Soft x-ray emission from a Mather-type plasma-focus device (PF-1000) operated at ∼400 kJ was meas... more Soft x-ray emission from a Mather-type plasma-focus device (PF-1000) operated at ∼400 kJ was measured. The high density and temperature plasma were generated by the discharge in the deuterium-argon gas mixture in the modified (high-current) plasma-focus configuration. A spherically bent mica crystal spectrograph viewing the axial output of the pinch region was used to measure the x-ray spectra. Spatially resolved spectra including the characteristic x-ray lines of highly ionized Ar and continua were recorded by means of an x-ray film. The x-ray emission of PF-1000 device was studied at different areas of the pinch.
A unique relief fibula dated to the Migration Period (first half of the sixth century) was found ... more A unique relief fibula dated to the Migration Period (first half of the sixth century) was found in Radziejów, Poland. This stray find changes previous opinions on the lack of settlement in central Poland at that time. As the find is the only one of such type in Poland, a special attention was paid to possible analogies, mainly finds from Scandinavia and Western Europe. The fibula underwent technological analyses in order to reveal its technology of manufacture. For this purpose, the chemical and elemental composition of the alloy was studied. Several physico-chemical complementary techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and micro-hardness testing (HV0.2) were used to study the technology of the find. The investigations revealed that this artefact was made from brass (4–17 wt% Zn) with an admixture of Sn (2–12 wt%). Two technologies were used: casting for the bow and forming for the part with the axle of the spring. The artefact's surface was tinned in the hot-dipping process. The physical structural analyses demonstrated that the artefact was cast and ornamented by surface stamping under a relatively low temperature (about 500 °C). Keywords Relief fibula. Migration Period. Scandinavian metal handicraft. Ancient metallurgy. SEM–EDX. ED-XRF. XRD
Soft x-ray emission from a Mather-type plasma-focus device (PF-1000) operated at ∼400 kJ was meas... more Soft x-ray emission from a Mather-type plasma-focus device (PF-1000) operated at ∼400 kJ was measured. The high density and temperature plasma were generated by the discharge in the deuterium-argon gas mixture in the modified (high-current) plasma-focus configuration. A spherically bent mica crystal spectrograph viewing the axial output of the pinch region was used to measure the x-ray spectra. Spatially resolved spectra including the characteristic x-ray lines of highly ionized Ar and continua were recorded by means of an x-ray film. The x-ray emission of PF-1000 device was studied at different areas of the pinch.
A unique relief fibula dated to the Migration Period (first half of the sixth century) was found ... more A unique relief fibula dated to the Migration Period (first half of the sixth century) was found in Radziejów, Poland. This stray find changes previous opinions on the lack of settlement in central Poland at that time. As the find is the only one of such type in Poland, a special attention was paid to possible analogies, mainly finds from Scandinavia and Western Europe. The fibula underwent technological analyses in order to reveal its technology of manufacture. For this purpose, the chemical and elemental composition of the alloy was studied. Several physico-chemical complementary techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and micro-hardness testing (HV0.2) were used to study the technology of the find. The investigations revealed that this artefact was made from brass (4–17 wt% Zn) with an admixture of Sn (2–12 wt%). Two technologies were used: casting for the bow and forming for the part with the axle of the spring. The artefact's surface was tinned in the hot-dipping process. The physical structural analyses demonstrated that the artefact was cast and ornamented by surface stamping under a relatively low temperature (about 500 °C). Keywords Relief fibula. Migration Period. Scandinavian metal handicraft. Ancient metallurgy. SEM–EDX. ED-XRF. XRD
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