There is limited data on sex differences in renal hemodynamics and autoregulation (AR). We assessed renal vascular resistance (RVR) and renal AR in conscious male (M) and female (F) rats with intact kidneys, uninephrectomy (UNX), and UNX... more
There is limited data on sex differences in renal hemodynamics and autoregulation (AR). We assessed renal vascular resistance (RVR) and renal AR in conscious male (M) and female (F) rats with intact kidneys, uninephrectomy (UNX), and UNX administered deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)+salt. The susceptibility to hypertension-induced renal damage (HIRD) was also assessed in rats with UNX administered DOCA+salt. We hypothesized that M rats exhibit a lower RVR, weaker renal AR responses, and an increased susceptibility to HIRD.Sprague-Dawley rats (8-11-week-old) administered a 0.4% NaCl chow diet and water ad libitum were used. Blood pressure (BP, DSI) and renal blood flow (RBF, Transonic) were assessed in conscious rats with intact kidneys (n=12M,13F) and in rats with UNX (n=7M,8F) before and during 1 week of DOCA (3.3 mg/day s.c.) + salt (1% NaCl in drinking water). RVR was calculated as BP/RBF. Renal AR responses (fractional Δ in RBF / fractional Δ in BP) at 2.5 seconds and 20 seconds following spontaneous BP fluctuations ≥ ±5 mmHg were calculated as recently described (PMID 31792155). A 2-way ANOVA with Sidak post hoc analysis was used to assess differences among groups. Data are mean±SE, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RVR was 20% (P<0.05) and 30% (P<0.05) lower in M vs. F rats with intact kidneys and UNX. DOCA+salt administration led to similar decreases in RVR (~ -20%) in both sexes (P<0.05). No sex difference in renal AR indices (~0.45) were observed at 2.5 seconds following a BP change in rats with intact kidneys, and both groups achieved complete AR compensation by 20 seconds. Renal AR indices at 2.5 seconds were slower (P<0.05) in both M and F rats with UNX (~0.75) vs. intact kidneys. Both UNX groups achieved complete renal AR compensation by 20 seconds. DOCA+salt did not impair renal AR responses in either sex.Susceptibility to HIRD was assessed in rats (n=13M,14F) with UNX administered DOCA (3.3 mg/day) + salt for 4 weeks. To produce similar BP’s, all F rats were given 1% NaCl in drinking water while different groups of M rats were given 1% NaCl (n=4), 0.5% NaCl (n=5), or 0.1% NaCl (n=4). Proteinuria and HIRD (combination of glomerular, tubulointerstitial, and vascular injury) were assessed. There were no significant differences in systolic BP between M and F rats at baseline (124±2 vs. 130±2 mmHg) or during DOCA+salt administration (173±4 vs. 166±4 mmHg). M had a greater proteinuria at 4 weeks post DOCA+salt (152±30 vs. 70±13 mg/day, P<0.01), a greater HIRD score (9±3 vs. 2±1, P<0.05), and slope of relationship between HIRD and systolic BP (0.5±0.2 vs. 0.1±0.03 HIRD/mmHg, P<0.05) as compared to F rats.These data indicate that M rats exhibit an increased susceptibility to renal injury for any given level of BP in this model of hypertension. While no sex differences in renal AR were observed, the relatively dilated renal vascular bed in M may contribute to sex differences in susceptiblity to HIRD. NIH (HL154067) and East Tennessee State University This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.
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Estimating the signal transmitted by a noncooperating radar is of great use in radar countermeasures. In this article, we propose to improve the noise resilience of the radar signal estimation by constraining the estimate to be in a... more
Estimating the signal transmitted by a noncooperating radar is of great use in radar countermeasures. In this article, we propose to improve the noise resilience of the radar signal estimation by constraining the estimate to be in a low-dimensional signal space. In particular, we focus on estimating nonlinear frequency modulated radar signals that have good target resolution characteristics. A flexible 3-D odd polynomial frequency signal model is introduced as the low-dimensional signal space to compute accurate estimates at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) with small number of intercepted signals. The quality of the low-dimensional signal estimates is compared with that of the estimate from the unconstrained high-dimensional space computed using principal component analysis estimator, which is the method in predominant use in the multisensor scenario. It is shown that signal estimation through low-dimensional signal spaces yields more accurate estimates at low SNRs with a smaller number of sensors compared to searching in the unconstrained high-dimensional signal space.
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Background Abnormal renal hemodynamic responses to salt‐loading are thought to contribute to salt‐sensitive (SS) hypertension. However, this is based largely on studies in anesthetized animals, and little data are available in conscious... more
Background Abnormal renal hemodynamic responses to salt‐loading are thought to contribute to salt‐sensitive (SS) hypertension. However, this is based largely on studies in anesthetized animals, and little data are available in conscious SS and salt‐resistant rats. Methods and Results We assessed arterial blood pressure, renal function, and renal blood flow during administration of a 0.4% NaCl and a high‐salt (4.0% NaCl) diet in conscious, chronically instrumented 10‐ to 14‐week‐old Dahl SS and consomic SS rats in which chromosome 1 from the salt‐resistant Brown‐Norway strain was introgressed into the genome of the SS strain (SS.BN1). Three weeks of high salt intake significantly increased blood pressure (20%) and exacerbated renal injury in SS rats. In contrast, the increase in blood pressure (5%) was similarly attenuated in Brown‐Norway and SS.BN1 rats, and both strains were completely protected against renal injury. In SS.BN1 rats, 1 week of high salt intake was associated with a ...
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Significance Statement Real-time dynamics of renal autoregulation to stabilize renal blood flow and GFR and protect glomeruli from hypertension in conscious animals with spontaneously fluctuating BP remain uncharacterized. Using novel... more
Significance Statement Real-time dynamics of renal autoregulation to stabilize renal blood flow and GFR and protect glomeruli from hypertension in conscious animals with spontaneously fluctuating BP remain uncharacterized. Using novel methods to analyze relationships between BP and renal blood flow, the authors show that conscious rats display autoregulatory restoration of renal blood flow in <10 seconds; restoration is significantly slower with impaired autoregulation, resulting in exposure to increased glomerular pressure. However, unlike rats under anesthesia, conscious rats achieve complete compensation, even with severe autoregulatory impairment after calcium channel blockade. These data indicate that transient glomerular pressure elevations may play a larger role in hypertensive glomerulosclerosis than recognized, and suggest that mechanisms independent of voltage-gated calcium channels might maintain overall renal blood flow and GFR stability when known autoregulatory mech...
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Signal design is an important component for good performance of radar systems. Here, the problem of determining a good radar signal with the objective of minimizing autocorrelation sidelobes is addressed, and the first comprehensive... more
Signal design is an important component for good performance of radar systems. Here, the problem of determining a good radar signal with the objective of minimizing autocorrelation sidelobes is addressed, and the first comprehensive comparison of a range of signals proposed in the literature is conducted. The search is restricted to a set of nonlinear, frequency-modulated signals whose frequency function is monotonically nondecreasing and antisymmetric about the temporal midpoint. This set includes many signals designed for smaller sidelobes including our proposed odd polynomial frequency signal (OPFS) model and antisymmetric time exponentiated frequency modulated (ATEFM) signal model. The signal design is optimized based on autocorrelation sidelobe levels with constraints on the autocorrelation mainlobe width and leakage of energy outside the allowed bandwidth, and we compare our optimized design with the best signal found from parameterized signal model classes in the literature. ...
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Altered renal vascular responses to a high salt diet have been proposed to contribute to salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension. The goals of this study were to assess: 1) SS hypertension and renal injury in Dahl SS vs. Brown-Norway (BN) and... more
Altered renal vascular responses to a high salt diet have been proposed to contribute to salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension. The goals of this study were to assess: 1) SS hypertension and renal injury in Dahl SS vs. Brown-Norway (BN) and consomic SS.BN1 rats and 2) renal hemodynamics in conscious SS vs. SS.BN1 rats during consumption of a low and high salt diet. Systolic BP (24 hrs/day via telemetry), proteinuria and renal injury were assessed in 10 week old SS (n=9), BN (n=8) and SS.BN1 (n=8) rats during a 0.4% NaCl diet and for 3 weeks during a 4.0% NaCl diet. On a 0.4% NaCl diet, BP was different (P<0.05) among SS, BN and SS.BN1 rats (160±1 vs. 115±2 vs. 141±2 mmHg) while proteinuria was higher (P<0.05) in SS vs. BN and SS.BN1 rats (87±14 vs. 22±3 and 30±5 mg/day). A 4% NaCl diet exacerbated differences (P<0.05) in BP (188±3 vs. 122±2 vs. 150±1 mmHg) and proteinuria (259±29 vs. 29±5 vs. 68±15 mg/day) between SS vs. BN and SS.BN1 rats. Abundant uromodulin (UMOD) positive pr...
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Cascade Realization of an Adaptive FIR Filter : Global Properties of the Average Squared Prediction Error Surface
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Steepest descent gradient algorithms for unbiased equation error adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering are analyzed collectively for both the total least squares and mixed least squares-total least squares framework. These... more
Steepest descent gradient algorithms for unbiased equation error adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering are analyzed collectively for both the total least squares and mixed least squares-total least squares framework. These algorithms have a monic normalization that allows for a direct filtering imple- mentation. We show that the algorithms converge to the desired filter coefficient vector. We achieve the convergence result by ana- lyzing the stability of the equilibrium points and demonstrate that only the desired solution is locally stable. Additionally, we describe a region of initialization under which the algorithm converges to the desired solution. We derive the results using interlacing rela- tionships between the eigenvalues of the data correlation matrices and their respective Schur complements. Finally, we illustrate the performance of these new approaches through simulation. error filtering with operation count complexity that is similar to the ubiquitous leas...
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Ang II is thought to play a prominent role in the development of hypertension-induced renal disease via BP dependent and independent pathways; however the quantitative relationships between BP and renal injury have not been rigorously... more
Ang II is thought to play a prominent role in the development of hypertension-induced renal disease via BP dependent and independent pathways; however the quantitative relationships between BP and renal injury have not been rigorously examined in Ang II-induced hypertension. The major goals of the present study were to assess: 1) the relationship between BP and renal injury in rats with hypertension induced by Ang II vs. renal mass reduction (RMR) and 2) the pressure-flow relationships in conscious Ang II-infused rats. One group of male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River) were implanted with a BP radiotransmitter and 10 days later administered Ang II (n=12; 500 ng/kg/min via osmotic minipump) or subjected to 3/4 RMR via right uninephrectomy + infarction of ∼ 1/2 of the left kidney (RKI, n=5). BP was measured continuously and kidneys were perfused fixed at 6 weeks for the assessment of renal injury. In a separate experiment, MAP and RBF (Transonic) were measured in conscious chronica...
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mechanisms protective and regulatory roles of the underlying Renal autoregulation: new perspectives regarding the You might find this additional info useful... 168 articles, 81 of which can be accessed free at:This article cites
Local stability for adaptive parameter estimation systems involving split algorithms and composite errors is considered from a frequency content viewpoint. Previous work has shown that definitive local stability conditions for these... more
Local stability for adaptive parameter estimation systems involving split algorithms and composite errors is considered from a frequency content viewpoint. Previous work has shown that definitive local stability conditions for these systems, phrased independently of regressor structure, are more restrictive than corresponding conditions for less general adaptive system models. In this paper, it is shown that by incorporating the regressor
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The quantized regressor (QReg) algorithm, a variant of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm, is attractive due to its computational simplicity, and it serves as a model of LMS under quantization errors due to digital implementation. A... more
The quantized regressor (QReg) algorithm, a variant of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm, is attractive due to its computational simplicity, and it serves as a model of LMS under quantization errors due to digital implementation. A description is given of excitation conditions which guarantee convergence of QReg assuming that the quantization in the algorithm is fine enough. In addition,
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The diet-induced obesity (DIO) model is frequently used to examine the pathogenesis of obesity-related pathologies; however, only minimal glomerulosclerosis (GS) has been reported after 3 mo. We investigated if GS develops over longer... more
The diet-induced obesity (DIO) model is frequently used to examine the pathogenesis of obesity-related pathologies; however, only minimal glomerulosclerosis (GS) has been reported after 3 mo. We investigated if GS develops over longer periods of DIO and examined the potential role of hemodynamic mechanisms in its pathogenesis. Eight-week-old male obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rats (Charles River) were administered a moderately high-fat diet for 5 mo. Radiotelemetrically measured blood pressure, proteinuria, and GS were assessed. OP ( n = 10) rats developed modest hypertension (142 ± 3 vs. 128 ± 2 mmHg, P < 0.05) and substantial levels of proteinuria (63 ± 12 vs. 12 ± 1 mg/day, P < 0.05) and GS (7.7 ± 1.4% vs. 0.4 ± 0.2%) compared with OR rats ( n = 8). Potential hemodynamic mechanisms of renal injury were assessed in additional groups of OP and OR rats fed a moderately high-fat diet for 3 mo. Kidney weight (4.3 ± 0.2 vs. 4.3 ± 0.1 g), glomerular filtration rate...
Research Interests: Endocrinology, Physiology, Obesity, Enzyme Inhibitors, Medicine, and 15 moreInternal Medicine, Hypertension, Hemodynamics, Blood Pressure, Nitric oxide, Animals, Male, Medical Physiology, Hypertrophy, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Time Factors, Proteinuria, Glomerulonephritis, Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Kidney glomerulus
Order statistic Least Mean Square (OSLMS) algorithms are a class of adaptive algorithms which modify the ordinary Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm by applying an order statistic (OS) filtering operation to the instantaneous gradient... more
Order statistic Least Mean Square (OSLMS) algorithms are a class of adaptive algorithms which modify the ordinary Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm by applying an order statistic (OS) filtering operation to the instantaneous gradient estimate. Adaptive filter performance may be improved by OSLMS since it effectively reduces effects of gradient noise at filter convergence. In this paper, the convergence analysis
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ABSTRACT The estimation of time-varying linear systems using a basis func-tion approach has been applied in various fields such as equaliza-tion of mobile radio channels and in estimation of dynamics in bi-ological systems. Typically,... more
ABSTRACT The estimation of time-varying linear systems using a basis func-tion approach has been applied in various fields such as equaliza-tion of mobile radio channels and in estimation of dynamics in bi-ological systems. Typically, time-varying finite impulse response system ...
Research Interests: Mathematics, Digital Signal Processing, Mobile Radio Channel Estimation, Prediction error, Linear System, and 11 moreLinear Systems, Biological systems, Least Mean Square, Operant Conditioning, System modeling, ARMA model, Adaptive Algorithm, Time varying, Recursive Least Square, Finite Impulse Response (FIR), and Persistent Excitation
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The convergence properties of adaptive filtering algorithms are in-vestigated in situations where the optimal filter is modeled as a time-varying linear system whose parameters are expanded over basis functions. This type of model is one... more
The convergence properties of adaptive filtering algorithms are in-vestigated in situations where the optimal filter is modeled as a time-varying linear system whose parameters are expanded over basis functions. This type of model is one approach when parameters can-not be ...
Research Interests: Mathematics, Computer Science, Mobile Radio Channel Estimation, Convergence, Parameter estimation, and 13 moreAdaptive Systems, Identification, Adaptive Filter, Adaptive Filters, Linear System, Linear Systems, Optimal Filtering, Adaptive Algorithm, Time varying, Local Convergence, Time Varying Systems, Continuous time, and Discrete time
Adaptive IIR filter analysis is more complicated than for the FIR case because (a) some algorithm signals are generated by the adaptive filter itself, and (b) the prediction error relates to the adapted parameters via a filtering... more
Adaptive IIR filter analysis is more complicated than for the FIR case because (a) some algorithm signals are generated by the adaptive filter itself, and (b) the prediction error relates to the adapted parameters via a filtering operation. Averag-ing analyses of stability address the first ...
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Diabetes and increased blood pressure (BP) are believed to interact synergistically in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The present studies were performed to examine if there were differences in BP load and/or... more
Diabetes and increased blood pressure (BP) are believed to interact synergistically in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The present studies were performed to examine if there were differences in BP load and/or protective renal autoregulatory capacity between the obese diabetic Zucker fatty /spontaneously hypertensive heart failure F1 hybrid (ZSF1) ( fa/ facp) rats and their lean controls. By ∼26 wk of age, ZSF1 ( n = 13) but not their lean controls ( n = 16) had developed substantial proteinuria (180 ± 19 vs. 16 ± 1.4 mg/24 h) and glomerulosclerosis (19 ± 2.4 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2%; P < 0.001). However, average ambient systolic BP by radiotelemetry (12–26 wk of age) was modestly lower in ZSF1 than in lean controls (130 ± 1.4 vs. 137 ± 1.7 mmHg, P…
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The Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) model is widely employed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in renal injury. The present studies show that Sprague-Dawley rats from Harlan (H) and Charles River (CR) exhibit... more
The Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) model is widely employed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in renal injury. The present studies show that Sprague-Dawley rats from Harlan (H) and Charles River (CR) exhibit strikingly large differences in susceptibility to l-NAME nephropathy. After 4 wk of l-NAME (∼50 mg·kg−1·day−1 in drinking water), H rats ( n = 13) exhibited the expected hypertension [average radiotelemetric systolic blood pressure (BP), 180 ± 3 mmHg], proteinuria (136 ± 17 mg/24 h), and glomerular injury (GI) (12 ± 2%). By contrast, CR rats developed less hypertension (142 ± 4), but surprisingly no proteinuria or GI, indicating a lack of glomerular hypertension. Additional studies showed that conscious H, but not CR, rats exhibit dose-dependent renal vasoconstriction after l-NAME. To further investigate these susceptibility differences, l-NAME was given 2 wk after 3/4 normotensive nephrectomy (NX) and comparably impaired renal autoregulation in CR-NX and H...
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The rat streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model is widely used to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. However, overt nephropathy is inexplicably slow to develop in this model compared with renal mass reduction (RMR)... more
The rat streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model is widely used to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. However, overt nephropathy is inexplicably slow to develop in this model compared with renal mass reduction (RMR) models. To examine whether blood pressure (BP) differences correlated with the time course of glomerulosclerosis (GS), BP was measured continuously throughout the course by radiotelemetry in control ( n = 17), partially insulin-treated STZ-diabetes (average blood glucose 364 ± 15 mg/dl; n = 15), and two normotensive RMR models (systolic BP <140 mmHg)—uninephrectomy (UNX; n = 16) and 3/4 RMR by surgical excision [right nephrectomy + excision of both poles of left kidney (RK-NX); n = 12] in Sprague-Dawley rats. Proteinuria and GS were assessed at ∼16–20 wk (all groups) and at 36–40 wk (all groups except RK-NX). At 16 wk, significantly greater proteinuria and GS had developed in the RK-NX group compared with the other three groups (not different fro...
Research Interests: Endocrinology, Physiology, Medicine, Internal Medicine, Diabetes mellitus, and 15 moreHemodynamics, Blood Pressure, Animals, Male, Hyperfiltration, Animal Model, Medical Physiology, Rats, Rat, Urinary System, Radiotelemetry, Streptozotocin, Nephrectomy, Glomerulosclerosis, and Diabetic nephropathies
ANG II is thought to increase the susceptibility to hypertension-induced renal disease (HIRD) via blood pressure (BP)-dependent and BP-independent pathways; however, the quantitative relationships between BP and HIRD have not been... more
ANG II is thought to increase the susceptibility to hypertension-induced renal disease (HIRD) via blood pressure (BP)-dependent and BP-independent pathways; however, the quantitative relationships between BP and HIRD have not been examined in ANG II-infused hypertensive rats. We compared the relationship between radiotelemetrically measured BP and HIRD in Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan) chronically administered ANG II (300–500 ng·kg−1·min−1, n = 19) for 4 wk versus another commonly employed pharmacological model of hypertension induced by the chronic administration of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 50 mg·kg−1·min−1, n = 23). Despite the significantly higher average systolic BP associated with ANG II (191.1 ± 3.2 mmHg) versus l-NAME (179.9 ± 2.5 mmHg) administration, the level of HIRD was very modest in the ANG II versus l-NAME model as evidenced by significantly less glomerular injury (6.6 ± 1.3% vs. 11.3 ± 1.5%, respectively), tubulointerstitial injury (0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.7 ± ...
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A convolutional deep neural network is employed to assess renal autoregulation using time series of arterial blood pressure and blood flow rate measurements in conscious rats. The network is trained using representative data samples from... more
A convolutional deep neural network is employed to assess renal autoregulation using time series of arterial blood pressure and blood flow rate measurements in conscious rats. The network is trained using representative data samples from rats with intact autoregulation and rats whose autoregulation is impaired by the calcium channel blocker amlodipine. Network performance is evaluated using test data of the types used for training, but also with data from other models for autoregulatory impairment, including different calcium channel blockers and also renal mass reduction. The network is shown to provide effective classification for impairments from calcium channel blockers. However, the assessment of autoregulation when impaired by renal mass reduction was not as clear, evidencing a different signature in the hemodynamic data for that impairment model. When calcium channel blockers were given to those animals, however, the classification again was effective.
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Performance properties are presented of a new class of pole/zero adaptive filters, obtained by fixing the pole locations of the filter and adapting only the zeros. The structure of these fixed pole adaptive filters is described, and a... more
Performance properties are presented of a new class of pole/zero adaptive filters, obtained by fixing the pole locations of the filter and adapting only the zeros. The structure of these fixed pole adaptive filters is described, and a procedure is developed for selecting the pole locations based on a priori information about the optimal filter. The performance properties of the
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The output error approach to adaptive IIR filtering is considered from a state observation perspective, and a new algorithm termed the observer-based regressor filtering (OBRF) algorithm is developed. The convergence requirements of the... more
The output error approach to adaptive IIR filtering is considered from a state observation perspective, and a new algorithm termed the observer-based regressor filtering (OBRF) algorithm is developed. The convergence requirements of the OBRF are established as a persistent excitation condition on a strict positive reality condition on an operator arising in the algorithm. The OBRF is shown to compare favorably to the equation error with respect to parameter bias in the presence of output measurement noise, and is shown to offer more flexibility in comparison to standard output error approaches with regard to the choice of algorithm filter parameters for stable algorithm behavior
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The dynamic properties of the buck converter operating with a constant power load are studied in this paper. This configuration is present in DC-DC converters feeding power converters tightly regulated in multi-converter power electronics... more
The dynamic properties of the buck converter operating with a constant power load are studied in this paper. This configuration is present in DC-DC converters feeding power converters tightly regulated in multi-converter power electronics systems. The dynamic behavior of converters loaded by constant power loads differs from the behavior of converters loaded by resistors or current generators. The purpose of
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ABSTRACT Many species of birds in the Americas vocalize during nocturnal migration flights. Acoustic detection and classification of the calls shows potential for study of the natural history of these migrant birds. In particular,... more
ABSTRACT Many species of birds in the Americas vocalize during nocturnal migration flights. Acoustic detection and classification of the calls shows potential for study of the natural history of these migrant birds. In particular, information about the species composition and number of birds involved in migration movements may be obtainable through acoustic techniques. Other methods such as radar monitoring may have capability only to assess the number, but not composition. Here the feasibility of classifying nocturnal flight calls of birds in the family Parulidae using spectragram correlation and using Gaussian mixture models of Mel frequency cepstral coefficient distributions are evaluated and compared. Tests performed on a set of recorded calls show that the techniques are complementary and may, with improvement, enable automated detection.
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