Pallav Purohit

This is a very nice paper and it is timely. The calculations use the well-established GAINS model and uses various assumptions, most of which are documented. The paper shows that the use of low-GWP substitutes (including non-fluorinated refrigerants) for the high-GWP HFCs along with efficiency gains in better equipment design would help reduce climate change. This occurs through the reduction in the lower greenhouse effect of the substitutes and lesser CO2 emission from lower electricity usage.

This paper presents the first comprehensive assessment of historical (1990–2010) global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM<sub>1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>) as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source- and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e., kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, trash burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 170 source regions (as well as international shipping), presente...

Bioenergy can play an important role in achieving the agreed United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and implementing the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, thereby advancing climate goals, food security, better land use, and sustainable energy for all. In this study, we assess the surplus agricultural residues availability for bioelectricity in six least developed countries (LDCs) in Asia and Africa, namely Bangladesh, Lao-PDR, and Nepal in Asia; and Ethiopia, Malawi, and Zambia in Africa, respectively. The surplus agricultural residues have been estimated using residue-to-product ratio (RPR), agricultural residues lost in the collection, transportation and storage, and their alternative applications. We use a linear regression model to project the economic potential of bioelectricity. The contribution of bioelectricity for meeting the LDCs’ electricity requirements is estimated in a time frame between 2017 and 2030. Our results reveal that the surplus biomass feedstock...

This study aims to assess the current and future air pollution and associated health impacts in Pakistan. In this study, the Pakistan Integrated Energy Model (Pak-IEM) is used to assess current and future energy consumption in Pakistan. To assess air pollution levels and associated health impacts, we used the Greenhouse gas and Air pollution INteractions and Synergies (GAINS) model. A linkage has been established between both the models to feed the energy outputs from Pak-IEM into GAINS for exploring different scenarios. Mainly, the emissions of three air pollutants (SO2, NOx, and PM2.5) as well as the associated health impacts of increased emissions are assessed. Baseline emission scenario (BES) shows a growth in emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 by a factor of 2.4, 2.2, and 2.5 between 2007 and 2030. In terms of health impacts, by 2030, annual mean concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) would increase to more than 150 μg/m(3) in some parts of Punjab region of Pakistan, for which ...

... Effect of instrumentation error on the 1st and 2nd figures of merit (F, and FJ of a box-type solar cooker Purohit, Purohit ... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are extremely grateful to Dr. TC Kandpal, Professor, lndian Institute of Technology Delhi and Dr. Ashvini Kumar, Director, Ministry ...

Biomass is a major energy source in rural India with approximately 70 percent of rural population depending on the resource to satisfy their daily energy needs. Nationally, biomass accounts for 25 percent of India’s primary energy demand. India spends significant amount of its gross domestic product (GDP) on petroleum-based liquid transportation fuel, and biofuel is widely acknowledged as a potential substitute to offsetting this reliance on crude oil. First generation biofuels derived from food sources are typically affected by environmental sustainability concerns, with the exception of sugarcane to ethanol. The work reported in this study assesses the biomass resource availability in India from sustainably derived agricultural residues which can be potentially used for biofuel production. Driven by government interest and a national policy to promote Jatropha curcas, the authors also assessed the technical potential for biodiesel production from the energy crop. A critical review...

A simple framework for the financial performance evaluation of a solar photovoltaic (SPV) water pump has been presented. The unit cost of water delivered by such a pump has been estimated. The monetary benefits accrued to the end user have also been quantified on the basis of the amount of diesel or electricity saved. The Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return of investment in an SPV water pump have also been estimated. The effect of fuel price escalation on the financial performance indices has been evaluated along with estimation of the break-even prices of diesel and electricity. The effects of financial incentives such as capital subsidy, accelerated depreciation-related income tax benefits and provision of a low interest loan on the break-even prices of diesel and electricity have also been studied. Results of some numerical calculations for a 1.8 kWp SPV pump are briefly presented and discussed.

ABSTRACT Air pollution is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to global health outcomes. A methodological framework for evaluating the global health-related outcomes of outdoor and indoor (household) air pollution is presented and validated for the year 2005. Ambient concentrations of PM2.5 are estimated with a combination of energy and atmospheric models, with detailed representation of urban and rural spatial exposures. Populations dependent on solid fuels are established with household survey data. Health impacts for outdoor and household air pollution are independently calculated using the fractions of disease that can be attributed to ambient air pollution exposure and solid fuel use. Estimated ambient pollution concentrations indicate that more than 80% of the population exceeds the WHO Air Quality Guidelines in 2005. In addition, 3.26 billion people were found to use solid fuel for cooking in three regions of Sub Saharan Africa, South Asia and Pacific Asia in 2005. Outdoor air pollution results in 2.7 million deaths or 23 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) while household air pollution from solid fuel use and related indoor smoke results in 2.1 million deaths or 41.6 million DALYs. The higher morbidity from household air pollution can be attributed to children below the age of 5 in Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia. The burden of disease from air pollution is found to be significant, thus indicating the importance of policy interventions.

ABSTRACT An overview of Indian power sector and renewable energy use in India. Central/State policy framework for promoting concentrating solar power (CSP) in India. Technology overview and resource assessment of CSP in Northwestern India. Economics of CSP technologies and impact of secondary benefits. a b s t r a c t To accelerate the decarburization in the Indian power sector, concentrating solar power (CSP) needs to play an important role. CSP technologies have found significant space in the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) of the Indian government in which 20,000 MW grid connected solar power projects have been targeted by 2022 with 50% capacity for CSP. In this study a preliminary attempt has been made to assess the potential of CSP generation in the Northwestern (NW) regions of India; which seems a high potential area as it has the highest annual solar radiation in India, favorable meteorological conditions for CSP and large amount of waste land. The potential of CSP systems in NW India is estimated on the basis of a detailed solar radiation and land resource assessment. The energy yield exercise has been carried out for the representative locations using System Advisor Model for four commercially available CSP technologies namely Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC), Central receiver system (CRS), Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) and Parabolic Dish System (PDS). The financial viability of CSP systems at different locations in NW India is also analyzed in this study. On the basis of a detailed solar radiation and land resource assessment, the maximum theoretical potential of CSP in NW India is estimated over 2000 GW taking into accounts the viability of different CSP technologies and land suitability criteria. The technical potential is estimated over 1700 GW at an annual direct normal incidence (DNI) over 1800 kW h/m 2 and finally, the economic potential is estimated over 700 GW at an annual DNI over 2000 kW h/m 2 in NW India. It is expected that in near future locations with lower DNI values could also become financially feasible with the development of new technologies, advancement of materials, economy of scale, manufacturing capability along with the enhanced policy measures etc. With an annual DNI over 1600 kW h/m 2 it is possible to exploit over 2000 GW CSP in the NW India.

This study uses the GAINS model framework to estimate current and future emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases), their abatement potentials, and costs for twenty source sectors and 162 countries and regions , which are aggregated to produce global estimates. Global F-gas (HFCs, PFCs, and SF 6) emissions are estimated at 0.7 Pg CO 2 eq. in 2005 with an expected increase to 3.7 Pg CO 2 eq. in 2050 if application of control technology remains at the current level. There are extensive opportunities to reduce emissions using existing technology and alternative substances with low global warming potential. Estimates show that it would be technically feasible to reduce cumulative F-gas emissions from 81 to 11 Pg CO 2 eq. between 2018 and 2050. A reduction in cumulative emissions to 23 Pg CO 2 eq. is estimated to be possible at a marginal abatement cost below 10 EUR t −1 CO 2 eq. We also find that future F-gas abatement is expected to become relatively more costly for developing than developed countries due to differences in the sector contribution to emissions and abatement potentials.

So far, the cumulative installed capacity of wind power projects in India is far below their gross potential (È 15%) despite very high level of policy support, tax benefits, long term financing schemes etc, for more than 10 years etc. One of the major barriers is the high costs of investments in these systems. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides industrialized countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to achieve a reduction in CO2 emissions at lowest cost that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. Solar water heating systems (SWHs) could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing