ABSTRACT Clinical relevance: Several parameters are likely to affect the magnitude of fixation disparity (FD) and FD curve characteristics. Presence of a central fusion lock may have an important effect on clinical testing of FD and... more
ABSTRACT Clinical relevance: Several parameters are likely to affect the magnitude of fixation disparity (FD) and FD curve characteristics. Presence of a central fusion lock may have an important effect on clinical testing of FD and interpretation of its results. Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate FD curve parameters using the modified near Mallett unit (with a central fusion lock) and the Sheedy disparometer (without a central fusion lock) in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 147 patients with a mean age of 22.5 years who presented to the optometry clinic of Paramedical College of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The symptoms were recorded in a questionnaire for each patient. FD was measured using the modified near Mallett unit and Sheedy disparometer and FD curves were generated using the AutoCAD 2005 software. Results: There was a significant difference in the FD, associated phoria, and slope measurements between the two devices (all p values < 0.05). Significant difference was found in the mean FD between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects using the modified near Mallett unit (p < 0.0001) and Sheey disparometer (p = 0.007). In symptomatic subjects, the mean slope was steeper for the modified near Mallett unit compared to the Sheedy disparometer (p = 0.001). Although the mean centre of symmetry was more negative in the modified near Mallett unit versus the Sheedy disparometer, the difference between the instruments was not significant in symptomatic (p = 0.477) and asymptomatic (p = 0.257) participants. Conclusion: There are differences in the FD curve parameters between the modified near Mallett unit and Sheedy disparometer. Slope is a proper criterion for differentiating asymptomatic subjects from symptomatic individuals. The modified near Mallett unit is a more precise tool for assessment of non-compensated heterophoria compared to the Sheedy disparometer.
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Purpose To determine the age and sex-standardized prevalence of corneal arcus and its associated factors in a geriatric population. Methods This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in Tehran; the capital of Iran,... more
Purpose To determine the age and sex-standardized prevalence of corneal arcus and its associated factors in a geriatric population. Methods This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in Tehran; the capital of Iran, using a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method. All participants underwent a detailed interview, blood pressure measurement, laboratory blood tests, and a complete ocular examination. Results Three thousand three hundred ten of 3791 invitees participated in the study (response rate: 87.31%). The mean age of the participants was 69.35 ± 7.62 years (60–97 years) and 1912 (57.76%) were female. Overall, the age and sex-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of corneal arcus was 44.28% (41.21–47.39). Based on the multiple logistic regression, the odds of corneal arcus were higher in men than in women (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.14–2.00); in the age group ≥ 80 years compared to the age group 60–64 years (OR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.68–3.53), and in retired peop...
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Purpose: To evaluate varied aspects of binocular function in multiple gaze positions. Methods: In 2018, this cross-sectional study was conducted on 21 participants (male = 11) with an age range of 19–25 years. Having emmetropia and 10/10... more
Purpose: To evaluate varied aspects of binocular function in multiple gaze positions. Methods: In 2018, this cross-sectional study was conducted on 21 participants (male = 11) with an age range of 19–25 years. Having emmetropia and 10/10 visual acuity in both eyes were conditions of the inclusion criteria for the crosssectional study. The following aspects of binocular function including amplitude of accommodation (AA), near point of convergence, near phoria, and monocular accommodative facility were evaluated in five gazes (primary, upward, downward, left, and right) for all subjects. Results: Near point of convergence values showed significant differences in all gaze positions (P < 0.001). The lowest near point of convergence value was seen in the primary gaze (2.69 cm) and the downward gaze (3.47 cm) and the highest near point of convergence value was seen in the left gaze (7.5 cm). There was also a significant difference in the amplitude of accommodation among the upward, dow...
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To determine the distribution of corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) and their associated factors in a geriatric population. The present cross-sectional study was performed in... more
To determine the distribution of corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) and their associated factors in a geriatric population. The present cross-sectional study was performed in individuals above 60 years of age in Tehran, the capital of Iran. The sampling was performed using multi-stage random cluster sampling method. All participants underwent preliminary ocular examinations, and then imaging by Pentacam HR and IOL master 500. Measurement of IOPg, IOPcc, and corneal biomechanical indices including corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistant factor (CRF) was performed in a random sub-sample using ocular response analyzer (ORA). The mean IOPg and IOPcc were 16.76 ± 4.71 mmHg and 19.05 ± 4.67 mmHg, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in both IOPg (p = 0.891) and IOPcc (p = 0.248) between males and females. Based on the multiple linear regression models, both IOPg and IOPcc showed a statistically significant direct relationship with CRF (P < 0.001) and a significant inverse relationship with CH (P < 0.001 for IOPg and IOPcc), anterior chamber angle (ACA) (p = 0.006 for IOPg and p = 0.017 for IOPcc), and spherical equivalent refractive error (p = 0.032 for IOPg and p = 0.046 for IOPcc). Mean IOPg and IOPcc in the present study were higher compared to most previous studies. Corneal biomechanical indices including CH and CRF, refractive error and anterior chamber angle were independent associated factors of IOPg and IOPcc in the present study. There was no significant relationship between ORA-derived IOP values and CCT.
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Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out at the department of optometry (Mashhad University of Medical Sciences) in 2001. Following routine optometric examination, the type and degree of refractive errors of 500 patients... more
Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out at the department of optometry (Mashhad University of Medical Sciences) in 2001. Following routine optometric examination, the type and degree of refractive errors of 500 patients before and after presbyopia were statically ...
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SIGNIFICANCE It is apparent that a variety of biometric changes are caused by different types of cycloplegic eye drops. However, these effects are inconsistent and have not been reported in different refractive groups. PURPOSE The purpose... more
SIGNIFICANCE It is apparent that a variety of biometric changes are caused by different types of cycloplegic eye drops. However, these effects are inconsistent and have not been reported in different refractive groups. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cyclopentolate 1% on ocular biometric components in different types of refractive errors in children. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 226 eyes of 113 schoolchildren in Shahroud, northeast Iran, with a mean ± standard deviation age of 9.20 ± 1.65 years. All participants had noncycloplegic and cycloplegic objective refraction using an autorefractometer. Cycloplegia was induced using cyclopentolate 1% eye drops. Biometric measurements were made with Allegro Biograph (WaveLight AG, Erlangen, Germany) before and after administering cycloplegic drops. Mixed-effect model regression was used to analyze the data. RESULTS After cycloplegia, the vitreous chamber depth (VCD) (−0.043; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.067 to −0.019 mm), lens thickness (−0.146; 95% CI, −0.175 to −0.117 mm), axial length (−0.009; 95% CI, −0.012 to −0.006 mm), and lens power (−0.335; 95% CI, −0.463 to −0.208 D) decreased significantly, whereas the anterior chamber depth (ACD) (0.183; 95% CI, 0.164 to 0.202 mm), anterior segment length (0.036; 95% CI, 0.014 to 0.058) mm), lens central point (0.109; 95% CI, 0.094 to 0.124 mm), and pupil diameter (1.599; 95% CI, 1.482 to 1.716 mm) increased (P value for all tests, <.001). For changes in VCD and ACD, a significant interaction was observed between different types of refractive errors and cycloplegia, such that the adjusted mean change for ACD was significantly lower and for VCD was significantly higher in hyperopes compared with emmetropes. Lens center moves backward in myopes (0.17 mm) and stays the same in hyperopes under cycloplegia. CONCLUSIONS According to the findings of this study, cycloplegia reduces the thickness of the crystalline lens and subsequently causes an increase in the ACD. Cycloplegia-related ocular biometric changes were different by type of refractive error.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE To determine the association between ocular biometric components and near work in bank employees.This study was conducted as an analytical cross-sectional study. A group of bank employees and a control group were randomly... more
ORIGINAL ARTICLE To determine the association between ocular biometric components and near work in bank employees.This study was conducted as an analytical cross-sectional study. A group of bank employees and a control group were randomly selected. After applying the inclusion criteria, all selected subjects had a set of examinations including refraction, uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy. Then ocular biometric indices were measured using a Nidek biometer (US 800).Mean spherical equivalent was -0.53 (95%CI: -0.7 to -0.36) diopter (D) in bank employees and 0.09(95%CI: -0.05 to 0.23) D in the control group(p<0.001). After adjusting for age and gender, axial length and vitreous chamber depth were significantly longer in bank employees. In a logistic regression model, near work significantly correlated with increasing axial length 1.89(95%CI: 1.3 to 2.75) and decreasing corneal radius of curvature 0.22 (95%CI: 0.08 to 0.63) after adju...
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Purpose: To determine the effect of occluding a normal eye on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis in amblyopic school children. Methods: Amblyopic children from primary schools of region 2 in Mashhad were identified and... more
Purpose: To determine the effect of occluding a normal eye on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis in amblyopic school children. Methods: Amblyopic children from primary schools of region 2 in Mashhad were identified and referred to Optometry Clinics of Mashhad Medical University through a screening program. Informed consent was obtained from the parents. All subjects underwent an ophthalmologic examination including visual acuity, subjective refractive error, biomicroscopy and funduscopy. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity and stereopsis were measured by Snellen E chart, Cambridge low contrast chart and Titmus stereotest , respectively. All tests were repeated 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months after initial examination. Results: Of 1,947 children, 289 (14.8%) were amblyopic of whom 62 subjects were eventually enrolled for the study. BCVA in the amblyopic eye was less than 3/10 in 25.8% of subjects before treatment however all children had BCVA of 3/...
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of amblyopia and its determinants in Iranian students above 18 years. Methods: In this university-based cross-sectional study, multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select... more
Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of amblyopia and its determinants in Iranian students above 18 years. Methods: In this university-based cross-sectional study, multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select participants. After selecting the students, visual acuity, objective, and subjective refraction were measured and the best-corrected visual acuity was determined. Results: We evaluated 1462 individuals with a mean age of 22.8 ± 3.1 years in this study, of whom 73% were female. The prevalence of amblyopia was 2.19% (95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.43, 2.93]), of which 6.2% was strabismic, 71.8% was refractive (isometropic and anisometropic), and 22.0% was mix (strabismic and anisometropic). No difference was observed in the prevalence of amblyopia between boys and girls (p value = 0.315). The prevalence of amblyopia was 3.93%, 1.71%, 3.79%, and 0% in the age group 18–20, 21–25, 26–30, and above 30 years, respectively (p value = 0.071). Conclusion: The results of this study, as the first study investigating the prevalence of amblyopia in Iranian adults, showed a rather higher prevalence of amblyopia in Iranian university students compared to other studies on adults in other countries. Moreover, similar to some other studies, refractive amblyopia had a higher prevalence than other types.
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PURPOSE Welders are prone to ocular injuries and ocular surface problems due to exposure to ultraviolet light. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tear film comprehensively and assess objective and subjective indices of dry eye in... more
PURPOSE Welders are prone to ocular injuries and ocular surface problems due to exposure to ultraviolet light. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tear film comprehensively and assess objective and subjective indices of dry eye in welders. METHODS In this historical cohort, welders with at least 5 years of experience were compared with controls. A complete evaluation of ocular health was done for all participants. The Schirmer test (invasive and non-invasive) and Invasive Tear Break-Up Time (ITBUT) were applied for objective evaluation and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was used for subjective assessment of the tear film status. The results were compared between the two groups using the SPSS software. RESULTS The results of 140 welders (mean age: 46.66 ± 13.01 years) and 172 controls (mean age: 45.05 ± 12.61) were analyzed. The values of the Schirmer test and ITBUT were significantly lower in welders than controls; the difference was more prominent for the Schirmer test as compared to TBUT (Schirmer difference = 4.98 mm, ITBUT difference = 2.23 s). OSDI values were also significantly lower in welders than controls (P < 0.001). Considering a cut-off point of 12, 81.2% of welders had degrees of dry eye which was severe in 46.2% while 35.5% of controls had dry eye. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the percentage of dry eye and tear problems is far higher in welders than non-welders. Most of the affected welders have severe dry eye. It seems that the main reason for dry eye in these people is aqueous deficiency.
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Objective To determine the distribution of near point of convergence (NPC) according to age, sex, and refractive error in a rural population above 1 year of age in 2015. Methods In this population-based cross-sectional study, multistage... more
Objective To determine the distribution of near point of convergence (NPC) according to age, sex, and refractive error in a rural population above 1 year of age in 2015. Methods In this population-based cross-sectional study, multistage cluster sampling was applied to randomly select two underserved areas from the north and southwest of Iran and all individuals above 1 year living in these areas were invited to participate in the study. All participants underwent ocular examinations including visual acuity measurement, refraction, binocular vision testing including cover test and measurement of NPC, and slit lamp biomicroscopy. Results Of 3851 who were invited, 3314 participated in the study (response rate: 86.5%). The NPC was 8.42 ± 2.94 cm in the whole population, 8.59 ± 3.07 cm in men, and 8.30 ± 2.84 cm in women. Subjects above 70 years of age had the most remote NPC (mean: 10.44 ± 3.07 cm). The mean NPC was 7.79 ± 2.93, 8.83 ± 2.72, and 9.63 ± 2.70 cm in emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic participants, respectively. According to the results of a multiple linear regression model, NPC had a positive correlation with age (b: 0.058, p < 0.001), male sex (b: 0.336, p: 0.005), and hyperopia (b: 0.044, p: 0.011). Among the evaluated variables, age had the greatest effect on NPC (Standardized coefficient: 0.402). Conclusion The distribution of NPC in the Iranian population is different from other populations. Since NPC is influenced by age more than any other variable and presented normal values according to age in this study, the results can be used to interpret clinical measurements for diagnosis and treatment purposes.
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We decided to conduct a study to determine the prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, refractive errors, and other visual functions in nursing homes of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 133 elderly persons were selected from seven... more
We decided to conduct a study to determine the prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, refractive errors, and other visual functions in nursing homes of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 133 elderly persons were selected from seven nursing homes using proportional-to-size random sampling. A Snellen chart was used to measure visual acuity (VA). Refraction was measured in all participants using autorefractometry and retinoscopy. A cover test was applied to assess ocular deviation. Stereopsis, color vision, and contrast sensitivity were evaluated with distance glasses. The prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of visual impairment (VI) (<20/60), low vision (<20/60 to <20/400), and blindness (⩽20/400) was 41.88% (32.81–50.95), 32.48% (23.87–41.09), and 9.40% (4.03–14.77), respectively, based on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The prevalence of myopia (spherical equivalent (SE) < −0.5 D), hyperopia (SE < 0.5 D), and astigmatism (cylindrical power < 0.5 D...
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PurposeTo determine the distribution of anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber angle (ACA) values in a rural population over 5 years of age using the Pentacam.MethodsIn this cross-sectional... more
PurposeTo determine the distribution of anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber angle (ACA) values in a rural population over 5 years of age using the Pentacam.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, samples were selected from over 1-year-old inhabitants of two villages in Iran using a multistage cluster sampling approach. All participants underwent the measurement of uncorrected and corrected visual acuity and auto-refraction, retinoscopy, subjective refraction, and slit lamp examination. Finally, corneal imaging was done for all subjects over 5 years of age using the Pentacam.ResultsOf 3851 selected individuals, 3314 participated in the study, of whom 2681 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the sample was 36.03 ± 18.5 years (range 6–90 years). The mean ACD, ACA, and ACV values were 3.37 mm (95% CI: 3.37–3.39), 34.82° (95% CI: 34.45–35.2), and 159.17 µL (95% CI: 156–161.36), respectively. The results of multiple linear regression models showed that ACD, ACA, and ACV values reduced with age, and ACD and ACV values were significantly higher in males. ACA and ACV values correlated inversely with central corneal thickness, while the ACA value correlated directly with keratometry and inversely with the ACV value.ConclusionThis study is one of the few studies in the world showing changes in ACD values in different age groups using the Pentacam. According to the results, aging was associated with a decline in the mean ACD, ACA, and ACV values. These parameters were the largest in patients with emmetropia and smallest in hyperopic subjects.
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To evaluate the repeatability of anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurements by Orbscan and Pentacam imaging devices in different grades of keratoconus. One examiner performed 3 consecutive ACD measurements with both devices on 74 eyes of... more
To evaluate the repeatability of anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurements by Orbscan and Pentacam imaging devices in different grades of keratoconus. One examiner performed 3 consecutive ACD measurements with both devices on 74 eyes of 42 keratoconus patient. Repeatability was assessed using intrasession test-retest variability. Within-subject SD was determined for repeatability, and the coefficient of variation was calculated for each measurement. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was also determined to assess the variance of repeated data. Overall, the three ACD measurements were not significantly different either with Pentacam or Orbscan. The ICC index values were greater than 90% with both devices, and it significantly reduced at higher grades of keratoconus with Pentacam. Interdevice differences were statistically significant. The interdevice agreement with ACD measurements was 0.981, and the agreement was lower at higher grades of keratoconus. The 95% limits of agr...
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ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the prevalence of corneal opacity in rural areas in Iran: a population-based study Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based study using multi-stage cluster sampling from rural-dwellers of... more
ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the prevalence of corneal opacity in rural areas in Iran: a population-based study Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based study using multi-stage cluster sampling from rural-dwellers of villages in the north and southwest of Iran. All participants underwent vision testing including measurement of visual acuity and refraction followed by slit lamp examination by an ophthalmologist through which the presence of corneal opacity was determined. Results: The participants were 3314 people (response rate = 86.5%), and 56.3% were female. The prevalence of corneal opacity in at least one eye in the studied subjects was 1.68% (95% CI: 1.08–2.27%); 1.07% (95% CI: 0.04–3.43%) and 2.47% (95% CI: 1.49–3.43%) in women and men, respectively, and 1.45% (95% CI: 0.4–2.45%) and 1.97% (95% CI: 1.3–2.94%) in the southwest and north of the country, respectively. The prevalence of corneal opacity was related to male gender (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.13–3.74) and age (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04- 1.09) but not with education level. The prevalence of visual impairment and blindness among cases with corneal opacity was 46.2% and 19.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of corneal opacity in rural areas in Iran, it is essential to prioritize rural areas for allocation of resources and facilities for the diagnosis, screening, and necessary treatment measures.
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To determine the demographic and refractive characteristics of excimer laser refractive surgery candidates in Iran. This was a cross-sectional study between 2010 and 2014. All information was collected from 28 centers randomly selected... more
To determine the demographic and refractive characteristics of excimer laser refractive surgery candidates in Iran. This was a cross-sectional study between 2010 and 2014. All information was collected from 28 centers randomly selected from 12 provinces. Then, for each season of the year, one week was chosen through simple random selection, and within each week, 3 days were again chosen randomly. All excimer laser surgical procedures performed during these 3 days were identified by training staff, and data were extracted from patient charts. A total of 14,569 charts were reviewed; 67.5% of the subjects were female and the rest were male. Of the total surgeries, 18.6% had been done in 2010 which reached to 19.1% in 2014. The mean age of people receiving refractive surgery showed an upward trend (P&amp;amp;lt;0.001) and female patients were significantly younger than male patients (P&amp;amp;lt;0.001). The 25 to 39 years age group received the highest number of surgeries (31.9% of the total) and there was a significant association with gender (P&amp;amp;lt;0.001). The most common refractive error was compound myopic astigmatism with a prevalence of 79.3%. In 2010, 33.3% of the performed surgeries were covered by insurance policies, and this decreased to 30.2% in 2014 (P&amp;amp;lt;0.001). Women with compound myopic astigmatism in the age range of 25 and 35 years are the most frequent users of excimer laser refractive surgery. Less than one-third of laser refractive surgeries are covered by insurance policies. Therefore, proper planning for improving services to this group must be given priority.
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Purpose To determine the prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and ptosis among schoolchildren in Dezful in the west of Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 1,375 schoolchildren of Dezful were selected through multistage cluster... more
Purpose To determine the prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and ptosis among schoolchildren in Dezful in the west of Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 1,375 schoolchildren of Dezful were selected through multistage cluster sampling. After obtaining written consents, participants had uncorrected and corrected visual acuity tests, cycloplegic refraction, and the cover test, and were examined for ptosis at the school site. Results Of the 1,151 study participants (83.7%), examinations were completed for 1,130 schoolchildren. Prevalence rates of amblyopia, strabismus, and ptosis were 2.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-4.7), 1.9% (95% CI: 0.2-3.8), and 0.8%, respectively. Anisometropia was the most common cause of amblyopia; 45.2% of cases had anisometropic amblyopia. Among cases with strabismus, 63.6% were exotropic and 36.4% were esotropic. Conclusion The present study indicated that the prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in Dezful schoolchildren falls in the averag...
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JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMIC AND VISION RESEARCH 2010; Vol. 5, No. 3 ... Javad Heravian Shandiz1, MSc, PhD; Abbas Nourian2, MD; Mercedeh Bahr Hossaini1, MD Hadi Ostadi Moghaddam1, MSc, PhD; Abbas-Ali yekta1, MSc, PhD Laleh Sharifzadeh1, MSc;... more
JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMIC AND VISION RESEARCH 2010; Vol. 5, No. 3 ... Javad Heravian Shandiz1, MSc, PhD; Abbas Nourian2, MD; Mercedeh Bahr Hossaini1, MD Hadi Ostadi Moghaddam1, MSc, PhD; Abbas-Ali yekta1, MSc, PhD Laleh Sharifzadeh1, MSc; Parviz ...
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Purpose: To determine the prevalence of asthenopia and its associated factors in a sample of university students in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were selected using multistage cluster sampling. Presence of at... more
Purpose: To determine the prevalence of asthenopia and its associated factors in a sample of university students in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were selected using multistage cluster sampling. Presence of at least one of the 10 symptoms—foreign body sensation, diplopia, blurred vision, eye swelling, dry eye, eye pain, difficulty in sustaining visual operations, decreased visual acuity, tearing, and photophobia—was considered as asthenopia. Ocular examinations, including uncorrected/corrected visual acuity measurement, objective/subjective refraction, cover test, amplitude of accommodation (AA), and near point of convergence (NPC) were performed. Results: Of the 1,462 students (mean age: 22.8 ± 3.1 years), 73% were women. The age- and gender standardized prevalence was 70.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 68.3–73.5), 39.8% (95% CI: 36.4–43.1), and 19.7% (95% CI: 16.0–23.3) based on the presence of at least one, two, and three symptoms, respectively. The...
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Purpose: To determine the distribution of the near point of convergence (NPC) and near point of accommodation (NPA) in a young student population in Iran. Methods: The subjects were selected using a cluster sampling method. All students... more
Purpose: To determine the distribution of the near point of convergence (NPC) and near point of accommodation (NPA) in a young student population in Iran. Methods: The subjects were selected using a cluster sampling method. All students underwent optometry tests, including visual acuity measurement, refraction, and cover test, as well as ophthalmic examinations. The NPC and NPA were measured using an accommodative target (near Snellen chart). Results: Of 1,595 students, the data of 1,357 were analyzed. The mean NPC and NPA in the total sample were 7.25 cm (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.02 to 7.48) and 9.99 cm (95% CI, 9.69 to 10.29), respectively. Older age was associated with an increase in the NPC, which increased from 6.98 cm in 18–20 years olds to 9.51 cm in those over 30 years. The NPA was significantly associated with age and refractive errors in the multiple linear regression model, increasing from 9.92 cm in 18–20 years olds to 11.44 cm in those over 30 years (P = 0.003). ...
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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess obesity and overweight by WHO criteria in Mashhad, Iran. Method: This cross-sectional study was performed on 4453 people from Mashhad in 2009. Comprehensive data of age, height, weight,... more
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess obesity and overweight by WHO criteria in Mashhad, Iran. Method: This cross-sectional study was performed on 4453 people from Mashhad in 2009. Comprehensive data of age, height, weight, education, and marriage was collected. Overweight and obesity were calculated according to the body mass index (BMI). Results: A total of 1828 participants entered study, of whom 70.4% were women. The mean age of the population was 39.8±13.5 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 36.5% (95% CI 34.3-38.6) and 16.9% (95% CI 15.1-18.8), respectively. The prevalence of overweight was 39.0% in men and 35.4% in women which increased significantly by age (P<0.001 & OR=1.055). The prevalence of obesity in men and women was 12.3% and 18.9% respectively which showed women had a significantly higher risk (P<0.001). The risk of overweight and obesity was higher in married but lower in educated people. Conclusion: This study showed a rapid increase...