The lack of historically known tin deposits in Poland requires that the source of tin metal in an... more The lack of historically known tin deposits in Poland requires that the source of tin metal in ancient artifacts must be derived from foreign sources. To identify these external sources in the Viking Period, a combination of Pb and Sn isotope compositions and trace element analyses on a group of tin and tin rich alloys from three settlements in Poland was conducted. The integration of the chemical techniques reveals several sources for the tin rich artifacts, where group: 1) possesses Pb isotope values that overlap the Europe array which possess the highest (+1.6 ‰) and lowest (− 1.1 ‰) Sn isotope values coupled with elevated In concentrations 2) has Pb isotope values that overlap the Slovakian array which possess lower Sn isotope values (+0.1 ‰ to + 0.3 ‰) coupled with low In and Te concentrations 3) has a Pb isotope value that is radiogenic which possesses a high Sn isotope value (+1.1 ‰). Group 1 artifacts are split into two sources designated by the higher Sn isotope values from Cornwall and the lower Sn isotope values from Brittany and are found in the two coastal settlements. Group two artifacts match a Slovakian origin, while one artifact labeled in group three possesses an Anatolian source. Defining the tin rich artifact sources allows constraint of the tin sources for the mixed alloys like bronze and pewter. In this instance the tin isotope values fall within two sources defined by the tin metal artifacts, Brittany and Cornwall. The chemical approach presented here defines distal metal sources to reveal a geographically expansive interconnected tin trade network that was predominantly European, in Viking times through chemical analysis of ornaments, coins, and beads.
The numerical simulations of Cu Kα and Cu Kβ fluorescence lines induced by Rh X-ray tube and by m... more The numerical simulations of Cu Kα and Cu Kβ fluorescence lines induced by Rh X-ray tube and by monoenergetic radiation have been presented. The copper Kβ/Kα intensity ratios for pure elements as well as for Ag–Cu alloys have been modeled. The results obtained by use of the FLUKA code, based on the Monte-Carlo approach, have been compared to available experimental and theoretical values. A visible relationship was found between the simulated Kβ/Kα intensity ratios and the copper content of the Ag–Cu alloy: as the Cu content increases, the Kβ/Kα coefficient decreases. The results can play role in elemental material analysis, especially in archaeometry.
In the present study 5''× 3'' and 2''× 2'' EJ-313 liquid fluoroca... more In the present study 5''× 3'' and 2''× 2'' EJ-313 liquid fluorocarbon as well as 2'' × 3'' BaF2 scintillators were exposed to neutrons from a 252Cf neutron source and a Sodern Genie 16GT deuterium-tritium (D+T) neutron generator. The scintillators responses to β− particles with maximum endpoint energy of 10.4 MeV from the n+19F reactions were studied. Response of a 5'' × 3'' BC-408 plastic scintillator was also studied as a reference. The β− particles are the products of interaction of fast neutrons with 19F which is a component of the EJ-313 and BaF2 scintillators. The method of fast neutron detection via fluorine activation is already known as Threshold Activation Detection (TAD) and was proposed for photofission prompt neutron detection from fissionable and Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) in the field of Homeland Security and Border Monitoring. Measurements of the number of counts between 6.0 and 10.5 MeV with a 252Cf source showed that the relative neutron detection efficiency ratio, defined as BaF2 / EJ−313−5'', is 32.0% ± 2.3% and 44.6% ± 3.4% for front-on and side-on orientation of the BaF2, respectively. Moreover, the 5'' EJ-313 and side-on oriented BaF2 were also exposed to neutrons from the D+T neutron generator, and the relative efficiency BaF2 / EJ−313−5'' was estimated to be 39.3%. Measurements of prompt photofission neutrons with the BaF2 detector by means of data acquisition after irradiation (out-of-beam) of nuclear material and between the beam pulses (beam-off) techniques were also conducted on the 9 MeV LINAC of the SAPHIR facility.
Soft x-ray emission from a Mather-type plasma-focus device (PF-1000) operated at ∼400 kJ was meas... more Soft x-ray emission from a Mather-type plasma-focus device (PF-1000) operated at ∼400 kJ was measured. The high density and temperature plasma were generated by the discharge in the deuterium-argon gas mixture in the modified (high-current) plasma-focus configuration. A spherically bent mica crystal spectrograph viewing the axial output of the pinch region was used to measure the x-ray spectra. Spatially resolved spectra including the characteristic x-ray lines of highly ionized Ar and continua were recorded by means of an x-ray film. The x-ray emission of PF-1000 device was studied at different areas of the pinch.
J. Rzadkiewicz, O. Rosmej, A. Blazevic, S. Hagmann, V.P. Efremov, A. Gojska, D.H.H. Hoffmann, S. ... more J. Rzadkiewicz, O. Rosmej, A. Blazevic, S. Hagmann, V.P. Efremov, A. Gojska, D.H.H. Hoffmann, S. Korostiy, M. Polasik, K. Slabkowska, A.E. Volkov 1The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Poland; GSI, Darmstadt, Germany; Institute for High Energy Density, Moscow, Russia ; 4 Faculty of Chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus University, Poland; 5 Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
The Kα X-ray emission spectra of the low-density SiO2 aerogel target bombarded by 48Ca ions with ... more The Kα X-ray emission spectra of the low-density SiO2 aerogel target bombarded by 48Ca ions with initial energy of 11.4MeV/u were measured with a high spectral and spatial resolution along 80% of the ion beam stopping path. The Si KαL0 diagram and KαLn (up to n=5) X-ray satellite lines corresponding to the radiative decays of atomic states with one hole in the K-shell and n-holes in the L-shell were measured. Energy shifts of the KαLn satellites with respect to their diagram Kα lines were determined and compared with the results of multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock (MCDF) calculations. The experimental energy shifts are smaller than values obtained from free-ion MCDF theory assuming an empty M-shell. The influence of the valence M-shell configuration on the satellite X-ray spectra is discussed.
ABSTRACT Interactions of 150 MeV/amu 3He++ projectiles with solid gold targets have been studied ... more ABSTRACT Interactions of 150 MeV/amu 3He++ projectiles with solid gold targets have been studied at the isochronous cyclotron of the RCNP in Osaka. The 3He+ ions resulting from capture of the target electrons to the projectile were observed with the use of large magnetic spectrograph, Grand Raiden, set at θ = 0° with respect to the beam. The yield ratio of singly to doubly ionized helium ions emerging from thin gold foils, He+/He++, has been measured as a function of the foil thickness. Extrapolating the results to zero Au target thickness permits to determine the cross section values for electron stripping from 3He+ ions, σSTRIP = 1.05 × 10−17 cm2, and for electron capture to 3He++ ions, σCAP = 1.12 × 10−25 cm2. The results obtained extend significantly the existing systematics for both processes to high (semi-relativistic) velocities. The collision strength deduced from the stripping cross sections deviates strongly from the theoretical predictions of Gillespie in absolute values as well as in the velocity dependence. It can, however, be well approximated by the simple Bohr formula for mid Z atoms. Also the capture data indicate the need to improve the theoretical approximations. A more detailed treatment of electrons captured from different shells in a high Z target is presumably needed. The astrophysical interest in the data of this kind for very light ions (hydrogen, helium) is indicated.
The lack of historically known tin deposits in Poland requires that the source of tin metal in an... more The lack of historically known tin deposits in Poland requires that the source of tin metal in ancient artifacts must be derived from foreign sources. To identify these external sources in the Viking Period, a combination of Pb and Sn isotope compositions and trace element analyses on a group of tin and tin rich alloys from three settlements in Poland was conducted. The integration of the chemical techniques reveals several sources for the tin rich artifacts, where group: 1) possesses Pb isotope values that overlap the Europe array which possess the highest (+1.6 ‰) and lowest (− 1.1 ‰) Sn isotope values coupled with elevated In concentrations 2) has Pb isotope values that overlap the Slovakian array which possess lower Sn isotope values (+0.1 ‰ to + 0.3 ‰) coupled with low In and Te concentrations 3) has a Pb isotope value that is radiogenic which possesses a high Sn isotope value (+1.1 ‰). Group 1 artifacts are split into two sources designated by the higher Sn isotope values from Cornwall and the lower Sn isotope values from Brittany and are found in the two coastal settlements. Group two artifacts match a Slovakian origin, while one artifact labeled in group three possesses an Anatolian source. Defining the tin rich artifact sources allows constraint of the tin sources for the mixed alloys like bronze and pewter. In this instance the tin isotope values fall within two sources defined by the tin metal artifacts, Brittany and Cornwall. The chemical approach presented here defines distal metal sources to reveal a geographically expansive interconnected tin trade network that was predominantly European, in Viking times through chemical analysis of ornaments, coins, and beads.
The numerical simulations of Cu Kα and Cu Kβ fluorescence lines induced by Rh X-ray tube and by m... more The numerical simulations of Cu Kα and Cu Kβ fluorescence lines induced by Rh X-ray tube and by monoenergetic radiation have been presented. The copper Kβ/Kα intensity ratios for pure elements as well as for Ag–Cu alloys have been modeled. The results obtained by use of the FLUKA code, based on the Monte-Carlo approach, have been compared to available experimental and theoretical values. A visible relationship was found between the simulated Kβ/Kα intensity ratios and the copper content of the Ag–Cu alloy: as the Cu content increases, the Kβ/Kα coefficient decreases. The results can play role in elemental material analysis, especially in archaeometry.
In the present study 5''× 3'' and 2''× 2'' EJ-313 liquid fluoroca... more In the present study 5''× 3'' and 2''× 2'' EJ-313 liquid fluorocarbon as well as 2'' × 3'' BaF2 scintillators were exposed to neutrons from a 252Cf neutron source and a Sodern Genie 16GT deuterium-tritium (D+T) neutron generator. The scintillators responses to β− particles with maximum endpoint energy of 10.4 MeV from the n+19F reactions were studied. Response of a 5'' × 3'' BC-408 plastic scintillator was also studied as a reference. The β− particles are the products of interaction of fast neutrons with 19F which is a component of the EJ-313 and BaF2 scintillators. The method of fast neutron detection via fluorine activation is already known as Threshold Activation Detection (TAD) and was proposed for photofission prompt neutron detection from fissionable and Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) in the field of Homeland Security and Border Monitoring. Measurements of the number of counts between 6.0 and 10.5 MeV with a 252Cf source showed that the relative neutron detection efficiency ratio, defined as BaF2 / EJ−313−5'', is 32.0% ± 2.3% and 44.6% ± 3.4% for front-on and side-on orientation of the BaF2, respectively. Moreover, the 5'' EJ-313 and side-on oriented BaF2 were also exposed to neutrons from the D+T neutron generator, and the relative efficiency BaF2 / EJ−313−5'' was estimated to be 39.3%. Measurements of prompt photofission neutrons with the BaF2 detector by means of data acquisition after irradiation (out-of-beam) of nuclear material and between the beam pulses (beam-off) techniques were also conducted on the 9 MeV LINAC of the SAPHIR facility.
Soft x-ray emission from a Mather-type plasma-focus device (PF-1000) operated at ∼400 kJ was meas... more Soft x-ray emission from a Mather-type plasma-focus device (PF-1000) operated at ∼400 kJ was measured. The high density and temperature plasma were generated by the discharge in the deuterium-argon gas mixture in the modified (high-current) plasma-focus configuration. A spherically bent mica crystal spectrograph viewing the axial output of the pinch region was used to measure the x-ray spectra. Spatially resolved spectra including the characteristic x-ray lines of highly ionized Ar and continua were recorded by means of an x-ray film. The x-ray emission of PF-1000 device was studied at different areas of the pinch.
J. Rzadkiewicz, O. Rosmej, A. Blazevic, S. Hagmann, V.P. Efremov, A. Gojska, D.H.H. Hoffmann, S. ... more J. Rzadkiewicz, O. Rosmej, A. Blazevic, S. Hagmann, V.P. Efremov, A. Gojska, D.H.H. Hoffmann, S. Korostiy, M. Polasik, K. Slabkowska, A.E. Volkov 1The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Poland; GSI, Darmstadt, Germany; Institute for High Energy Density, Moscow, Russia ; 4 Faculty of Chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus University, Poland; 5 Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
The Kα X-ray emission spectra of the low-density SiO2 aerogel target bombarded by 48Ca ions with ... more The Kα X-ray emission spectra of the low-density SiO2 aerogel target bombarded by 48Ca ions with initial energy of 11.4MeV/u were measured with a high spectral and spatial resolution along 80% of the ion beam stopping path. The Si KαL0 diagram and KαLn (up to n=5) X-ray satellite lines corresponding to the radiative decays of atomic states with one hole in the K-shell and n-holes in the L-shell were measured. Energy shifts of the KαLn satellites with respect to their diagram Kα lines were determined and compared with the results of multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock (MCDF) calculations. The experimental energy shifts are smaller than values obtained from free-ion MCDF theory assuming an empty M-shell. The influence of the valence M-shell configuration on the satellite X-ray spectra is discussed.
ABSTRACT Interactions of 150 MeV/amu 3He++ projectiles with solid gold targets have been studied ... more ABSTRACT Interactions of 150 MeV/amu 3He++ projectiles with solid gold targets have been studied at the isochronous cyclotron of the RCNP in Osaka. The 3He+ ions resulting from capture of the target electrons to the projectile were observed with the use of large magnetic spectrograph, Grand Raiden, set at θ = 0° with respect to the beam. The yield ratio of singly to doubly ionized helium ions emerging from thin gold foils, He+/He++, has been measured as a function of the foil thickness. Extrapolating the results to zero Au target thickness permits to determine the cross section values for electron stripping from 3He+ ions, σSTRIP = 1.05 × 10−17 cm2, and for electron capture to 3He++ ions, σCAP = 1.12 × 10−25 cm2. The results obtained extend significantly the existing systematics for both processes to high (semi-relativistic) velocities. The collision strength deduced from the stripping cross sections deviates strongly from the theoretical predictions of Gillespie in absolute values as well as in the velocity dependence. It can, however, be well approximated by the simple Bohr formula for mid Z atoms. Also the capture data indicate the need to improve the theoretical approximations. A more detailed treatment of electrons captured from different shells in a high Z target is presumably needed. The astrophysical interest in the data of this kind for very light ions (hydrogen, helium) is indicated.
A unique relief fibula dated to the Migration Period (first half of the sixth century) was found ... more A unique relief fibula dated to the Migration Period (first half of the sixth century) was found in Radziejów, Poland. This stray find changes previous opinions on the lack of settlement in central Poland at that time. As the find is the only one of such type in Poland, a special attention was paid to possible analogies, mainly finds from Scandinavia and Western Europe. The fibula underwent technological analyses in order to reveal its technology of manufacture. For this purpose, the chemical and elemental composition of the alloy was studied. Several physico-chemical complementary techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and micro-hardness testing (HV0.2) were used to study the technology of the find. The investigations revealed that this artefact was made from brass (4–17 wt% Zn) with an admixture of Sn (2–12 wt%). Two technologies were used: casting for the bow and forming for the part with the axle of the spring. The artefact's surface was tinned in the hot-dipping process. The physical structural analyses demonstrated that the artefact was cast and ornamented by surface stamping under a relatively low temperature (about 500 °C). Keywords Relief fibula. Migration Period. Scandinavian metal handicraft. Ancient metallurgy. SEM–EDX. ED-XRF. XRD
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