In this paper we present artefacts of medieval Latin epigraphy of the XIV-XVth cc., originating f... more In this paper we present artefacts of medieval Latin epigraphy of the XIV-XVth cc., originating from the Genoese cities and fortresses of the Crimea. Both well-known monuments of writing and those not previously recorded in the old corpuses of inscriptions are studied. In most cases, the previous reading and reconstruction of the text are revised. Sometimes the revision of transcriptions and reconstructions is very fundamental. Besides significant clarifications of paleographic, philological, chronological and topographical character, important historical conclusions of general character can be drawn from the text of the inscriptions. In parallel, the issues of Genoese family and clan heraldry are addressed.
Genoese presence in Crimea, Caffa, Soldaia, Chembalo, medieval Latin epigraphy, Genoese heraldry
The research objective is to uncover written testimonies about musicians who
served in the Genoe... more The research objective is to uncover written testimonies about musicians who
served in the Genoese trading factories in Crimea. These accounts are primarily
found in the accounting books of the treasury (massaria) of the city of Caffa. The
following step involves comparing the obtained data with similar records originating
from Genoa, the metropolis of the Genoese. The final stage is to identify
authentic iconographic sources from Crimea and Genoa that depict the musical
instruments of that period. The scientific approaches are grounded on the principles
of historicism, systematic approach, scientific objectivity, and a dialectical
approach, utilizing a range of general scientific, interdisciplinary, and specialized
research methods.
In the massarias, professional musicians have been identified belonging to two
categories of servants: night guards and consul’s servants. The former played on
trumpets/tubas and nakrahs (small timpanis) and served in Caffa, Soldaia, and
Cembalo. The consul’s musicians utilized a wider range of musical instruments,
including tuba and trumpet players, nakrators, caramelistas (shawm players),
zamarists (zurna players), psalterists, lutenists, and organists. Furthermore, the massaria books revealed information about the military tuba players of the first
Tatar Khan, Hadji I Giray, and the musicians of Mamai. A comparative analysis
of the musical instrument names in Caffa and Genoa indicates almost complete
identity, with the exception of zamaras (zurna), which are not mentioned in medieval
Genoan written sources, potentially pointing to Eastern influence. The local
specifics of Crimea are also reflected in isolated accounts of Greek and Armenian
choirs in Caffa.
Prospects for further studies lie in exploring the musical heritage of other
Italian colonizers of Crimea — the Venetians. Subsequently, the results should
be compared not only with the legacies of Crimea, Ukraine, and Italy but also
with other European cities of the 13th — 15th centuries. The originality of the research
lies in unveiling a completely new aspect of the musical heritage of medieval
Crimea.
Наш Крим. Вип. V. Київ. 2022. Our Crimea. Vol. V. Kyiv. 2022, 2022
In this article publishes improved transcriptions and translation into Ukrainian of the Tatar-Gen... more In this article publishes improved transcriptions and translation into Ukrainian of the Tatar-Genoese treaties of the second half of the 14th century, signed during the most difficult period in the history of the Golden Horde, which followed the defeat of Mamay's troops in autumn 1380 and the final establishment of Tokhtamysh Khan on the throne of the Golden Horde. The texts of the treaties of November 28, 1380 and February 23, 1381 are literal translations from the Turkic original into the spoken Ligurian language (dialetto). Some elements of the text reflect the standard form of the yarlıks (decrees) of the local rulers of the Golden Horde, preserved in Venetian documentation in particular. The treaty-yarlıq of 1380 issued by the ruler of Solhat, Çarkas-bey (otherwise known as Zih-bey), contains the name of a previously unknown Golden Horde khan, Konak-bey (Qunaq-bey). The main grant to the Genoese was the transfer of 18 casalis (rural communities) of Soldaya and an unspecified number of casalis of Gothia. By a 1381 yarlıq, issued by the ruler of Solhat, Ilias-bey, son of Kutluğ-Buga, to this grant were added three casalias of Cembalo. In addition, they contain several other obligations of one and the other party. Confirmation treaty of 1387, drawn up in the form of a Western European notarial act in Latin. It confirms the validity of the treaty-yarlıqs of 1381-82 and 1383. The first was issued by Toktamysh Khan and the second by Kutluğ-Buga, ruler of the Solhat and right wing of the Golden Horde. Their contents remain unknown. In addition, Qutluğ-Buga is obliged to mint a sufficient amount of coinage.
Сугдейський збірник. Вип. 3–4 (VIIII). Київ. 2021, 2021
The transcripts of three books of the treasury of the Genoese Caffa are introduced into the scien... more The transcripts of three books of the treasury of the Genoese Caffa are introduced into the scientific circulation. In conjunction with the documents already published, the data from the books of the massaria enables to consider in a different way obscure facts about the history of the Genoese Caffa and its turbulent relations with neighboring countries. Thanks to this source, it was possible to identify specific details of the tangled financial relations with the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire (tribute, novena, alafa, taxes). Also unknown circum¬stan¬ces of the intervention of the administration of the Genoese Caffa in the internal affairs of the Crimean Khanate were revealed. So, thanks to the support of Сaffa, in 1457 the struggle for the Crimean throne by Juchid Mahmud, who opposed the first Crimean Khan Haci-Girey, began. As it turned out thanks to these documents, the head of the Crimean clan Shirin and the supreme Karacha-bey Mamak actively supported the hapless usurper.
This paper is an archaeographic publication of an updated and expanded transcription of the accou... more This paper is an archaeographic publication of an updated and expanded transcription of the accounting book of the Treasury of the Genoese Caffa for 1441–1442. This document preserves the earliest evidence of that time of the founder of the Crimean khan dynasty – Hacı Giray (1441–1466) and his fierce struggle for the throne of Crimea with rivals, namely khan Seyid Ahmet II ben Beq Sufi (1432 (?) –1455) and a well-known member of the Cingizid family – Kasim ben Uluğ Muhammed. The document also contains numerous data on various aspects of the economic life of the most important Genoese trade factory in the Black Sea – Caffa. This document significantly expands the source base to the history of late medieval Ukraine.
Сходознавство на межі світів та цивілізацій. Київ. 2021, 2021
The struggle for power in the Crimean Khanate in 1466–1468 according to the accounting books of t... more The struggle for power in the Crimean Khanate in 1466–1468 according to the accounting books of the Genoese Kafa treasury. New interpretations
Золотоордынское обозрение. 2020. Т. 8, № 4 – Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie = Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 4, 2020
To provide an introduction to the scholarly circulation of an improved transcription and Russian ... more To provide an introduction to the scholarly circulation of an improved transcription and Russian translation of the Tatar-Genoese treaties dated to 1380–1381 which were concluded between the Golden Horde’s rulers of Solkhat and repre-sentatives of the administration of Genoese Caffa. Research materials: The Tatar-Genoese treaties of 28 November 1380 and 23 Febru-ary 1381. Results and novelty of the research: This paper introduces the improved transcription and translation into Russian of the Tatar-Genoese treaties signed during the most difficult period in the Golden Horde history which followed the defeat of Mamai’s troops at Kulik-ovo and the subsequent ascension of Toqtamïsh Khan. The texts of the agreements are literal translations from the Turkic original into the spoken Ligurian language (dialetto). Some elements of the text reflect the standard form of the yarliqs (decrees) of local rulers of the Golden Horde which have been preserved, particularly within Venetian documents. The treaty of 1380 contains the name of the previously unknown khan of the Golden Horde, Konak-Bey. The main concession to the Genoese was the transfer of eighteen casalias (ru-ral communities) of Soldaia and an unspecified number of casalias of Gotia. In the treaty of 1381, three casalias of Cembalo were added to the previous concession. Keywords: Crimea, Solkhat, Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo, Gotia, titam (titanus), Conac-bey Khan, lord of Solchat Iharcasso-bey, lord of Solchat Ellias-bey
A letter of the crimean khan Mengli Giray to the genoese emissaries Bartolomeo Campofregoso and Lodizio Fieschi of december 30, 1481, 2019
This article contains the Greek text and the Latin translation of the message of the Crimean Khan... more This article contains the Greek text and the Latin translation of the message of the Crimean Khan, Mengli Giray, to the Genoese emissaries, Bartolomeo Campofregoso and Lodizio Fieschi. These latter individuals were specially sent from Genoa to the Crimea in order to induce the Crimean Khan to raise a rebellion against Ottoman rule. The present work contains as well the correspondence’s Russian translations and a preface explaining the context of the events. Often researchers have paid attention to the circumstances of the mission of the Genoese, but the use of the letter by Russian historians has so far been difficult, foremostly because of the rather complex Greek text. The translation of both texts into Russian is done for the first time. Mengli Giray’s message does not contain any sensational news but it clarifies some very important details of the Genoese embassy, the situation in the Crimea at the end of 1481, and helps us to better understand the history of the Crimean Khanate in the early years of Ottoman rule in the peninsula.
The paper is an archaeographic publication of three fragments from the book of the famous Armenia... more The paper is an archaeographic publication of three fragments from the book of the famous Armenian educator, Armenian Catholic priest in the Crimea Minas Meditsa (brzhishkian). Minas Meditsa made detailed notes when in 1820 he traveled from Vienna to Odessa and the Crimea, through Galicia and Podillia, and when he was in the Crimea and beyond. Mostly monuments of Armenian culture: churches, manuscripts and epigraphic monuments were in his field of interest. Later, these notes became the basis for a major work, which was published in 1830 in Venice under the title “Journey to Poland and Other Places Inhabited by Armenians, Natives of the Ancient Capital City Ani”. Minas brzhishkian’s book is in itself an important source, because the author carefully listed all the antiquities that he managed to get acquainted with during his travels. Many of them have not survived to our time. For the first time in historiography, the author raises the question of the origin of the Armenian colonies of western Ukraine and the Crimea. Priest Minas interested not only in the history of the Armenians. The description of the regions he visited is accompanied by a general historical essay, which was based on historical sources, beginning with ancient authors. The second fragment contains very important topographic details about Theodosia.
The article analyzes causes exit of the Christian population from the cities of the southern coas... more The article analyzes causes exit of the Christian population from the cities of the southern coast of Crimea to territories were controlled by Crimean Khan in the 17th century. The author concludes that the causes exit of the Christian population from the Turkish cities were not hiking Cossacks, as it previously thought, but fiscal policy, abuse of tax officials of Ottoman Empire.
The article is a short general outline of the history of the largest
Genoese “colony” in the blac... more The article is a short general outline of the history of the largest Genoese “colony” in the black Sea Area – Caffa. The author deals mainly with the relationship between the Genoese administration of Caffa and the neighboring Juchid state and, later, the Crimean Khanate. In the course of the presentation, on the basis of the newly discovered written sources, important controversial historiographical issues are resolved. The article considers the meaning of such Tatar titles in Latin as ‘titan’ and ‘governor of Campania’, as well as the content of the Tatar-Genoese treaty of 1381. In the section on the historical topography of the city, the author clarifies the location of some objects of the city and gives a hitherto unknown list of gates of the Genoese Caffa according to the manuscript of 1460, which was corrected with the already known lists of Ceffe’s gates of Ottoman times. Alternative localization of the so-called tower of St. Constantine outside the perimeter of the fortress walls of the city was first proposed and published an image of it from the drawing of the French traveler Julien bordier of 1607. The topic of the location of one of the naval arsenals of Caffa is considered, its plan and facade from maps and publications of the second half of the 18th has been given. The topic of the existence of a separate castle in the citadel of the Genoese Caffa (in Ottoman times – Narin-Hisar) was raised. In addition, the author considered the controversial issue of the ethnic composition and population of the Genoese Caffa in comparison with the Ottoman tax records of the 16th century.
Археологический альманах, № 28 ДреВнЯЯ и среДнеВекоВАЯ ТАВрикА сборник статей, посвященный 1800-летию города Судака, 2012
Basic sources in which Sugdeya is mentioned since the
end of VII v. are in-process considered. Ma... more Basic sources in which Sugdeya is mentioned since the end of VII v. are in-process considered. Main attention is spared to history of discovery, study and publication of the unique writing source direct-coupled with history of Sugdeya – Sudak Sinaksar. Analyzed its notes which telling about the legendary date of city foundation. Unique possibility to confirm or refute the dating there are archaeological researches of ancient settlement of medieval Sugdeya. рис. 5. фрагмент мраморного декрета с упоминанием антропонима фарнак (1), бронзовая личина начала III в. н.э. (2) и фрагмент гуннского котла с территории судакской крепости. Abstract A.V. DZHANOV, V.V. MAIKO, A.M. FARBEY TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE DATE OF SUDAK FOUNDATION Fortification buildings, laying foundations of the Genoese and Byzantine buildings, which on a build technique and material very remind build receptions, used in the epoch of late antiquity, are shortly considered. The dating of these areas of fortification buildings by the archaeological way is not succeeded while. However during researches quite often were discovered artifacts, belong to time of legendary foundation of Sugdeya.
История и археология Крыма. Вып. Х. Симферополь, 2019
Аннотация. В статье рассматривается некрополь, существовавший возле крепостной стены и городских ... more Аннотация. В статье рассматривается некрополь, существовавший возле крепостной стены и городских ворот Сугдеи хазарского времени. Могильник состоял из каменных склепов, вытянутых по одной линии, и грунтовых могил, находившихся к западу от них. Грунтовые могилы образовывали правильные ряды, занимавшие всю площадку на этом участке куртины. Каменные склепы были полно проанализированы в литературе. Грунтовые могилы по обряду погребения типичны для салтовского населения полуострова. Исходя из состава погребального инвентаря грунтовых могил, некрополь датируется серединой-третьей четвертью VIII века. Существовал он непродолжительное время и был предназначен для захоронения городской знати. Как и на другом синхронном городском некрополе, здесь ярко прослеживаются следы влияния христианства. Локализация и датировка данного могильника позволяет более обоснованно судить об особенностях исторической топографии Сугдеи в первое столетие ее существования. Ключевые слова: хазарское время, Сугдея, куртины X-XI, некрополь.
In this paper we present artefacts of medieval Latin epigraphy of the XIV-XVth cc., originating f... more In this paper we present artefacts of medieval Latin epigraphy of the XIV-XVth cc., originating from the Genoese cities and fortresses of the Crimea. Both well-known monuments of writing and those not previously recorded in the old corpuses of inscriptions are studied. In most cases, the previous reading and reconstruction of the text are revised. Sometimes the revision of transcriptions and reconstructions is very fundamental. Besides significant clarifications of paleographic, philological, chronological and topographical character, important historical conclusions of general character can be drawn from the text of the inscriptions. In parallel, the issues of Genoese family and clan heraldry are addressed.
Genoese presence in Crimea, Caffa, Soldaia, Chembalo, medieval Latin epigraphy, Genoese heraldry
The research objective is to uncover written testimonies about musicians who
served in the Genoe... more The research objective is to uncover written testimonies about musicians who
served in the Genoese trading factories in Crimea. These accounts are primarily
found in the accounting books of the treasury (massaria) of the city of Caffa. The
following step involves comparing the obtained data with similar records originating
from Genoa, the metropolis of the Genoese. The final stage is to identify
authentic iconographic sources from Crimea and Genoa that depict the musical
instruments of that period. The scientific approaches are grounded on the principles
of historicism, systematic approach, scientific objectivity, and a dialectical
approach, utilizing a range of general scientific, interdisciplinary, and specialized
research methods.
In the massarias, professional musicians have been identified belonging to two
categories of servants: night guards and consul’s servants. The former played on
trumpets/tubas and nakrahs (small timpanis) and served in Caffa, Soldaia, and
Cembalo. The consul’s musicians utilized a wider range of musical instruments,
including tuba and trumpet players, nakrators, caramelistas (shawm players),
zamarists (zurna players), psalterists, lutenists, and organists. Furthermore, the massaria books revealed information about the military tuba players of the first
Tatar Khan, Hadji I Giray, and the musicians of Mamai. A comparative analysis
of the musical instrument names in Caffa and Genoa indicates almost complete
identity, with the exception of zamaras (zurna), which are not mentioned in medieval
Genoan written sources, potentially pointing to Eastern influence. The local
specifics of Crimea are also reflected in isolated accounts of Greek and Armenian
choirs in Caffa.
Prospects for further studies lie in exploring the musical heritage of other
Italian colonizers of Crimea — the Venetians. Subsequently, the results should
be compared not only with the legacies of Crimea, Ukraine, and Italy but also
with other European cities of the 13th — 15th centuries. The originality of the research
lies in unveiling a completely new aspect of the musical heritage of medieval
Crimea.
Наш Крим. Вип. V. Київ. 2022. Our Crimea. Vol. V. Kyiv. 2022, 2022
In this article publishes improved transcriptions and translation into Ukrainian of the Tatar-Gen... more In this article publishes improved transcriptions and translation into Ukrainian of the Tatar-Genoese treaties of the second half of the 14th century, signed during the most difficult period in the history of the Golden Horde, which followed the defeat of Mamay's troops in autumn 1380 and the final establishment of Tokhtamysh Khan on the throne of the Golden Horde. The texts of the treaties of November 28, 1380 and February 23, 1381 are literal translations from the Turkic original into the spoken Ligurian language (dialetto). Some elements of the text reflect the standard form of the yarlıks (decrees) of the local rulers of the Golden Horde, preserved in Venetian documentation in particular. The treaty-yarlıq of 1380 issued by the ruler of Solhat, Çarkas-bey (otherwise known as Zih-bey), contains the name of a previously unknown Golden Horde khan, Konak-bey (Qunaq-bey). The main grant to the Genoese was the transfer of 18 casalis (rural communities) of Soldaya and an unspecified number of casalis of Gothia. By a 1381 yarlıq, issued by the ruler of Solhat, Ilias-bey, son of Kutluğ-Buga, to this grant were added three casalias of Cembalo. In addition, they contain several other obligations of one and the other party. Confirmation treaty of 1387, drawn up in the form of a Western European notarial act in Latin. It confirms the validity of the treaty-yarlıqs of 1381-82 and 1383. The first was issued by Toktamysh Khan and the second by Kutluğ-Buga, ruler of the Solhat and right wing of the Golden Horde. Their contents remain unknown. In addition, Qutluğ-Buga is obliged to mint a sufficient amount of coinage.
Сугдейський збірник. Вип. 3–4 (VIIII). Київ. 2021, 2021
The transcripts of three books of the treasury of the Genoese Caffa are introduced into the scien... more The transcripts of three books of the treasury of the Genoese Caffa are introduced into the scientific circulation. In conjunction with the documents already published, the data from the books of the massaria enables to consider in a different way obscure facts about the history of the Genoese Caffa and its turbulent relations with neighboring countries. Thanks to this source, it was possible to identify specific details of the tangled financial relations with the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire (tribute, novena, alafa, taxes). Also unknown circum¬stan¬ces of the intervention of the administration of the Genoese Caffa in the internal affairs of the Crimean Khanate were revealed. So, thanks to the support of Сaffa, in 1457 the struggle for the Crimean throne by Juchid Mahmud, who opposed the first Crimean Khan Haci-Girey, began. As it turned out thanks to these documents, the head of the Crimean clan Shirin and the supreme Karacha-bey Mamak actively supported the hapless usurper.
This paper is an archaeographic publication of an updated and expanded transcription of the accou... more This paper is an archaeographic publication of an updated and expanded transcription of the accounting book of the Treasury of the Genoese Caffa for 1441–1442. This document preserves the earliest evidence of that time of the founder of the Crimean khan dynasty – Hacı Giray (1441–1466) and his fierce struggle for the throne of Crimea with rivals, namely khan Seyid Ahmet II ben Beq Sufi (1432 (?) –1455) and a well-known member of the Cingizid family – Kasim ben Uluğ Muhammed. The document also contains numerous data on various aspects of the economic life of the most important Genoese trade factory in the Black Sea – Caffa. This document significantly expands the source base to the history of late medieval Ukraine.
Сходознавство на межі світів та цивілізацій. Київ. 2021, 2021
The struggle for power in the Crimean Khanate in 1466–1468 according to the accounting books of t... more The struggle for power in the Crimean Khanate in 1466–1468 according to the accounting books of the Genoese Kafa treasury. New interpretations
Золотоордынское обозрение. 2020. Т. 8, № 4 – Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie = Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 4, 2020
To provide an introduction to the scholarly circulation of an improved transcription and Russian ... more To provide an introduction to the scholarly circulation of an improved transcription and Russian translation of the Tatar-Genoese treaties dated to 1380–1381 which were concluded between the Golden Horde’s rulers of Solkhat and repre-sentatives of the administration of Genoese Caffa. Research materials: The Tatar-Genoese treaties of 28 November 1380 and 23 Febru-ary 1381. Results and novelty of the research: This paper introduces the improved transcription and translation into Russian of the Tatar-Genoese treaties signed during the most difficult period in the Golden Horde history which followed the defeat of Mamai’s troops at Kulik-ovo and the subsequent ascension of Toqtamïsh Khan. The texts of the agreements are literal translations from the Turkic original into the spoken Ligurian language (dialetto). Some elements of the text reflect the standard form of the yarliqs (decrees) of local rulers of the Golden Horde which have been preserved, particularly within Venetian documents. The treaty of 1380 contains the name of the previously unknown khan of the Golden Horde, Konak-Bey. The main concession to the Genoese was the transfer of eighteen casalias (ru-ral communities) of Soldaia and an unspecified number of casalias of Gotia. In the treaty of 1381, three casalias of Cembalo were added to the previous concession. Keywords: Crimea, Solkhat, Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo, Gotia, titam (titanus), Conac-bey Khan, lord of Solchat Iharcasso-bey, lord of Solchat Ellias-bey
A letter of the crimean khan Mengli Giray to the genoese emissaries Bartolomeo Campofregoso and Lodizio Fieschi of december 30, 1481, 2019
This article contains the Greek text and the Latin translation of the message of the Crimean Khan... more This article contains the Greek text and the Latin translation of the message of the Crimean Khan, Mengli Giray, to the Genoese emissaries, Bartolomeo Campofregoso and Lodizio Fieschi. These latter individuals were specially sent from Genoa to the Crimea in order to induce the Crimean Khan to raise a rebellion against Ottoman rule. The present work contains as well the correspondence’s Russian translations and a preface explaining the context of the events. Often researchers have paid attention to the circumstances of the mission of the Genoese, but the use of the letter by Russian historians has so far been difficult, foremostly because of the rather complex Greek text. The translation of both texts into Russian is done for the first time. Mengli Giray’s message does not contain any sensational news but it clarifies some very important details of the Genoese embassy, the situation in the Crimea at the end of 1481, and helps us to better understand the history of the Crimean Khanate in the early years of Ottoman rule in the peninsula.
The paper is an archaeographic publication of three fragments from the book of the famous Armenia... more The paper is an archaeographic publication of three fragments from the book of the famous Armenian educator, Armenian Catholic priest in the Crimea Minas Meditsa (brzhishkian). Minas Meditsa made detailed notes when in 1820 he traveled from Vienna to Odessa and the Crimea, through Galicia and Podillia, and when he was in the Crimea and beyond. Mostly monuments of Armenian culture: churches, manuscripts and epigraphic monuments were in his field of interest. Later, these notes became the basis for a major work, which was published in 1830 in Venice under the title “Journey to Poland and Other Places Inhabited by Armenians, Natives of the Ancient Capital City Ani”. Minas brzhishkian’s book is in itself an important source, because the author carefully listed all the antiquities that he managed to get acquainted with during his travels. Many of them have not survived to our time. For the first time in historiography, the author raises the question of the origin of the Armenian colonies of western Ukraine and the Crimea. Priest Minas interested not only in the history of the Armenians. The description of the regions he visited is accompanied by a general historical essay, which was based on historical sources, beginning with ancient authors. The second fragment contains very important topographic details about Theodosia.
The article analyzes causes exit of the Christian population from the cities of the southern coas... more The article analyzes causes exit of the Christian population from the cities of the southern coast of Crimea to territories were controlled by Crimean Khan in the 17th century. The author concludes that the causes exit of the Christian population from the Turkish cities were not hiking Cossacks, as it previously thought, but fiscal policy, abuse of tax officials of Ottoman Empire.
The article is a short general outline of the history of the largest
Genoese “colony” in the blac... more The article is a short general outline of the history of the largest Genoese “colony” in the black Sea Area – Caffa. The author deals mainly with the relationship between the Genoese administration of Caffa and the neighboring Juchid state and, later, the Crimean Khanate. In the course of the presentation, on the basis of the newly discovered written sources, important controversial historiographical issues are resolved. The article considers the meaning of such Tatar titles in Latin as ‘titan’ and ‘governor of Campania’, as well as the content of the Tatar-Genoese treaty of 1381. In the section on the historical topography of the city, the author clarifies the location of some objects of the city and gives a hitherto unknown list of gates of the Genoese Caffa according to the manuscript of 1460, which was corrected with the already known lists of Ceffe’s gates of Ottoman times. Alternative localization of the so-called tower of St. Constantine outside the perimeter of the fortress walls of the city was first proposed and published an image of it from the drawing of the French traveler Julien bordier of 1607. The topic of the location of one of the naval arsenals of Caffa is considered, its plan and facade from maps and publications of the second half of the 18th has been given. The topic of the existence of a separate castle in the citadel of the Genoese Caffa (in Ottoman times – Narin-Hisar) was raised. In addition, the author considered the controversial issue of the ethnic composition and population of the Genoese Caffa in comparison with the Ottoman tax records of the 16th century.
Археологический альманах, № 28 ДреВнЯЯ и среДнеВекоВАЯ ТАВрикА сборник статей, посвященный 1800-летию города Судака, 2012
Basic sources in which Sugdeya is mentioned since the
end of VII v. are in-process considered. Ma... more Basic sources in which Sugdeya is mentioned since the end of VII v. are in-process considered. Main attention is spared to history of discovery, study and publication of the unique writing source direct-coupled with history of Sugdeya – Sudak Sinaksar. Analyzed its notes which telling about the legendary date of city foundation. Unique possibility to confirm or refute the dating there are archaeological researches of ancient settlement of medieval Sugdeya. рис. 5. фрагмент мраморного декрета с упоминанием антропонима фарнак (1), бронзовая личина начала III в. н.э. (2) и фрагмент гуннского котла с территории судакской крепости. Abstract A.V. DZHANOV, V.V. MAIKO, A.M. FARBEY TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE DATE OF SUDAK FOUNDATION Fortification buildings, laying foundations of the Genoese and Byzantine buildings, which on a build technique and material very remind build receptions, used in the epoch of late antiquity, are shortly considered. The dating of these areas of fortification buildings by the archaeological way is not succeeded while. However during researches quite often were discovered artifacts, belong to time of legendary foundation of Sugdeya.
История и археология Крыма. Вып. Х. Симферополь, 2019
Аннотация. В статье рассматривается некрополь, существовавший возле крепостной стены и городских ... more Аннотация. В статье рассматривается некрополь, существовавший возле крепостной стены и городских ворот Сугдеи хазарского времени. Могильник состоял из каменных склепов, вытянутых по одной линии, и грунтовых могил, находившихся к западу от них. Грунтовые могилы образовывали правильные ряды, занимавшие всю площадку на этом участке куртины. Каменные склепы были полно проанализированы в литературе. Грунтовые могилы по обряду погребения типичны для салтовского населения полуострова. Исходя из состава погребального инвентаря грунтовых могил, некрополь датируется серединой-третьей четвертью VIII века. Существовал он непродолжительное время и был предназначен для захоронения городской знати. Как и на другом синхронном городском некрополе, здесь ярко прослеживаются следы влияния христианства. Локализация и датировка данного могильника позволяет более обоснованно судить об особенностях исторической топографии Сугдеи в первое столетие ее существования. Ключевые слова: хазарское время, Сугдея, куртины X-XI, некрополь.
I Міжнародна наукова конференція «Війна і Соціум у середньовічній та ранньомодерній історії Центрально-Східної Європи». Програма та тези доповідей (21–24 жовтня 2020 р., м. Кам’янець-Подільський), 2020
I Міжнародна наукова конференція «Війна і Соціум у середньовічній та ранньомодерній історії Центр... more I Міжнародна наукова конференція «Війна і Соціум у середньовічній та ранньомодерній історії Центрально-Східної Європи». Програма та тези доповідей (21–24 жовтня 2020 р., м. Кам’янець-Подільський)
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Genoese presence in Crimea, Caffa, Soldaia, Chembalo, medieval Latin epigraphy, Genoese heraldry
served in the Genoese trading factories in Crimea. These accounts are primarily
found in the accounting books of the treasury (massaria) of the city of Caffa. The
following step involves comparing the obtained data with similar records originating
from Genoa, the metropolis of the Genoese. The final stage is to identify
authentic iconographic sources from Crimea and Genoa that depict the musical
instruments of that period. The scientific approaches are grounded on the principles
of historicism, systematic approach, scientific objectivity, and a dialectical
approach, utilizing a range of general scientific, interdisciplinary, and specialized
research methods.
In the massarias, professional musicians have been identified belonging to two
categories of servants: night guards and consul’s servants. The former played on
trumpets/tubas and nakrahs (small timpanis) and served in Caffa, Soldaia, and
Cembalo. The consul’s musicians utilized a wider range of musical instruments,
including tuba and trumpet players, nakrators, caramelistas (shawm players),
zamarists (zurna players), psalterists, lutenists, and organists. Furthermore, the massaria books revealed information about the military tuba players of the first
Tatar Khan, Hadji I Giray, and the musicians of Mamai. A comparative analysis
of the musical instrument names in Caffa and Genoa indicates almost complete
identity, with the exception of zamaras (zurna), which are not mentioned in medieval
Genoan written sources, potentially pointing to Eastern influence. The local
specifics of Crimea are also reflected in isolated accounts of Greek and Armenian
choirs in Caffa.
Prospects for further studies lie in exploring the musical heritage of other
Italian colonizers of Crimea — the Venetians. Subsequently, the results should
be compared not only with the legacies of Crimea, Ukraine, and Italy but also
with other European cities of the 13th — 15th centuries. The originality of the research
lies in unveiling a completely new aspect of the musical heritage of medieval
Crimea.
Research materials: The Tatar-Genoese treaties of 28 November 1380 and 23 Febru-ary 1381.
Results and novelty of the research: This paper introduces the improved transcription and translation into Russian of the Tatar-Genoese treaties signed during the most difficult period in the Golden Horde history which followed the defeat of Mamai’s troops at Kulik-ovo and the subsequent ascension of Toqtamïsh Khan. The texts of the agreements are literal translations from the Turkic original into the spoken Ligurian language (dialetto). Some elements of the text reflect the standard form of the yarliqs (decrees) of local rulers of the Golden Horde which have been preserved, particularly within Venetian documents. The treaty of 1380 contains the name of the previously unknown khan of the Golden Horde, Konak-Bey. The main concession to the Genoese was the transfer of eighteen casalias (ru-ral communities) of Soldaia and an unspecified number of casalias of Gotia. In the treaty of 1381, three casalias of Cembalo were added to the previous concession.
Keywords: Crimea, Solkhat, Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo, Gotia, titam (titanus), Conac-bey Khan, lord of Solchat Iharcasso-bey, lord of Solchat Ellias-bey
Genoese “colony” in the black Sea Area – Caffa. The author deals
mainly with the relationship between the Genoese administration of
Caffa and the neighboring Juchid state and, later, the Crimean
Khanate. In the course of the presentation, on the basis of the newly
discovered written sources, important controversial historiographical
issues are resolved. The article considers the meaning of such Tatar
titles in Latin as ‘titan’ and ‘governor of Campania’, as well as the
content of the Tatar-Genoese treaty of 1381. In the section on the
historical topography of the city, the author clarifies the location of
some objects of the city and gives a hitherto unknown list of gates
of the Genoese Caffa according to the manuscript of 1460, which
was corrected with the already known lists of Ceffe’s gates of Ottoman
times. Alternative localization of the so-called tower of St.
Constantine outside the perimeter of the fortress walls of the city was
first proposed and published an image of it from the drawing of the
French traveler Julien bordier of 1607. The topic of the location of
one of the naval arsenals of Caffa is considered, its plan and facade
from maps and publications of the second half of the 18th has been
given. The topic of the existence of a separate castle in the citadel of
the Genoese Caffa (in Ottoman times – Narin-Hisar) was raised. In
addition, the author considered the controversial issue of the ethnic
composition and population of the Genoese Caffa in comparison with
the Ottoman tax records of the 16th century.
end of VII v. are in-process considered. Main attention is
spared to history of discovery, study and publication of the
unique writing source direct-coupled with history of Sugdeya – Sudak Sinaksar. Analyzed its notes which telling
about the legendary date of city foundation. Unique possibility to confirm or refute the dating there are archaeological researches of ancient settlement of medieval Sugdeya.
рис. 5. фрагмент мраморного декрета с упоминанием антропонима фарнак (1), бронзовая
личина начала III в. н.э. (2) и фрагмент гуннского котла с территории судакской крепости.
Abstract
A.V. DZHANOV, V.V. MAIKO, A.M. FARBEY
TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE DATE OF SUDAK FOUNDATION
Fortification buildings, laying foundations of the Genoese
and Byzantine buildings, which on a build technique and
material very remind build receptions, used in the epoch of
late antiquity, are shortly considered. The dating of these
areas of fortification buildings by the archaeological way is
not succeeded while. However during researches quite often
were discovered artifacts, belong to time of legendary foundation of Sugdeya.
Genoese presence in Crimea, Caffa, Soldaia, Chembalo, medieval Latin epigraphy, Genoese heraldry
served in the Genoese trading factories in Crimea. These accounts are primarily
found in the accounting books of the treasury (massaria) of the city of Caffa. The
following step involves comparing the obtained data with similar records originating
from Genoa, the metropolis of the Genoese. The final stage is to identify
authentic iconographic sources from Crimea and Genoa that depict the musical
instruments of that period. The scientific approaches are grounded on the principles
of historicism, systematic approach, scientific objectivity, and a dialectical
approach, utilizing a range of general scientific, interdisciplinary, and specialized
research methods.
In the massarias, professional musicians have been identified belonging to two
categories of servants: night guards and consul’s servants. The former played on
trumpets/tubas and nakrahs (small timpanis) and served in Caffa, Soldaia, and
Cembalo. The consul’s musicians utilized a wider range of musical instruments,
including tuba and trumpet players, nakrators, caramelistas (shawm players),
zamarists (zurna players), psalterists, lutenists, and organists. Furthermore, the massaria books revealed information about the military tuba players of the first
Tatar Khan, Hadji I Giray, and the musicians of Mamai. A comparative analysis
of the musical instrument names in Caffa and Genoa indicates almost complete
identity, with the exception of zamaras (zurna), which are not mentioned in medieval
Genoan written sources, potentially pointing to Eastern influence. The local
specifics of Crimea are also reflected in isolated accounts of Greek and Armenian
choirs in Caffa.
Prospects for further studies lie in exploring the musical heritage of other
Italian colonizers of Crimea — the Venetians. Subsequently, the results should
be compared not only with the legacies of Crimea, Ukraine, and Italy but also
with other European cities of the 13th — 15th centuries. The originality of the research
lies in unveiling a completely new aspect of the musical heritage of medieval
Crimea.
Research materials: The Tatar-Genoese treaties of 28 November 1380 and 23 Febru-ary 1381.
Results and novelty of the research: This paper introduces the improved transcription and translation into Russian of the Tatar-Genoese treaties signed during the most difficult period in the Golden Horde history which followed the defeat of Mamai’s troops at Kulik-ovo and the subsequent ascension of Toqtamïsh Khan. The texts of the agreements are literal translations from the Turkic original into the spoken Ligurian language (dialetto). Some elements of the text reflect the standard form of the yarliqs (decrees) of local rulers of the Golden Horde which have been preserved, particularly within Venetian documents. The treaty of 1380 contains the name of the previously unknown khan of the Golden Horde, Konak-Bey. The main concession to the Genoese was the transfer of eighteen casalias (ru-ral communities) of Soldaia and an unspecified number of casalias of Gotia. In the treaty of 1381, three casalias of Cembalo were added to the previous concession.
Keywords: Crimea, Solkhat, Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo, Gotia, titam (titanus), Conac-bey Khan, lord of Solchat Iharcasso-bey, lord of Solchat Ellias-bey
Genoese “colony” in the black Sea Area – Caffa. The author deals
mainly with the relationship between the Genoese administration of
Caffa and the neighboring Juchid state and, later, the Crimean
Khanate. In the course of the presentation, on the basis of the newly
discovered written sources, important controversial historiographical
issues are resolved. The article considers the meaning of such Tatar
titles in Latin as ‘titan’ and ‘governor of Campania’, as well as the
content of the Tatar-Genoese treaty of 1381. In the section on the
historical topography of the city, the author clarifies the location of
some objects of the city and gives a hitherto unknown list of gates
of the Genoese Caffa according to the manuscript of 1460, which
was corrected with the already known lists of Ceffe’s gates of Ottoman
times. Alternative localization of the so-called tower of St.
Constantine outside the perimeter of the fortress walls of the city was
first proposed and published an image of it from the drawing of the
French traveler Julien bordier of 1607. The topic of the location of
one of the naval arsenals of Caffa is considered, its plan and facade
from maps and publications of the second half of the 18th has been
given. The topic of the existence of a separate castle in the citadel of
the Genoese Caffa (in Ottoman times – Narin-Hisar) was raised. In
addition, the author considered the controversial issue of the ethnic
composition and population of the Genoese Caffa in comparison with
the Ottoman tax records of the 16th century.
end of VII v. are in-process considered. Main attention is
spared to history of discovery, study and publication of the
unique writing source direct-coupled with history of Sugdeya – Sudak Sinaksar. Analyzed its notes which telling
about the legendary date of city foundation. Unique possibility to confirm or refute the dating there are archaeological researches of ancient settlement of medieval Sugdeya.
рис. 5. фрагмент мраморного декрета с упоминанием антропонима фарнак (1), бронзовая
личина начала III в. н.э. (2) и фрагмент гуннского котла с территории судакской крепости.
Abstract
A.V. DZHANOV, V.V. MAIKO, A.M. FARBEY
TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE DATE OF SUDAK FOUNDATION
Fortification buildings, laying foundations of the Genoese
and Byzantine buildings, which on a build technique and
material very remind build receptions, used in the epoch of
late antiquity, are shortly considered. The dating of these
areas of fortification buildings by the archaeological way is
not succeeded while. However during researches quite often
were discovered artifacts, belong to time of legendary foundation of Sugdeya.