz edilmiş ve haritalandırılmıştır. Analiz ve haritalama sürecinde iklim raster haritaları ve hastalığın optimal iklim gereksinimleri kullanılmıştır. Üretilen raster haritalara göre , hastalık riski alanları Mayıs ve Ekim ayları arasında Türkiye ' nin Karadeniz ve Marmara coğrafi bölgelerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Ekim ayında külleme riski alanları maksimum alanı (3141. 18 km 2) kapsarken , bu alanlar sırasıyla İstanbul (2790. 92 km 2) , Sinop (215. 0 km2) ve Giresun (155. 26 km 2) illerinde tespit edilmiştir. Her bir risk haritasının doğruluk değerlendirmesi , 2015 yılının Mayıs ve Ekim ayları arasında toplanan coğrafi referanslı alan verilerini kullanarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doğruluk aylık bazda % 75. 68 ve % 83. 33 arasında değişmiş ve genel doğruluk % 80. 00 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları hastalığın kontrolü için iyi ve güvenilir bir temel sağlamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler : Ekoloji , erken uyarı , CBS , külleme , bitki hastalığı , yabani çilek 252

Food security requires plant genetic resources (PGR), which is seriously risked by climatic changes, urbanization, and population growth. Therefore, collection, conservation, utilization, and improvement of PGR in diverse regions have higher priority. Turkey, situated among gene centers and historical migration routes, enjoys an environmental and genetic diversity. Gölköy Campus of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, which is a junction between Euro-Siberian and Irano-Turanian phytogeographic regions, has been intensively investigated in different historical periods. In this study, the changes for species diversity on the flora in the last two decades have been measured and compared. Twenty years apart, 332 plant species in 46 families decreased to 153 plant species in 45 families, which was a serious decrease of 66.77% in total plant species. Construction and human population seriously narrowed genetic diversity even in diverse regions. Yoğun İnşaat ve Nüfus Baskısının Son Yirmi Yılda Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Bolu-Gölköy Yerleşkesinde Flora Değişimine Etkisi ÖZ: İklim değişiklikleri, kentleşme ve nüfus artışının ciddi tehdidi altında olan bitki genetik kaynaklarına (BGK) gıda güvenliği için gerek duyulmaktadır. Bu nedenle; BGK'nın genetik çeşitlilikce zengin bölgelerden toplanması, korunması, kullanılması ve iyileştirilmesine öncelik verilmektedir. Gen merkezleri arasında ve tarihsel göç yolları üzerinde yer alan Türkiye de bu çevresel ve genetic çeşitlilikten bolca yararlanmaktadır. Avrupa – Sibirya ve İran–Turan fito-coğrafi bölgeleri arasında yer alan Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Bolu-Gölköy Yerleşke'sinde bugüne kadar birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile ise, son yirmi yılda kampüste bulunan bitki türlerinin ve endemic bitkilerin genetik çeşitliliği belirlenmiştir. Yırmı yıllık bir sürede 46 familyada 332 olan tür sayısı 45 familyada 153'e düşmüştür. Bu azalma; toplam tür sayısında % 66,77 olmuştur. Artan inşaat faaliyetleri ve yogunlaşan insan nüfusu bu genetic çeşitliliği yüksek alanda bile ciddi bir genetik çeşitlilik daralmasına yol açmıştır.

This study reports a protocol about embryogenic callus propagation in Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum using zygotic embryos. Embryogenic callus induction was noted on all concentrations of 2,4-D used in this study. Maximum embryogenical callus induction in terms of embryogenic callus weight was noted on MS medium containing 4 mg/l 2,4-D. Minimum embriyogenic callus weight was noted on MS medium containing 8 mg/l 2,4-D. Increase or decrease of 2,4-D concentratin resulted in decrease in embryogenic callus weight.

Öz Hasat sözcüğü ekilip yetiştirildikten sonra elde edilen ürünü ve buna ilişkin yapılan festival benzeri kutlamaları içinde taşır. Başka bir deyişle; ürün yetiştirmenin sonuçlandığını ve ürünün güvende olduğunu belirtir. Bu tarihi gayret, bu önemli yıllık faaliyet insanoğluna buğdayı ve ekmeğin tüm çeşitlerini hediye etmiştir. Hasat, böylelikle, tüm toplumlarda sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik hayatı yoğun bir şekilde etkilemiştir. Bu etki, dilde ve diyalekte kendini sözcük yapıları ve deyimler olarak göstermiştir. Bugün, makinelerle artık kolaylıkla yapılabilen hasat, yine de tarihsel zamanlardan kalan önemli zaman tüketici özelliğini korumaktadır. Anadolu tarımın ilk yapıldığı önemli yörelerden biridir Anadolu halkı bugüne kadar süregelen zengin bir buğday kültürünü geliştirmişlerdir. Hem tarihsel kanıtlar hem de bugün var olan yemek kültürü Anadolu'da çok zengin bir buğday kültürünü işaret etmektedir. Fırat ve Dicle nehirleri arsında başlayarak daha sonra aşağılara yani " Verimli Hilal " e ve Arap Körfezine –Mezopotamya-kadar inmiştir. Göbeklitepe (Şanlıurfa), Çatalhöyük (Konya), İvriz (Konya), ve Alacahöyük (Çorum)'deki kazılarda bulunan buğday daneleri bu tarihi görüşleri desteklemiştir. On birinci yüzyılda Anadolu'ya varan Türkler, Orta Asya'daki hasat tecrübelerini de beraberlerinde getirdiler. Türkçedeki diyalektler buğday kültüründen fazlaca etkilenmiş olmak ve Derleme Sözlüğünde yer almış olmakla beraber bu konu yeterince incelenmemiştir. Dahası, değişik diyalekteler içinde yer alan sözlü formlar ve kültürel ilişkili sözcükler tam olarak derlenmemiştir. Bu nedenle; anılan bu konuların çoklu disiplinler tarafından detaylı bir şekilde çalışılması gerekmektedir. Burada; tarihsel yapısı içerisinde buğday tarımı, buğday hasadı ve buğday kültürü diyalektler ve ilişkili sözcük grupları bakımından incelenecektir.

ABSTRACT: Food security requires plant genetic resources (PGR), which is seriously risked by climatic changes, urbanization, and population growth. Therefore, collection, conservation, utilization, and improvement of PGR in diverse regions have higher priority. Turkey, situated among gene centers and historical migration routes, enjoys environmental and genetic diversity. Gölköy Campus of Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, which is a junction between Euro-Siberian and Irano-Turanian phytogeographic regions, has been intensively investigated in different historical periods. In this study, the changes for species diversity on the flora in the last two decades have been measured and compared. Twenty years apart, 307 plant species in 56 families reduced to 102 plant species in 32 families, which was a serious decrease of 66.77% for total plant species.  Five study sites, after 20 years in 2011-2014 fortunately had plant coverages of 89.5%, 95.8%, 90.8%, 89.5%, and 96.0%, respectively. Construction and human population seriously narrowed genetic diversity even in diverse regions.

Twelve bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and ten einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum L.) populations were investigated for germination rate (GR-%), germination power (GP-%), coleoptile length (CL-cm), shoot length (SL-cm), root length (RL-cm), shoot/root length ratio (SRLR), root fresh weight (RFW-mg), root dry weight (RDW-mg), and root fresh /dry weight ratio (RFDWR) under seven different cold stress levels in a three replicate randomized complete block design with factorial restriction. Experimental materials, which were utilized in this research, showed significantly different responses under seven cold levels. From them, 20 bread wheat genotypes demonstrated higher significance for GR, RL, and RDW; significance for CL and SL; and non-significance for GP, SRLR, and RFW. On the other hand, PCs were not significant for SL (0.156), RL (0.156), and RDW (0.156) in PC 1; significant in PC2 for RFDWR (0.99); and significant in PC3 for GR (-0.342). Cumulative variance of first three PCs was 87.58% and the average dendogram for both bread and einkorn wheat entries produced two main groups. As a result, einkorn wheat populations from higher elevations seemed to provide good genetic resources for cold tolerance during germination stages. It is obvious that these characters easily can be used in any wheat breeding programs against cold stress.

Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is the most serious disease of wheat globally including south-eastern Anatolia of Turkey, where wheat originated. In this study, 12 spring wheat genotypes were artificially inoculated and preserved in two locations, Diyarbakır and Adıyaman, during the 2011–2012 season to investigate loss in yield and yield components. Genotypes were evaluated at the adult plant stage using two partial resistance parameters: final disease severity and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). AUDPC ranged from 14.8 to 860 in Diyarbakır, and 74 to 760 in Adıyaman. Yield loss ranged from 0.6 to 68.5% in Diyarbakır and 9.8 to 56.8% in Adıyaman. Genotypes G1, G5, G7 and G8 were found to lose less yield, while higher yield loss was observed in G3, G4 (Nurkent), G5 and G9 (Karacadağ-98). The highest loss in thousand kernel weight was observed in a susceptible cultivar Karacadağ-98 in Diyarbakır followed by 43.4 and 24.4% in Adıyaman. Test weight loss reached 8.89% in Diyarbakır and 20.8% in Adıyaman. Yield loss and AUDPC had a positive significant relationship. Based on the values of AUDPC, final disease severity and yield loss, three major clusters were formed for 12 wheat genotypes. Partially resistant genotypes were found to lose less grain yield and seemed to be stronger against severe stripe rust pressure.

Salt stress during germination degenerates crop establishment and declines yield in wheat (Triticum subsp.). Against salt
(NaCl) stress, we investigated 12 bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and 10 einkorn wheat (T. monococcum subsp. monococcum) entries for
germination rate, germinating power, coleoptile length, shoot length, root length, shoot/root length ratio, root fresh weight, root dry
weight, and root fresh/dry weigh ratio. An effective blocking in variance analysis improved statistical significance and differentiation
between germination stages and wheat entries. Salt total and salt ranking tolerance indices grouped the wheat entries into tolerant
(Bayraktar 2000, Gerek 79, İkizce 96, Gün 91, Demir 2000, and Momtchil) and susceptible ones (Population-4, Population-14,
Population-15, Population-9, Population-11, and Population-10). The best coleoptile length and root fresh weight developments
occurred between 0 and 0.15 M and root length between 0 and 0.10 M salt doses. Coleoptile length, root fresh weight, and root dry
weight started decreasing at 0.20 M. Pearson linear correlation coefficients were significant at different levels for coleoptile length, root
fresh weight, and root dry weight. Spearman correlation coefficients were not significant between the worst salt affected characters of
coleoptile length, shoot length, root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight characters under the control treatment but were
significant under salt stress. A significant PC value of 0.356 was recorded for root dry weight, 0.335 for root length, 0.310 for shoot root
length ratio, and 0.309 for root fresh weight in PC 1. The first three PCs accounted for 90.52% of total variation. The highest PC was PC1
(71.946%), followed by PC2 (11.098%), and PC3 (7.481%). The dendrogram of all wheat entries clearly differentiated bread and einkorn
wheats as both salt indices did. Here, it seemed, then, that those bread wheat cultivars were more salt tolerant than einkorn populations,
most likely because of their geographic origin differences

Edible natural or cultivated macrofungi (mushrooms) are economically significant in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Although they have considerable direct and indirect economic, social, and cultural value, these are to date poorly explored. In this study, edible macrofungi were investigated for their ethnomycological standing from identification to marketing. The method was face-to-face data collection with a semi-structured questionnaire, applied in 6 provinces (Bolu, Düzce, Karabük, Zonguldak, Bartın, and Kastamonu): 6 provincial centers, 17 counties, and 120 villages from April 2012 to December 2013. Seventy different local markets were visited particularly during mushroom gathering seasons. Four hundred and seventy-five responses from the forest villages provided results identifying the gender, identification of mushrooms, use, and marketing. Thirty-three species in 14 families were used for food (55.4 %), income (43.8 %), or medicine (0.8 %). These were Russulaceae Pleurotaceae (1). In addition, 169 different Turkish folk names were registered and five marketing channels were

Wheat is an important agricultural crop with an over 615.8 million
metric tons harvesting capacity annually. Drought and salinity
are environmental stress factors that affect yield and quality
of wheat, dramatically. There are different defense mechanisms
against these stress conditions in plants. Altering gene expression
profiles by microRNAs at post-transcriptional level is one of the
most conserved mechanisms among plants. microRNAs are an
extensive class of noncoding RNAs, approximately 22 nucleotide
length which regulates the expression of genes by binding to the
30-untranslated regions of specific mRNAs. microRNAs implicated
under salt and drought stress have widely been reported in
numerous plant species and wheat genomes in the last years;
however, studies on einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum spp.
monococcum) are not yet available. The goal of this study is identification
of conserved microRNAs from einkorn wheat using
next generation sequencing technology and bioinformatic analysis.
In this study, small RNA molecules were extracted from
pooled plant samples grown under normal, drought and salinity
conditions. Sequencing analysis revealed 75 164 unique small
RNA sequences obtained from 15 139 448 raw reads. After
bioinformatic analysis based on comparative genomics
approaches, we identified 168 putative mature microRNA
sequences belonging to 142 distinct microRNA families. Since
chromosomal sequence data is not available for Triticum monococcum
spp. monococcum, we used available sequences from Triticum
urartu, a close relative, as template to extract precursor
microRNA sequences. 111 of precursor sequences showing 100%
homology to Triticum urartu genome were analyzed for secondary
structure prediction using Mfold software. Data provided
in this study is critical to investigate transcriptional regulation of
genes involved in stress metabolism in einkorn wheat.