Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA, 2016
Landfilling is the most preferred solid waste disposal method in Turkey owing to both economic an... more Landfilling is the most preferred solid waste disposal method in Turkey owing to both economic and technical reasons. However, beside the sanitary landfills there are also hundreds of uncontrolled waste sites located throughout Turkey, which are often left either abandoned or burning. Because there is a lack of legislative guidelines governing the closure and rehabilitation of these dumpsites, the municipalities that are responsible for waste management do not initiate the proactive strategies required for the closure of these sites. In this study, a method based on a multi-criteria analysis is conducted for different dumpsites in Turkey to evaluate the level of negative impacts on the environment. This method is based on the use of environmental indices for a quantitative assessment of the landfills, such as environmental interaction between the source and the receptors, environmental values of the receptors, and operational conditions. It was possible to assess the robustness of t...
Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms... more Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms of their contribution to economy. In accordance with the energy policies of Turkish Republic, Yusufeli Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant in Northeastern Turkey have been initiated. In this study, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was conducted in Yusufeli Village to determine the environmental costs of the Yusufeli Project. The purpose is to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) of Yusufeli Village residents for restoration of the environmental impacts of the dam project and also to investigate the underlying economic, psychological, and social motivations for WTP. WTP was calculated as US$761 per person which can further be used in the cost-benefit analysis. The results from the study suggest that application of the CVM in rural and urban areas located in the same region can show differences.
Fethiye-Göcek region, the unique marine area having numerous calm bays for safe and enjoyable nav... more Fethiye-Göcek region, the unique marine area having numerous calm bays for safe and enjoyable navigation, sailing and yachting is one of those Specially Protected Areas in Turkey. Göcek Bay, which has a remarkable tourism potential has became one of the most important destinations of the both Turkish and International blue voyagers. The bays of Göcek are used by significant number of yachts during summer season (May-September). Göcek Bay is the nearest bay having marinas for serving those yachts using the nearby bays. The increase in tourism capacity resulted in increase in economical activities as well as environmental problems. The pollution level of the area is affected by the uncontrolled waste disposals from the yachts, the circulation pattern and ecological characteristics of the area. In a previously conducted study, in order to develop proper management strategies, the number of yachts using Göcek Bay area has been determined. The research project involves the development of state-of-the-art remote sensing tools that will be used in the operational monitoring of the ecosystem and was funded by the Turkish Governmental Agency EPASA and the Middle East Technical University, Ankara. There are two general objectives of the project; (i) the development of an operational environmental surveillance system that makes regular use of optical remote sensing images backed with regularly collected in-situ ground truth data (ii) to characterize the chemical nature of the pollutants through in-situ measurements and design and build a water collection, treatment and discharge system for the domestic and bilge waters of the boats. Seawater samples were collected at 3 locations representing different pollution levels in Göcek Bay. One of the locations is in open sea which represents low pollution level (almost clean water). The concentrations of the measured parameters in seawater are below the limit values indicated in Water Pollution and Control Regulation and relatively high concentration of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen at one location indicate that yacht traffic around that particular location is high. Fecal Coliform concentrations are compared with the mandatory and guide limit values listed in Bathing Water Directive (76/160/AB). Results show that even though fecal colifom (FC) concentrations are below mandatory values, FC concentrations are high above the guide values. This suggests that untreated and uncontrolled dirty water discharged from yachts threaten the biological and chemical integrity of seawater in Göcek Bay area. Results of the analysis of bilge water samples also indicate that high concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Oil and Grease and hydrocarbons would deteriorate the seawater quality if bilge water is not treated. Results of this preliminary study suggest that yachts with increasing numbers every year in Göcek Bay an attractive bay will continue to threaten seawater quality if necessary measures are not taken. This study is supported by METU Research Grant BAP 07.02.2009.05
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, 2009
Even though treatment plant (water reclamation plant [WRP]) effluent concentrations meet the appl... more Even though treatment plant (water reclamation plant [WRP]) effluent concentrations meet the applicable standards and most reaches of the Chicago Waterway System (CWS) meet applicable water quality standards, dissolved oxygen (DO) standards are not met in the CWS during some periods. DO deficiencies particularly result in reaches subject to periods of limited flow, such as the upper North Shore Channel (NSC). Thus, an Use Attainability Analysis was initiated to evaluate what water-quality standards can be achieved in the CWS. Flow augmentation practices evaluated for the upper NSC included: i) a portion of the North Side WRP (NSWRP) effluent was transferred to the upstream end of the NSC, ii) the flow was transferred to and divided between two discharge points-one at the upstream end of the NSC and the other at 2.80 km upstream from the NSWRP. It was found that shifting the entire NSWRP effluent flow to the upstream end of the NSC could not achieve 100 percent compliance with a 4 mg/L DO criterion along the upper NSC. Another augmentation alternative was to add oxygen to the NSWRP effluent in the force main, and this transfer of oxygenated effluent was found to effectively improve DO in the upper NSC.
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2004
The Chicago Waterway System (CWS) is composed of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), Calu... more The Chicago Waterway System (CWS) is composed of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), Calumet-Sag Channel, North Shore Channel, lower portion of the North Branch Chicago River, South Branch Chicago River, Chicago River, and Little Calumet River. In total, the CWS is a 76.3 mi (122.8-km) branching network of navigable waterways controlled by hydraulic structures in which the majority of flow is treated sewage effluent. The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) will soon be faced with a number of difficult water-quality management issues including the impact of reduced discretionary diversions from Lake Michigan for water-quality improvement in the summer, the outcome of a use attainability analysis for the CWS, and development of total maximum daily load allocations. To evaluate these management issues and their impact on water quality in the CWS, a model capable of simulating water-quality processes under unsteady-state flow is being developed to assist in water-quality management and planning decision making.
Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms... more Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms of their contribution to economy. In accordance with the energy policies of Turkish Republic, Yusufeli Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant in Northeastern Turkey have been initiated. In this study, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was conducted in Yusufeli Village to determine the environmental costs of the Yusufeli Project. The purpose is to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) of Yusufeli Village residents for restoration of the environmental impacts of the dam project and also to investigate the underlying economic, psychological, and social motivations for WTP. WTP was calculated as US$761 per person which can further be used in the cost-benefit analysis. The results from the study suggest that application of the CVM in rural and urban areas located in the same region can show differences.
... Authors: Cizmeli, Ahmet; Alp, Emre; Duzgun, Sebnem; Orek, Hasan; Cevdet Yalciner, Ahmet. ... ... more ... Authors: Cizmeli, Ahmet; Alp, Emre; Duzgun, Sebnem; Orek, Hasan; Cevdet Yalciner, Ahmet. ... the chemical nature of the pollutants through in-situ measurements and design and build a water collection, treatment and discharge system for the domestic and bilge waters of the ...
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, 2009
A detailed study of seven historic backflow from the Chicago Waterway System (CWS) to Lake Michig... more A detailed study of seven historic backflow from the Chicago Waterway System (CWS) to Lake Michigan events (including the 2 nd and 4 th largest since 1965) was done to evaluate changes in waterway operation procedures to determine if backflows could be avoided or reduced in volume. The study applied a dynamicwave simulation model to the CWS at a 15-minute time step combining measured inflows for the major tributaries, combined sewer overflow (CSO) pump stations, and water reclamation plants with simulated gravity CSO flows computed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The simulated CSO inflows were confirmed against a detailed mass balance approach for four storms and the peak flows from the two approaches were found to be remarkably similar.
Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA, 2014
Hazardous waste (HW) generation information is an absolute necessity for ensuring the proper plan... more Hazardous waste (HW) generation information is an absolute necessity for ensuring the proper planning, implementation, and monitoring of any waste management system. Unfortunately, environmental agencies in developing countries face difficulties in gathering data directly from the creators of such wastes. It is possible, however, to construct theoretical HW inventories using the waste generation factors (WGFs). The objective of this study was to develop a complete nationwide HW inventory of Turkey that relies on nation-specific WGFs to support management activities of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU). Inventory studies relied on WGFs from: (a) the literature and (b) field studies and analysis of waste declarations reflecting country-specific industrial practices. Moreover, new tools were introduced to the monitoring infrastructure of MoEU to obtain a comprehensive waste generation data set. Through field studies and a consideration of country specific cond...
Although the Göcek Bay area was declared as a specially protected area by General Directorate of ... more Although the Göcek Bay area was declared as a specially protected area by General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection, the region is threatened because of pollution resulting from increased boat tourism and lack of efficient policies. Extensive measures are being planned in order to protect the region. Coastal management requires the use of technical, social political and economic tools to create a comprehensive management strategy. For environmental investments, it is necessary that benefits and the costs of environmental improvements should be identified in monetary terms in order to determine the feasibility of the investments. The aim of this study is to determine the benefits of the management alternatives to improve environmental quality in Göcek Bay to aid decision makers. In this study, the environmental benefits that can be obtained with improved water quality and restored marine ecosystem were calculated using the Choice Experiment Method, a non-market valuation technique. Data were analyzed using Multinomial Logit Model and the results showed that, local residents and tourists are willing to pay 18TL/month and 16.6TL/tour, respectively for improvements in water quality. For improvements in marine life, local residents are willing to pay 14.8TL/month and tourists are willing to pay 11.2TL/tour. With this study, it has been seen that the results obtained will pave the way for new policies and measures against the deterioration of the marine environment of Göcek Bay.
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2009
One of the primary reasons water-quality standards are not met is the effect of storm runoff and ... more One of the primary reasons water-quality standards are not met is the effect of storm runoff and combined sewer overflows. A methodology is presented here to determine the duration of storm effects on stream water quality. The evaluation of the duration of storm effects on water quality involves two steps. First, calibration of an appropriate water quality model that is capable of simulation of unsteady-state conditions. Second, execution of the calibrated model with a number of storm loadings randomly sampled from a specific probability distribution that represents realistic ranges of pollutant concentrations. When the variations in the simulated water quality variables become negligible, it is assumed that the river system goes back to prestorm, dry-weather conditions. To illustrate this methodology, the DUFLOW unsteady-state water quality model and Latin hypercube sampling are applied to evaluate the duration of storm effects on water quality in the Chicago Waterway System ͑CWS͒. The duration of the storm impacts on dissolved oxygen lasts 2 days-2 weeks in the CWS depending on the location in the system and the magnitude of the storm. Moreover, a strong relation between the precipitation depth and the duration of the storm effects on in-stream water quality constituents was found in the CWS. Outcomes of this research suggest that the duration of the storm effect on water quality can be reasonably predicted with the help of robust unsteadystate water quality models.
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.
The Chicago Waterway System (CWS), used mainly for commercial and recreational navigation and for... more The Chicago Waterway System (CWS), used mainly for commercial and recreational navigation and for urban drainage, is a 122.8 km branching network of navigable waterways controlled by hydraulic structures. The CWS receives pollutant loads from 3 of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the world, nearly 240 gravity Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO), 3 CSO pumping stations, direct diversions from Lake Michigan, and eleven tributary streams or drainage areas. Even though treatment plant effluent concentrations meet the applicable standards and most reaches of the CWS meet the applicable water quality standards, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) standards are not met in the CWS during some periods. A Use Attainability Analysis was initiated to evaluate what water quality standards can be achieved in the CWS. The UAA team identified several DO improvement alternatives including new supplementary aeration stations. Because of the dynamic nature of the CWS, the DUFLOW model that is capable of simulating hydraulics and water quality processes under unsteady-flow conditions was used to evaluate the effectiveness of new supplementary aeration stations. This paper details the use of the DUFLOW model to size and locate supplementary aeration stations. In order to determine the size and location of supplemental aeration stations, 90% compliance with a 5 mg/l DO standard was used as a planning target. The simulations showed that a total of four new supplementary aeration stations with oxygen supply capacities ranging from 30 to 80 g/s would be sufficient to meet the proposed target DO concentration for the North Branch and South Branch of the Chicago River. There are several aeration technologies, two of which are already being used in the CWS, available and the UAA team determined that the total capital costs of the alternatives range from $35.5 to $89.9 million with annual operations and maintenance costs ranging from $554,000 to $2.14 million. Supplemental aeration stations have been shown to be a potentially effective means to improve DO concentrations in the CWS and will be included in developing an integrated strategy for improving water quality in the CWS.
ABSTRACT Turkey, as a rapidly developing and industrializing country, is in need of reliable, ine... more ABSTRACT Turkey, as a rapidly developing and industrializing country, is in need of reliable, inexpensive, and high quality energy. The main energy sources of Turkey are coal, natural gas and hydropower. However, almost all the natural gas and high quality coal is imported. Thus, hydropower is the main domestic energy source. According to the State Hydraulic Works (SHW), the primary executive state agency responsible for the planning, operation, and management of water resources, Turkey has an economically viable hydroelectric potential of 140,000 GWh/year. Currently, around 35% of this potential is utilized. Increasing the share of hydropower in the energy budget of Turkey will reduce dependency on foreign energy sources. However, development of the unused hydropower potential, especially through run-of-river plants, has caused many problems in the country. Run-of-river plants are small hydropower plants (SHPPs) usually with no storage. Electricity Market Law No. 4628 which came into effect in February 2001 was a major step towards the privatization of the electricity sector. The law enabled planning and construction of SHPPs by the private sector. This created a big market for consulting firms which prepare feasibility reports, construction companies, and companies that own and operate these SHPPs. However, due to inadequate water resources management strategies, rivers are impaired; their natural flows are disturbed to generate electricity without paying necessary attention to components of the ecosystem and the needs and concerns of local residents. Thus, Turkey faces a challenging problem: Maximizing the utilization of hydropower which is the main domestic energy source while maintaining environmentally conscious and sustainable development. This study aims to explain the change in the contribution of hydropower in the energy budget of Turkey with time and current social and environmental problems associated particularly with SHPPs. Issues requiring immediate attention to facilitate sustainable development of hydropower potential are identified.
Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA, 2016
Landfilling is the most preferred solid waste disposal method in Turkey owing to both economic an... more Landfilling is the most preferred solid waste disposal method in Turkey owing to both economic and technical reasons. However, beside the sanitary landfills there are also hundreds of uncontrolled waste sites located throughout Turkey, which are often left either abandoned or burning. Because there is a lack of legislative guidelines governing the closure and rehabilitation of these dumpsites, the municipalities that are responsible for waste management do not initiate the proactive strategies required for the closure of these sites. In this study, a method based on a multi-criteria analysis is conducted for different dumpsites in Turkey to evaluate the level of negative impacts on the environment. This method is based on the use of environmental indices for a quantitative assessment of the landfills, such as environmental interaction between the source and the receptors, environmental values of the receptors, and operational conditions. It was possible to assess the robustness of t...
Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms... more Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms of their contribution to economy. In accordance with the energy policies of Turkish Republic, Yusufeli Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant in Northeastern Turkey have been initiated. In this study, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was conducted in Yusufeli Village to determine the environmental costs of the Yusufeli Project. The purpose is to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) of Yusufeli Village residents for restoration of the environmental impacts of the dam project and also to investigate the underlying economic, psychological, and social motivations for WTP. WTP was calculated as US$761 per person which can further be used in the cost-benefit analysis. The results from the study suggest that application of the CVM in rural and urban areas located in the same region can show differences.
Fethiye-Göcek region, the unique marine area having numerous calm bays for safe and enjoyable nav... more Fethiye-Göcek region, the unique marine area having numerous calm bays for safe and enjoyable navigation, sailing and yachting is one of those Specially Protected Areas in Turkey. Göcek Bay, which has a remarkable tourism potential has became one of the most important destinations of the both Turkish and International blue voyagers. The bays of Göcek are used by significant number of yachts during summer season (May-September). Göcek Bay is the nearest bay having marinas for serving those yachts using the nearby bays. The increase in tourism capacity resulted in increase in economical activities as well as environmental problems. The pollution level of the area is affected by the uncontrolled waste disposals from the yachts, the circulation pattern and ecological characteristics of the area. In a previously conducted study, in order to develop proper management strategies, the number of yachts using Göcek Bay area has been determined. The research project involves the development of state-of-the-art remote sensing tools that will be used in the operational monitoring of the ecosystem and was funded by the Turkish Governmental Agency EPASA and the Middle East Technical University, Ankara. There are two general objectives of the project; (i) the development of an operational environmental surveillance system that makes regular use of optical remote sensing images backed with regularly collected in-situ ground truth data (ii) to characterize the chemical nature of the pollutants through in-situ measurements and design and build a water collection, treatment and discharge system for the domestic and bilge waters of the boats. Seawater samples were collected at 3 locations representing different pollution levels in Göcek Bay. One of the locations is in open sea which represents low pollution level (almost clean water). The concentrations of the measured parameters in seawater are below the limit values indicated in Water Pollution and Control Regulation and relatively high concentration of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen at one location indicate that yacht traffic around that particular location is high. Fecal Coliform concentrations are compared with the mandatory and guide limit values listed in Bathing Water Directive (76/160/AB). Results show that even though fecal colifom (FC) concentrations are below mandatory values, FC concentrations are high above the guide values. This suggests that untreated and uncontrolled dirty water discharged from yachts threaten the biological and chemical integrity of seawater in Göcek Bay area. Results of the analysis of bilge water samples also indicate that high concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Oil and Grease and hydrocarbons would deteriorate the seawater quality if bilge water is not treated. Results of this preliminary study suggest that yachts with increasing numbers every year in Göcek Bay an attractive bay will continue to threaten seawater quality if necessary measures are not taken. This study is supported by METU Research Grant BAP 07.02.2009.05
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, 2009
Even though treatment plant (water reclamation plant [WRP]) effluent concentrations meet the appl... more Even though treatment plant (water reclamation plant [WRP]) effluent concentrations meet the applicable standards and most reaches of the Chicago Waterway System (CWS) meet applicable water quality standards, dissolved oxygen (DO) standards are not met in the CWS during some periods. DO deficiencies particularly result in reaches subject to periods of limited flow, such as the upper North Shore Channel (NSC). Thus, an Use Attainability Analysis was initiated to evaluate what water-quality standards can be achieved in the CWS. Flow augmentation practices evaluated for the upper NSC included: i) a portion of the North Side WRP (NSWRP) effluent was transferred to the upstream end of the NSC, ii) the flow was transferred to and divided between two discharge points-one at the upstream end of the NSC and the other at 2.80 km upstream from the NSWRP. It was found that shifting the entire NSWRP effluent flow to the upstream end of the NSC could not achieve 100 percent compliance with a 4 mg/L DO criterion along the upper NSC. Another augmentation alternative was to add oxygen to the NSWRP effluent in the force main, and this transfer of oxygenated effluent was found to effectively improve DO in the upper NSC.
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2004
The Chicago Waterway System (CWS) is composed of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), Calu... more The Chicago Waterway System (CWS) is composed of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), Calumet-Sag Channel, North Shore Channel, lower portion of the North Branch Chicago River, South Branch Chicago River, Chicago River, and Little Calumet River. In total, the CWS is a 76.3 mi (122.8-km) branching network of navigable waterways controlled by hydraulic structures in which the majority of flow is treated sewage effluent. The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) will soon be faced with a number of difficult water-quality management issues including the impact of reduced discretionary diversions from Lake Michigan for water-quality improvement in the summer, the outcome of a use attainability analysis for the CWS, and development of total maximum daily load allocations. To evaluate these management issues and their impact on water quality in the CWS, a model capable of simulating water-quality processes under unsteady-state flow is being developed to assist in water-quality management and planning decision making.
Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms... more Hydroelectric power plants and dams often play an important role in developing countries in terms of their contribution to economy. In accordance with the energy policies of Turkish Republic, Yusufeli Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant in Northeastern Turkey have been initiated. In this study, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was conducted in Yusufeli Village to determine the environmental costs of the Yusufeli Project. The purpose is to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) of Yusufeli Village residents for restoration of the environmental impacts of the dam project and also to investigate the underlying economic, psychological, and social motivations for WTP. WTP was calculated as US$761 per person which can further be used in the cost-benefit analysis. The results from the study suggest that application of the CVM in rural and urban areas located in the same region can show differences.
... Authors: Cizmeli, Ahmet; Alp, Emre; Duzgun, Sebnem; Orek, Hasan; Cevdet Yalciner, Ahmet. ... ... more ... Authors: Cizmeli, Ahmet; Alp, Emre; Duzgun, Sebnem; Orek, Hasan; Cevdet Yalciner, Ahmet. ... the chemical nature of the pollutants through in-situ measurements and design and build a water collection, treatment and discharge system for the domestic and bilge waters of the ...
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, 2009
A detailed study of seven historic backflow from the Chicago Waterway System (CWS) to Lake Michig... more A detailed study of seven historic backflow from the Chicago Waterway System (CWS) to Lake Michigan events (including the 2 nd and 4 th largest since 1965) was done to evaluate changes in waterway operation procedures to determine if backflows could be avoided or reduced in volume. The study applied a dynamicwave simulation model to the CWS at a 15-minute time step combining measured inflows for the major tributaries, combined sewer overflow (CSO) pump stations, and water reclamation plants with simulated gravity CSO flows computed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The simulated CSO inflows were confirmed against a detailed mass balance approach for four storms and the peak flows from the two approaches were found to be remarkably similar.
Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA, 2014
Hazardous waste (HW) generation information is an absolute necessity for ensuring the proper plan... more Hazardous waste (HW) generation information is an absolute necessity for ensuring the proper planning, implementation, and monitoring of any waste management system. Unfortunately, environmental agencies in developing countries face difficulties in gathering data directly from the creators of such wastes. It is possible, however, to construct theoretical HW inventories using the waste generation factors (WGFs). The objective of this study was to develop a complete nationwide HW inventory of Turkey that relies on nation-specific WGFs to support management activities of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU). Inventory studies relied on WGFs from: (a) the literature and (b) field studies and analysis of waste declarations reflecting country-specific industrial practices. Moreover, new tools were introduced to the monitoring infrastructure of MoEU to obtain a comprehensive waste generation data set. Through field studies and a consideration of country specific cond...
Although the Göcek Bay area was declared as a specially protected area by General Directorate of ... more Although the Göcek Bay area was declared as a specially protected area by General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection, the region is threatened because of pollution resulting from increased boat tourism and lack of efficient policies. Extensive measures are being planned in order to protect the region. Coastal management requires the use of technical, social political and economic tools to create a comprehensive management strategy. For environmental investments, it is necessary that benefits and the costs of environmental improvements should be identified in monetary terms in order to determine the feasibility of the investments. The aim of this study is to determine the benefits of the management alternatives to improve environmental quality in Göcek Bay to aid decision makers. In this study, the environmental benefits that can be obtained with improved water quality and restored marine ecosystem were calculated using the Choice Experiment Method, a non-market valuation technique. Data were analyzed using Multinomial Logit Model and the results showed that, local residents and tourists are willing to pay 18TL/month and 16.6TL/tour, respectively for improvements in water quality. For improvements in marine life, local residents are willing to pay 14.8TL/month and tourists are willing to pay 11.2TL/tour. With this study, it has been seen that the results obtained will pave the way for new policies and measures against the deterioration of the marine environment of Göcek Bay.
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2009
One of the primary reasons water-quality standards are not met is the effect of storm runoff and ... more One of the primary reasons water-quality standards are not met is the effect of storm runoff and combined sewer overflows. A methodology is presented here to determine the duration of storm effects on stream water quality. The evaluation of the duration of storm effects on water quality involves two steps. First, calibration of an appropriate water quality model that is capable of simulation of unsteady-state conditions. Second, execution of the calibrated model with a number of storm loadings randomly sampled from a specific probability distribution that represents realistic ranges of pollutant concentrations. When the variations in the simulated water quality variables become negligible, it is assumed that the river system goes back to prestorm, dry-weather conditions. To illustrate this methodology, the DUFLOW unsteady-state water quality model and Latin hypercube sampling are applied to evaluate the duration of storm effects on water quality in the Chicago Waterway System ͑CWS͒. The duration of the storm impacts on dissolved oxygen lasts 2 days-2 weeks in the CWS depending on the location in the system and the magnitude of the storm. Moreover, a strong relation between the precipitation depth and the duration of the storm effects on in-stream water quality constituents was found in the CWS. Outcomes of this research suggest that the duration of the storm effect on water quality can be reasonably predicted with the help of robust unsteadystate water quality models.
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.
The Chicago Waterway System (CWS), used mainly for commercial and recreational navigation and for... more The Chicago Waterway System (CWS), used mainly for commercial and recreational navigation and for urban drainage, is a 122.8 km branching network of navigable waterways controlled by hydraulic structures. The CWS receives pollutant loads from 3 of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the world, nearly 240 gravity Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO), 3 CSO pumping stations, direct diversions from Lake Michigan, and eleven tributary streams or drainage areas. Even though treatment plant effluent concentrations meet the applicable standards and most reaches of the CWS meet the applicable water quality standards, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) standards are not met in the CWS during some periods. A Use Attainability Analysis was initiated to evaluate what water quality standards can be achieved in the CWS. The UAA team identified several DO improvement alternatives including new supplementary aeration stations. Because of the dynamic nature of the CWS, the DUFLOW model that is capable of simulating hydraulics and water quality processes under unsteady-flow conditions was used to evaluate the effectiveness of new supplementary aeration stations. This paper details the use of the DUFLOW model to size and locate supplementary aeration stations. In order to determine the size and location of supplemental aeration stations, 90% compliance with a 5 mg/l DO standard was used as a planning target. The simulations showed that a total of four new supplementary aeration stations with oxygen supply capacities ranging from 30 to 80 g/s would be sufficient to meet the proposed target DO concentration for the North Branch and South Branch of the Chicago River. There are several aeration technologies, two of which are already being used in the CWS, available and the UAA team determined that the total capital costs of the alternatives range from $35.5 to $89.9 million with annual operations and maintenance costs ranging from $554,000 to $2.14 million. Supplemental aeration stations have been shown to be a potentially effective means to improve DO concentrations in the CWS and will be included in developing an integrated strategy for improving water quality in the CWS.
ABSTRACT Turkey, as a rapidly developing and industrializing country, is in need of reliable, ine... more ABSTRACT Turkey, as a rapidly developing and industrializing country, is in need of reliable, inexpensive, and high quality energy. The main energy sources of Turkey are coal, natural gas and hydropower. However, almost all the natural gas and high quality coal is imported. Thus, hydropower is the main domestic energy source. According to the State Hydraulic Works (SHW), the primary executive state agency responsible for the planning, operation, and management of water resources, Turkey has an economically viable hydroelectric potential of 140,000 GWh/year. Currently, around 35% of this potential is utilized. Increasing the share of hydropower in the energy budget of Turkey will reduce dependency on foreign energy sources. However, development of the unused hydropower potential, especially through run-of-river plants, has caused many problems in the country. Run-of-river plants are small hydropower plants (SHPPs) usually with no storage. Electricity Market Law No. 4628 which came into effect in February 2001 was a major step towards the privatization of the electricity sector. The law enabled planning and construction of SHPPs by the private sector. This created a big market for consulting firms which prepare feasibility reports, construction companies, and companies that own and operate these SHPPs. However, due to inadequate water resources management strategies, rivers are impaired; their natural flows are disturbed to generate electricity without paying necessary attention to components of the ecosystem and the needs and concerns of local residents. Thus, Turkey faces a challenging problem: Maximizing the utilization of hydropower which is the main domestic energy source while maintaining environmentally conscious and sustainable development. This study aims to explain the change in the contribution of hydropower in the energy budget of Turkey with time and current social and environmental problems associated particularly with SHPPs. Issues requiring immediate attention to facilitate sustainable development of hydropower potential are identified.
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Papers by Emre Alp