People usually use direct or indirect expressions; they are sometimes formal, normal, polite or i... more People usually use direct or indirect expressions; they are sometimes formal, normal, polite or informal in their daily conversations. They often use one of the X-phemism expressions in their conversations; these expressions include orthophemisms to be normal and formal, euphemisms to be polite, positive or indirect, and/ or dysphemisms to be direct and negative, the choice of using each one depends on several factors, such as the conversation situation, time, place, the speaker, the hearer and the topic of the conversation. This analytical, qualitative and quantitative study has been conducted in the medical discourse; namely the spoken discourse (conversations) in Jordan for two purposes; the first purpose of this study is to identify the psycholinguistic reasons, motives, styles and frequency of using X-phemization, including " the indirectness " or " doublespeak " or " euphemism " , dysphemism and orthophemism expressions in the medical discourse that health care providers employ in their communication with health care users; who are mainly patients and their families. The second purpose of this study is to investigate the translatability of using these terms from English into Arabic and vice versa. The results of this research have revealed that there are several motives, forms and styles for using X-phemism expressions in the medical discourse. Using orthophemism and euphemism expressions has been manifested by employing indirect or acceptable language or/ and hiding the information, and dysphemisms were manifested by using direct speech and language from the health care providers with the users. Moreover this research has shown that translators and interpreters would encounter a problem in the translation of these X-phemism expressions, but they can easily and smoothly handle this issue by intelligent management of the translation and subtle consideration and awareness of the ethical and legal aspect related to the medical condition.
This research is a retrospective explanatory one. It traces back the contribution of Arab transla... more This research is a retrospective explanatory one. It traces back the contribution of Arab translators on the global translation movement and civilization starting from the pre-Islamic era until the end of the Umayyad caliphate in 750 A. D. The importance of translation in transferring knowledge from one nation to another and from one civilization to another is well-known to every scholar and researcher. This study has revealed that the contribution of Arab translators on the global translation movement and civilization has been performed by transferring knowledge and sciences from different resources, such as China, India in the East, and Greece, Roman empire in the west into the Islamic state in the Arab lands, and then they have participated in transferring that knowledge into Europe in the high medieval ages. Moreover, this research paper has provided evidence that the transfer was not limited to sciences such as chemistry, astronomy, botany among other branches of science. It has rather extended to include arts and literature; Arab translators have translated fiction and stories from India and East Asia to Europe and the West. This study has also affirmed that Arabs, before Islam, were mainly living, in the Arabian Peninsula, they have been divided and attracted into either one of the two biggest and strongest civilizations and powers at that time; the Romans in the west and Persians in the east. In other words, Arabs didn't have at that time an independent civilization, unified state or entity. When Islam came, the situation has dramatically been changed. This will be elaborated in details in this study. This research is composed of five sections. The first section is an introduction which discusses the significance of this study and definition of related terms. The second section reviews the related literature. The third section tackles the translation movement during different stages, this implies the pre-Islamic stage and Islamic stages including the translation movement during Prophet Muhammad's life (610-632 A. D), the ruling period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Al klhulafa Ar rashidun) (632-661) and the Umayyad ruling stage from 662 to 750 A.D. The fourth section discusses the results and findings. The final section summarizes the study and submits suggested recommendations.
The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of preserving scientific facts in the tra... more The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of preserving scientific facts in the translation of the Qur'an, as one of its challenging and inimitable features. It should be pointed out that many scientific subject matters, dealt with in the Qur'an, give rise to translation challenges. Such matters are scientifically proven by today's scientific discoveries, but not dealt with sufficiently in translation. Lack of knowledge in many scientific issues results in incompatibility between the translation product and the advanced knowledge of today; this requires that translators of the Qur'an should be equipped with thorough scientific knowledge in order to enable the target text accommodate the source text's scientific facts. The theoretical part of the study is based on the idea that scientific facts in the Qur'an have not been adequately scrutinized from a translational perspective. Most of their efforts focus on the linguistic aspects and literal semantics of the sacred text, stripped from scientific implications. In order to prove the translators' unintended neglect of these facts, a number of translations are examined and enough supporting explanation of scientific resources is provided to show the congruence between what was revealed in the Qur'an before fourteen centuries, and what modern sciences have uncovered. The study draws the conclusion that scientific knowledge in different scientific fields is essential in the translation of the Qur'an, as it is a possible fact that the translator is liable to commit mistakes in the translation of scientific statements if s/he is not expert or specialist in the scientific discipline under question. Therefore, translators should be knowledgeable in all aspects of the Qur'an in order to be able to provide an authentic rendition in the receptive language.
The purpose of this study is to set a standardized criteria, in a form of checklist, for evaluati... more The purpose of this study is to set a standardized criteria, in a form of checklist, for evaluating the textbooks used for teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL)/ or Arabic as a Second Language(ASL). The checklist suggested and developed by the researchers, they called it (Criteria1) checklist; it is distinguished from other checklists for several reasons; first, it has been developed by two researchers who have a long experience in teaching Arabic to non-Arabic speakers at different institutes in the world. Second, they have developed it after reviewing previous evaluation tools, different refereed journals, periodicals, published books and previous pieces of research. Third, they have consulted and surveyed the opinions of different language scholars and experts, who are specialized and interested in the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language. The targeted lecturers and experts(subjects) have been asked to classify and range each criterion in a scale from 'not important', 'important', to 'very important'. Criteria 1 Checklist is composed of two main groups; the first group includes the general characteristics of the good textbook. The second group is composed of two subgroups; the first one is related to the form of the textbook, the second subgroup is related to the content of it.
Nubiin (Nobiin) is the language of the Nubian people (the Nubians), who live along the banks of t... more Nubiin (Nobiin) is the language of the Nubian people (the Nubians), who live along the banks of the Nile River; mainly in far south of Egypt and far north of Sudan. Nubiin is a language of Nilo-Saharan phylum. This study aims at exploring the position or standing of Nubiin language, and evaluate whether Nubiin is endangered or not, and identifying the importance of having orthography or writing system for Nubiin in order to be used in the education and learning system. The demographic, sociolinguistic background of the region has been discussed and explained. Finally, the researchers have concluded that Nubiin is not certainly endangered unless it is investigated by applying the UNESCO's criteria of evaluating endangerment. The researchers, furthermore, recommend Arabic script as a writing system for Nubiin for several reasons explained in the research. Therefore, they recommend further studies to be conducted to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the Nubians towards this suggestion.
Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study Medical Terminology in Jordan
http://w... more Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study Medical Terminology in Jordan
Dr Hussein Abdo M. Rababah Al- Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University- KSA Languages and Translation College
Abstract
Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study, Medical Terminology in Jordan
Language planning and medical terminology management in Jordan is investigated as a case study, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from the perspective of general language planning and terminology management theories and principles. English is the communicative and professional medical language in Jordan. Medical staff often switch from English to Arabic and vice versa. Arabic medical terminology, which is important for patient and medical staff communication, is not properly standardized. There is more than one Arabic medical equivalent for the same medical concept, which causes ambiguity and confusion to language users. The assumption of this study is that Arabic medical terms are available, but they are not well disseminated. Code switching, translation, bilingualism, euphemism, dysphemism, synonymy, term formation, as linguistic notions, are discussed in their relation to language planning and terminology management. The methodology of this research includes attitudinal questionnaires for investigating medical language users’ opinions and attitudes towards terminology management, a translation form for evaluating the mechanisms for spreading Arabic medical terminology, a survey of medical dictionaries for the availability of Arabic medical terminology, and interviews with the people responsible for language planning and terminology management. The expected benefits of having a standardized and disseminated Arabic medical terminology include the enhancement of communication between health care providers and users, the facilitation of the translation process, the transfer of medical knowledge to Jordan, an increase in the health awareness of people, and improving the education of medical related careers. The research concludes that there is no organized strategy for innovating and disseminating medical terminology in Jordan. The subjects are generally in favour of keeping English as the medical language as well as having a standardised and disseminated Arabic medical terminology. A practical strategy is proposed, and the terminology committee is recommended to appoint a Medical Terminology Monitor and a Liaison Person.
People usually use direct or indirect expressions; they are sometimes formal, normal, polite or i... more People usually use direct or indirect expressions; they are sometimes formal, normal, polite or informal in their daily conversations. They often use one of the X-phemism expressions in their conversations; these expressions include orthophemisms to be normal and formal, euphemisms to be polite, positive or indirect, and/ or dysphemisms to be direct and negative, the choice of using each one depends on several factors, such as the conversation situation, time, place, the speaker, the hearer and the topic of the conversation. This analytical, qualitative and quantitative study has been conducted in the medical discourse; namely the spoken discourse (conversations) in Jordan for two purposes; the first purpose of this study is to identify the psycholinguistic reasons, motives, styles and frequency of using X-phemization, including " the indirectness " or " doublespeak " or " euphemism " , dysphemism and orthophemism expressions in the medical discourse that health care providers employ in their communication with health care users; who are mainly patients and their families. The second purpose of this study is to investigate the translatability of using these terms from English into Arabic and vice versa. The results of this research have revealed that there are several motives, forms and styles for using X-phemism expressions in the medical discourse. Using orthophemism and euphemism expressions has been manifested by employing indirect or acceptable language or/ and hiding the information, and dysphemisms were manifested by using direct speech and language from the health care providers with the users. Moreover this research has shown that translators and interpreters would encounter a problem in the translation of these X-phemism expressions, but they can easily and smoothly handle this issue by intelligent management of the translation and subtle consideration and awareness of the ethical and legal aspect related to the medical condition.
This research is a retrospective explanatory one. It traces back the contribution of Arab transla... more This research is a retrospective explanatory one. It traces back the contribution of Arab translators on the global translation movement and civilization starting from the pre-Islamic era until the end of the Umayyad caliphate in 750 A. D. The importance of translation in transferring knowledge from one nation to another and from one civilization to another is well-known to every scholar and researcher. This study has revealed that the contribution of Arab translators on the global translation movement and civilization has been performed by transferring knowledge and sciences from different resources, such as China, India in the East, and Greece, Roman empire in the west into the Islamic state in the Arab lands, and then they have participated in transferring that knowledge into Europe in the high medieval ages. Moreover, this research paper has provided evidence that the transfer was not limited to sciences such as chemistry, astronomy, botany among other branches of science. It has rather extended to include arts and literature; Arab translators have translated fiction and stories from India and East Asia to Europe and the West. This study has also affirmed that Arabs, before Islam, were mainly living, in the Arabian Peninsula, they have been divided and attracted into either one of the two biggest and strongest civilizations and powers at that time; the Romans in the west and Persians in the east. In other words, Arabs didn't have at that time an independent civilization, unified state or entity. When Islam came, the situation has dramatically been changed. This will be elaborated in details in this study. This research is composed of five sections. The first section is an introduction which discusses the significance of this study and definition of related terms. The second section reviews the related literature. The third section tackles the translation movement during different stages, this implies the pre-Islamic stage and Islamic stages including the translation movement during Prophet Muhammad's life (610-632 A. D), the ruling period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Al klhulafa Ar rashidun) (632-661) and the Umayyad ruling stage from 662 to 750 A.D. The fourth section discusses the results and findings. The final section summarizes the study and submits suggested recommendations.
The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of preserving scientific facts in the tra... more The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of preserving scientific facts in the translation of the Qur'an, as one of its challenging and inimitable features. It should be pointed out that many scientific subject matters, dealt with in the Qur'an, give rise to translation challenges. Such matters are scientifically proven by today's scientific discoveries, but not dealt with sufficiently in translation. Lack of knowledge in many scientific issues results in incompatibility between the translation product and the advanced knowledge of today; this requires that translators of the Qur'an should be equipped with thorough scientific knowledge in order to enable the target text accommodate the source text's scientific facts. The theoretical part of the study is based on the idea that scientific facts in the Qur'an have not been adequately scrutinized from a translational perspective. Most of their efforts focus on the linguistic aspects and literal semantics of the sacred text, stripped from scientific implications. In order to prove the translators' unintended neglect of these facts, a number of translations are examined and enough supporting explanation of scientific resources is provided to show the congruence between what was revealed in the Qur'an before fourteen centuries, and what modern sciences have uncovered. The study draws the conclusion that scientific knowledge in different scientific fields is essential in the translation of the Qur'an, as it is a possible fact that the translator is liable to commit mistakes in the translation of scientific statements if s/he is not expert or specialist in the scientific discipline under question. Therefore, translators should be knowledgeable in all aspects of the Qur'an in order to be able to provide an authentic rendition in the receptive language.
The purpose of this study is to set a standardized criteria, in a form of checklist, for evaluati... more The purpose of this study is to set a standardized criteria, in a form of checklist, for evaluating the textbooks used for teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL)/ or Arabic as a Second Language(ASL). The checklist suggested and developed by the researchers, they called it (Criteria1) checklist; it is distinguished from other checklists for several reasons; first, it has been developed by two researchers who have a long experience in teaching Arabic to non-Arabic speakers at different institutes in the world. Second, they have developed it after reviewing previous evaluation tools, different refereed journals, periodicals, published books and previous pieces of research. Third, they have consulted and surveyed the opinions of different language scholars and experts, who are specialized and interested in the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language. The targeted lecturers and experts(subjects) have been asked to classify and range each criterion in a scale from 'not important', 'important', to 'very important'. Criteria 1 Checklist is composed of two main groups; the first group includes the general characteristics of the good textbook. The second group is composed of two subgroups; the first one is related to the form of the textbook, the second subgroup is related to the content of it.
Nubiin (Nobiin) is the language of the Nubian people (the Nubians), who live along the banks of t... more Nubiin (Nobiin) is the language of the Nubian people (the Nubians), who live along the banks of the Nile River; mainly in far south of Egypt and far north of Sudan. Nubiin is a language of Nilo-Saharan phylum. This study aims at exploring the position or standing of Nubiin language, and evaluate whether Nubiin is endangered or not, and identifying the importance of having orthography or writing system for Nubiin in order to be used in the education and learning system. The demographic, sociolinguistic background of the region has been discussed and explained. Finally, the researchers have concluded that Nubiin is not certainly endangered unless it is investigated by applying the UNESCO's criteria of evaluating endangerment. The researchers, furthermore, recommend Arabic script as a writing system for Nubiin for several reasons explained in the research. Therefore, they recommend further studies to be conducted to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the Nubians towards this suggestion.
Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study Medical Terminology in Jordan
http://w... more Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study Medical Terminology in Jordan
Dr Hussein Abdo M. Rababah Al- Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University- KSA Languages and Translation College
Abstract
Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study, Medical Terminology in Jordan
Language planning and medical terminology management in Jordan is investigated as a case study, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from the perspective of general language planning and terminology management theories and principles. English is the communicative and professional medical language in Jordan. Medical staff often switch from English to Arabic and vice versa. Arabic medical terminology, which is important for patient and medical staff communication, is not properly standardized. There is more than one Arabic medical equivalent for the same medical concept, which causes ambiguity and confusion to language users. The assumption of this study is that Arabic medical terms are available, but they are not well disseminated. Code switching, translation, bilingualism, euphemism, dysphemism, synonymy, term formation, as linguistic notions, are discussed in their relation to language planning and terminology management. The methodology of this research includes attitudinal questionnaires for investigating medical language users’ opinions and attitudes towards terminology management, a translation form for evaluating the mechanisms for spreading Arabic medical terminology, a survey of medical dictionaries for the availability of Arabic medical terminology, and interviews with the people responsible for language planning and terminology management. The expected benefits of having a standardized and disseminated Arabic medical terminology include the enhancement of communication between health care providers and users, the facilitation of the translation process, the transfer of medical knowledge to Jordan, an increase in the health awareness of people, and improving the education of medical related careers. The research concludes that there is no organized strategy for innovating and disseminating medical terminology in Jordan. The subjects are generally in favour of keeping English as the medical language as well as having a standardised and disseminated Arabic medical terminology. A practical strategy is proposed, and the terminology committee is recommended to appoint a Medical Terminology Monitor and a Liaison Person.
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http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/book/B-978-1-940366-09-8
Dr Hussein Abdo M. Rababah
Al- Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University- KSA
Languages and Translation College
Abstract
Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study, Medical Terminology in Jordan
Language planning and medical terminology management in Jordan is investigated as a case study, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from the perspective of general language planning and terminology management theories and principles. English is the communicative and professional medical language in Jordan. Medical staff often switch from English to Arabic and vice versa. Arabic medical terminology, which is important for patient and medical staff communication, is not properly standardized. There is more than one Arabic medical equivalent for the same medical concept, which causes ambiguity and confusion to language users. The assumption of this study is that Arabic medical terms are available, but they are not well disseminated. Code switching, translation, bilingualism, euphemism, dysphemism, synonymy, term formation, as linguistic notions, are discussed in their relation to language planning and terminology management.
The methodology of this research includes attitudinal questionnaires for investigating medical language users’ opinions and attitudes towards terminology management, a translation form for evaluating the mechanisms for spreading Arabic medical terminology, a survey of medical dictionaries for the availability of Arabic medical terminology, and interviews with the people responsible for language planning and terminology management. The expected benefits of having a standardized and disseminated Arabic medical terminology include the enhancement of communication between health care providers and users, the facilitation of the translation process, the transfer of medical knowledge to Jordan, an increase in the health awareness of people, and improving the education of medical related careers. The research concludes that there is no organized strategy for innovating and disseminating medical terminology in Jordan. The subjects are generally in favour of keeping English as the medical language as well as having a standardised and disseminated Arabic medical terminology. A practical strategy is proposed, and the terminology committee is recommended to appoint a Medical Terminology Monitor and a Liaison Person.
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/book/B-978-1-940366-09-8
Dr Hussein Abdo M. Rababah
Al- Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University- KSA
Languages and Translation College
Abstract
Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study, Medical Terminology in Jordan
Language planning and medical terminology management in Jordan is investigated as a case study, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from the perspective of general language planning and terminology management theories and principles. English is the communicative and professional medical language in Jordan. Medical staff often switch from English to Arabic and vice versa. Arabic medical terminology, which is important for patient and medical staff communication, is not properly standardized. There is more than one Arabic medical equivalent for the same medical concept, which causes ambiguity and confusion to language users. The assumption of this study is that Arabic medical terms are available, but they are not well disseminated. Code switching, translation, bilingualism, euphemism, dysphemism, synonymy, term formation, as linguistic notions, are discussed in their relation to language planning and terminology management.
The methodology of this research includes attitudinal questionnaires for investigating medical language users’ opinions and attitudes towards terminology management, a translation form for evaluating the mechanisms for spreading Arabic medical terminology, a survey of medical dictionaries for the availability of Arabic medical terminology, and interviews with the people responsible for language planning and terminology management. The expected benefits of having a standardized and disseminated Arabic medical terminology include the enhancement of communication between health care providers and users, the facilitation of the translation process, the transfer of medical knowledge to Jordan, an increase in the health awareness of people, and improving the education of medical related careers. The research concludes that there is no organized strategy for innovating and disseminating medical terminology in Jordan. The subjects are generally in favour of keeping English as the medical language as well as having a standardised and disseminated Arabic medical terminology. A practical strategy is proposed, and the terminology committee is recommended to appoint a Medical Terminology Monitor and a Liaison Person.