La Tene Period in Middle Europe

Studie byla publikována roku 1981 v knize ,,Praehistorica VIII, Varia Archeologica 2 (sborník k poctě 80. narozenin akademika Jana Filipa)" / The study was published in 1981 in the book "Praehistorica VIII, Varia Archeologica 2 (Acta to Honor the 80th Anniversary of Academician Jan Filip)".

Der Band präsentiert die Ergebnisse eines gesamtschweizerischen Forschungsprojektes. In den Teilen 2 und 3 sind sämtliche greifbaren keltischen Fundmünzen der Schweiz und Liechtensteins erfasst und wenn möglich abgebildet: 3353 keltische Münzen und andere numismatische Objekte, 35 griechische Münzen sowie 44 Denare der Römischen Republik, die zusammen mit keltischen Münzen gefunden wurden.

Der erste Teil umfasst eine ausführliche Auswertung mit der Verbreitung, Chronologie und Typologie der wichtigsten Münztypen. Es folgt die Analyse des Münzumlaufs an der Schnittstelle dreier grosser Umlaufzonen mit verschiedenen Münzmetallen und Nominalen, von denen das Arbeitsgebiet beeinflusst wurde (östliches Mittelgallien, Süddeutschland, Norditalien). Gleichzeitig wird die zeitliche Entwicklung der Münzprägung in den einzelnen Regionen untersucht. Zum Schluss wird der Umlauf keltischer Münzen in römischer Zeit thematisiert.

Ausführliche Zusammenfassungen in deutsch, französisch, italienisch und englisch ermöglichen einen raschen Einstieg in das vielseitige Werk.

Kniha byla vydána v Praze roku 2017 Archeologickým ustavem v Praze / The book was published in Prague in 2017 by the Archaeological Institute in Prague. ISBN 978-80-7581-000-7.

Poznámka / Note
Drazí kolegové,
tato kniha je  umístěna  kvůli jejímu významu při porozumění archeologii jižních Čech a její špatné dostupnosti zahraničním vědcům a studentům, s vědomím a se svolením autora.
Naléhavě Vás prosíme, abyste respektovali autorská práva autora a vydavatele.
Děkujeme
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear colleagues,
this book is placed because of its importance in understanding the archaeology of South Bohemia and its poor availability to foreign scientists and students, with the knowledge and with the permission of the author.
We urge you to respect the copyrights of author and publishers.
Thank you

In 2015, in Pakoszówka (Sanok distr., South-Eastern Poland) two La Tène culture hoards of iron items were discovered. The similar finds – which had probably votive character? – are most common in the basin of the Upper and Middle Danube and at the left bank of Rhine – in Slovakia, Czech Republic and Germany. The first hoard included a plough, a scythe, two adzes, a socketed axe and the Dürrnberg type knife; the second deposit consisted of four sickles, a fragment of scythe, two chisels, three bits and probably a fragment of cart’s fitting. All tools from Pakoszówka have close analogies in the whole La Tène circle, except large knife of type Dürrnberg, which is distinctive feature primarily in the areas of Austria and Hungary – the single specimens were recorded also in Slovakia, Romania, Slovenia and Croatia. The bits represents different types and they occurin Transcarpathian Ukraine, Serbia and Geto-Dacian circle, as well. Both hoards from Pakoszówka can be dated to phase LT C1.

Kniha byla vydána v Praze roku 2017 Archeologickým ustavem v Praze / The book was published in Prague in 2017 by the Archaeological Institute in Prague. ISBN 978-80-7581-000-7

Poznámka / Note
Drazí kolegové,
tato kniha je  umístěna  kvůli jejímu významu při porozumění archeologii jižních Čech a její špatné dostupnosti zahraničním vědcům a studentům, s vědomím a se svolením autora.
Naléhavě Vás prosíme, abyste respektovali autorská práva autora a vydavatele.
Děkujeme
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dear colleagues,
this book is placed because of its importance in understanding the archaeology of South Bohemia and its poor availability to foreign scientists and students, with the knowledge and with the permission of the author.
We urge you to respect the copyrights of author and publishers.
Thank you

The vast cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Kleszewo yielded over 100 graves dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period and ca. 150 graves dated to the Early Roman Period. What is striking is the  fact  that  only  four  burials  were  furnished
with weapons or other warrior gear (a sword’s belt elements). One of them contained only a single shield rivet and a sword’s scabbard fittings. None of the graves contained typical men’s tools, personal  items  or  attire,  while  findings  commonly associated with women are very frequent.
Moreover, all four graves with military objects are dated chiefly to phase A 2 (or A2/A3), thus representing the opening phase of the cemetery, exclusively.  In  this  respect  two  phenomena
concerning  Przeworsk  Culture  burial  rites  are subject  to  analysis:  the  presence  of  cemeteries lacking  weapon  graves  and  the  practice  of  furnishing graves with only ‘fragmentary’ military offerings  (sometimes  interpreted  as  the  pars pro  toto  principle).  The  first  one  is  represented mostly in what we distinguish as ‘children’ and ‘female oriented’ cemeteries (as regards the social roles of buried individuals rather than their biological  sex  or  age).  We  suggest  that  grave  site at Kleszewo became ‘female oriented’ in phase A3. As for the second phenomenon, it is hard to interpret; however, links with the exact pars pro toto rule are doubtful. Some of the graves of this kind  also  contained,  apart  from  military  items (esp.  shield  rivets),  typically  female  objects  or possible women’s remains, according to anthropological data.
The  appearance  of  both  phenomena  in  the Przeworsk  Culture  cannot  be  easily  explained. They  could  be  somehow  related  to  older  traditions  of  the  Early  Iron  Age.  However,  direct relations with Germanic societies inhabiting the Elbe basin are also to be taken into consideration (esp.  concerning  ‘gender  oriented’  cemeteries), as  many  other  finds  discussed  in  the  text  indicate  similar  connections.  After  all,  most  probably these were two-way influences, as the practice of furnishing graves with only ‘fragmentary’ military offerings, esp. shield fittings, seems to appear in the Przeworsk Culture milieu earlier than in grave sites located in Central Germany.

Landolt et alii 2015 : M. LANDOLT, A. CHARRIÉ, G. MORVAN, N. SCHNEIDER, A. STEINMETZ, Une exploitation d’or alluvionnaire rhénan ou vosgien dans la plaine d’Alsace à l'Âge du Fer, dans F. OLMER, R. ROURE (dir.), Les Gaulois au fil de l’eau, Actes du XXXVIIe colloque de l’AFEAF de Montpellier, Ausonius, Bordeaux, 2015, vol. 2, p. 1061-1074.