Graves, Cenotaphs and Votive Deposits of Weapons in Europe - Bronze and Iron Ages (Eds. V. Sîrbu, C. Schuster, D. Hortopan), 2022
Arnold J. Toynbee, l'éminent historien des civilisations et historiosophe britannique a publié en... more Arnold J. Toynbee, l'éminent historien des civilisations et historiosophe britannique a publié en 1948 un volume d'essais Civilisation on Trial. Dans un texte Islam, the West, and the Future, il signalait un phénomène survenant comme une régularité dans l'histoire des sociétés influencées par les voisins plus modernes, plus forts économiquement et militairement. Dans l'esprit du raisonnement de A.J. Toynbee, on peut également interpréter le phénomène de la «laténisation» qui a eu lieu dans le bassin de la Vistule dans la phase La Tène C. Les armes déposées dans les tombes constituent des marqueurs des influences celtiques qui s’expriment de deux manières. La première est la présence des armes importées de la culture de La Tène. Les importations celtiques marquent les débuts des cultures de Przeworsk et plus tard, ce phénomène s’accentuera. La seconde plus discrète, mais aussi plus profonde et beaucoup plus durable, est la coutume de détruire et brûler les armes lors de la crémation et de les placer ensuite dans la tombe. La dynamique de la coutume de placer des armes dans les tombes indique qu’elle a d'abord été pratiquée par les précurseurs - et dans les générations suivantes elle s'est également étendue à des milieux plus conservateurs et a englobé des armes d'origine locale. Il est possible que les trois générations qui se sont écoulées entre les débuts connus de la culture de Przeworsk et l'introduction de la coutume de placer des épées à un seul tranchant et des céramiques aux caractéristiques archaïques dans les tombes soient le temps nécessaire pour que la tradition funéraire empruntée aux Celtes soit reconnue par les communautés les plus conservatrices de la culture de Przeworsk comme «indigène» et «traditionnelle», et donc appropriée.
The paper discusses a new find of a Krakow type Celtic stater. The coin was discovered accidental... more The paper discusses a new find of a Krakow type Celtic stater. The coin was discovered accidentally in the Opatów area (Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship). The specimen represents variant II: C/4 according to Marcin Rudnicki, although the weakly preserved motifs visible on the obverse show some differences compared to the reference variant. The reverse bears traces of die repair. A high content of silver indicates a relatively late chronological position of the Opatów find. The discussed coin is the twentieth known stater of the Krakow type.
Ze świata dawnych barbarzyńców. Studia pradziejowe i wczesnodziejowe (PDF). Andrzej Michałowski, Michał Brzostowicz, Maciej Kaczmarek, Anna Strobin (red.)., 2021
At the end of the 20th century, as the researchers became more convinced about the existence of t... more At the end of the 20th century, as the researchers became more convinced about the existence of the La Tène culture settlement zone in south-eastern Poland, there were more and more attempts at identifying the ethnicity of this population. Some of the researchers allowed for connecting the said settlement with the Anartophracti, known from Claudius Ptolemy' writings (Geography, III, 5, 8). However, in order to identify the La Tène culture population from south-eastern Poland with Ptolemy's Anartophracti, it is necessary to prove that Ptolemy's account concerned the peoples inhabiting the area of the upper San basin in the 3rd and possibly 2nd century B.C. It is thus necessary to prove that the geographical and chronological data are consistent. One more argument in support of the claim would be a proof that the name Anartophracti refers to a Celtic tribe. It would have to be also assumed a priori that the ethnonym of Anartophracti is not a duplicate of the name Anarti. In author’s opinion, Ptolemy's writings do not allow to prove that the Anartophracti he mentions lived at the areas on the upper San river: they could have rather lived to the east or north-east of the Carpathians. Ptolemy's account is not clear enough to locate the Anartophractis' settlements. The above list of the written sources seems to indicate that the chronology of all the information concerning the Anarti ranges between the end of the 1st half of the 1st c. B.C. and the late 240s A.D. There are no premises to link with the Anarti any settlement
Streszczenie: Stan i potrzeby badań nad militariami lateńskimi na ziemiach polskich – w stulecie ... more Streszczenie: Stan i potrzeby badań nad militariami lateńskimi na ziemiach polskich – w stulecie archeologii na UWW artykule omówiono pokrótce historię badań oręża lateńskiego na ziemiach polskich, jego występowanie w poszczególnych skupiskach kultury celtyckiej w dorzeczu Odry i Wisły oraz przedstawiono podstawy przemian typologiczno-chronologicznych poszczególnych kategorii uzbrojenia. Problematyka militariów lateńskich na ziemiach polskich obejmuje dwa kluczowe problemy: militaria związane z lokalnym osadnictwem kultury celtyckiej oraz wpływ kręgu celtyckiego na zróżnicowanie typologiczne i funkcjonalne uzbrojenia kultur zlatenizowanych. Uzbrojenie wojowników celtyckich z ziem polskich w zasadzie nie odbiega od wyposażenia ludności kultury lateńskiej z nieodległych terenów Czech, Moraw i Słowacji. Standardowy model wyposażenia grobowego, obejmujący miecz w pochwie, niejednokrotnie z pasem łańcuchowym, grot broni drzewcowej oraz okucia tarczy jest spotykany zarówno po północnej, j...
This article summarizes the state of research and current state of knowledge on settlement with L... more This article summarizes the state of research and current state of knowledge on settlement with La Tène characteristics in western Lesser Poland, supplementing the results of research conducted by the Nowa Huta Branch of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków with results of the research of Kraków Team for Archaeological Supervision of Motorway Construction, a general partnership formed by the Archaeological Museum in Kraków, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Jagiellonian University. Results of research conducted at site 2 in Modlniczka and site 17 in Podłęże supplement to a significant extent our knowledge on transformations of settlement with La Tène characteristics in western Lesser Poland over recent centuries BC. These results indicate that however in the discussed area we should recon with discontinuation of a part of settlements, there is no question of any settlement hiatus, although the La Tène D1 phase is poorly represented in archaeological materials. Despite a significant progress in research into the La Tène culture in Lesser Poland, numerous problems remain unsolved. One of crucial issues in our opinion is the assessment of influence of salt exploitation on the development of settlement. It can be assumed that the importance of salt evaporation in the last centuries BC remains highly underrated taking into account a very intense earlier and subsequent development of this branch of production.
TRACII ŞI VECINII LOR ÎN ANTICHITATE: ARHEOLOGIE ȘI ISTORIE / THE THRACIANS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS IN ANTIQUITY: ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY, 2020
The article presents bronze situlae, some of which have iron hoops with handles while others do n... more The article presents bronze situlae, some of which have iron hoops with handles while others do not. The iron hoops were placed around the necks of the situlae and their ends were riveted together, but they were not attached in any way to the bronze bodies of the vessels. This type of bronze vessel is considered to be an early Roman imports found in the Lower Danube region and in the northern Black Sea littoral. A series of situlae with iron hoops (or without any traces of suspension fixtures) was found in the assemblages of the Poieneşti-Lucăşeuca culture. Similar situlae are also known from the areas occupied by the Celts and by the Germans. In fact, these vessels were produced in the areas with vivid Celtic traditions but also clear Roman influences, namely, the new Roman provinces formed at the areas which had been occupied by the Celts. The finds from Gallia Narbonensis seems to confirm this hypothesis. It is generally accepted that they were utility vessels. In this author's opinion, thanks to the Celtic Vocontii serving in the auxilia, the Gallic household vessels may have arrived in the Pontic region as well as the Prut and Seret rivers' catchment area.
The British Vessel with an Enamelled Zoomorphic Spout from Łęg Piekarski – New Explications and H... more The British Vessel with an Enamelled Zoomorphic Spout from Łęg Piekarski – New Explications and Hypotheses
From the accidently discovered “grave I” from Łęg Piekarski (Turek County, Poland) comes a unique bronze bowl with a perforated wall and an enamelled, zoomorphic spout, which finds analogies among the Late Celtic vessels from the British Isles. A re-analysis, which took into account the increase in the reference material, made it possible to present a new interpretation of this unusual find, both in regard to its form and supposed use. The strainer and spout suggest that the vessel might have been used to prepare herbal infusions. We do not know if it was used in this manner in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture.
The ‘Celtic episode’ of the prehistoric Sanok region should be associated with a group of
colonis... more The ‘Celtic episode’ of the prehistoric Sanok region should be associated with a group of colonists from the south who, during phase LT C, used the local brine springs to produce salt and supply it to the population of the Upper Tisa River basin. For now, no finds definitely associated with phases LT B or LT D have been discovered in the region. The settlers probably relied on both agriculture and animal husbandry to sustain their communities. It seems unlikely they were able to produce any food surpluses, considering the unfavourable climate and poor soil conditions. When the expansion of Dacian tribes to the south of the Carpathians began to cause shifts in the political landscape and the trade routes’ network, the San River Valley cultural centre lost its economic significance and entered a period of decline. Presumably, some of the population may have migrated north into the more fertile lands, while others might have returned to the areas of their origin. According to the available data, there seems to be no clear continuity between the La Tène occupation and the oldest Przeworsk culture finds dated to the end of the early pre-Roman period.
Temples and Cult Places from the Second Iron Age in Europe. Proceedings of the 2nd International Colloquium “Iron Age Sanctuaries and Cult Places at the Thracians and their Neighbours” Alun (Romania), 7th-9th May 2019. Edited by Valeriu SÎRBU and Aurora PEȚAN, 2020
Il y a plusieurs cultures antiques où le rite funéraire reste
inconnu et les sépultures n’ont pas... more Il y a plusieurs cultures antiques où le rite funéraire reste inconnu et les sépultures n’ont pas pu être repérées jusqu’à nos jours. L’analyse des traces matérielles permet parfois de proposer quelques hypothèses à propos des schémas généraux qui arrangeaient le rite funéraire dominant sur les vastes territoires de l’Europe au IIème âge du Fer. Il semble que la crémation chez les Celtes comprenne un partage des cendres, dont une partie subirait une démarche différente, peut être liée à l’eau. On peut supposer que la disparition des tombes « terrestres », visible à partir de la phase LT C2 serait un effet d’amplification de cette démarche – le défunt serait rendu aux flammes et ensuite ses cendres seraient déposées dans l’eau. Les découvertes de Modlniczka en Pologne suggèrent que dans la phase ancienne, liée avec le groupe de Tyniec, très proche à la culture de la Tène, un dépôt partiel des cendres était conservée pendant des siècles dans un lieu accessible. Cette variation du rite funéraire peut être considérée comme un élément du culte des ancêtres ou des rites decommémoration, par ailleurs aussi attestés non seulement chez les porteurs de la culture de La Tène, mais aussi chez les peuples de la culture de Przeworsk.
Zubowice, pow. zamojski, stan. 1 – brązowa situla z grobu kultury przeworskiej świadectwem kontak... more Zubowice, pow. zamojski, stan. 1 – brązowa situla z grobu kultury przeworskiej świadectwem kontaktów wzdłuż tzw. " szlaku bastarneńskiego " ? Zubowice, Zamość district, site 1 – a bronze situla from the grave of the Przeworsk culture as evidence of contacts along the so-called " Bastarnae route " In the spring of 1975, a bronze vessel covered with a clay bowl, an example of Przeworsk culture crematory burial, was found north of the town of Zubowice. The burial also contained fragments of a K-type fibula (according to J. Kostrzewski's classification), three rivets resembling those of shield umbo, the shaft of the pole spear, and possibly the spearhead, which is missing. Bronze situla from Zubowice belongs to a group of hybrids combining the traditions of La Tène and Roman cultures. Such hybrids probably originated in the newly established Roman provinces. However, it cannot be ruled out that some of them were imitations made outside the Roman territories. It is possible that the Zubowice situla authenticates the influx of bronze vessels from the Romanised Celtic environment through the areas occupied by the Poieneşti-Lucăşeuca culture, associated with the ancient people of Bastarnae.
Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité, 2007
Résumé/Abstract La colonisation celtique en Pologne était caractérisé par des enclaves limitées i... more Résumé/Abstract La colonisation celtique en Pologne était caractérisé par des enclaves limitées instalées sur les terres les plus fertiles. Des habitats ont été découverts en Basse Silésie (Dolny Slask)(LT B1 à LT C1), sur le Plateau de Glubczyce (Wyzyna Głubczycka)( ...
E. Teleaga (Ed.), 2020, Späthallstattzeitliche Funeralkultur an der unteren Donau. Beiträge der Tagung Funeralkultur der Thraker und Skythen des 7. bis 5. Jhs. v.Chr. an der unteren Donau, 2020
Located in the vicinity of the most important ford over the Danube, in its lowest sector, along a... more Located in the vicinity of the most important ford over the Danube, in its lowest sector, along a road connecting the Northern steppes with the Western Black Sea Greek colonies, the archaeological site at Telița ‘Celic Dere’ (Tulcea County, Romania) advances the opportunity to investigate significant aspects of the transition between the late Hallstatt funerary customs to those of the second Iron Age, against a complex cultural background. Not only did the cemetery reveal a consistent and seemingly uninterrupted sequence of burials, spanning from the 6th to the middle 3rd century BC, which is rather uncommon for the Carpathian-Danube space, but the association with a neighboring and contemporaneous settlement opens the possibility to complete the ancient community picture in a meaningful way. Other issues to which the research of this site may contribute are: the early production of wheel-made grey pottery in the North-Thrace hinterland, the relations between first Greek colonists and communities in the neighboring territories, or the discussion regarding the relation between ‘Scythian-style’ artefacts and actual people movements or interactions.
Graves, Cenotaphs and Votive Deposits of Weapons in Europe - Bronze and Iron Ages (Eds. V. Sîrbu, C. Schuster, D. Hortopan), 2022
Arnold J. Toynbee, l'éminent historien des civilisations et historiosophe britannique a publié en... more Arnold J. Toynbee, l'éminent historien des civilisations et historiosophe britannique a publié en 1948 un volume d'essais Civilisation on Trial. Dans un texte Islam, the West, and the Future, il signalait un phénomène survenant comme une régularité dans l'histoire des sociétés influencées par les voisins plus modernes, plus forts économiquement et militairement. Dans l'esprit du raisonnement de A.J. Toynbee, on peut également interpréter le phénomène de la «laténisation» qui a eu lieu dans le bassin de la Vistule dans la phase La Tène C. Les armes déposées dans les tombes constituent des marqueurs des influences celtiques qui s’expriment de deux manières. La première est la présence des armes importées de la culture de La Tène. Les importations celtiques marquent les débuts des cultures de Przeworsk et plus tard, ce phénomène s’accentuera. La seconde plus discrète, mais aussi plus profonde et beaucoup plus durable, est la coutume de détruire et brûler les armes lors de la crémation et de les placer ensuite dans la tombe. La dynamique de la coutume de placer des armes dans les tombes indique qu’elle a d'abord été pratiquée par les précurseurs - et dans les générations suivantes elle s'est également étendue à des milieux plus conservateurs et a englobé des armes d'origine locale. Il est possible que les trois générations qui se sont écoulées entre les débuts connus de la culture de Przeworsk et l'introduction de la coutume de placer des épées à un seul tranchant et des céramiques aux caractéristiques archaïques dans les tombes soient le temps nécessaire pour que la tradition funéraire empruntée aux Celtes soit reconnue par les communautés les plus conservatrices de la culture de Przeworsk comme «indigène» et «traditionnelle», et donc appropriée.
The paper discusses a new find of a Krakow type Celtic stater. The coin was discovered accidental... more The paper discusses a new find of a Krakow type Celtic stater. The coin was discovered accidentally in the Opatów area (Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship). The specimen represents variant II: C/4 according to Marcin Rudnicki, although the weakly preserved motifs visible on the obverse show some differences compared to the reference variant. The reverse bears traces of die repair. A high content of silver indicates a relatively late chronological position of the Opatów find. The discussed coin is the twentieth known stater of the Krakow type.
Ze świata dawnych barbarzyńców. Studia pradziejowe i wczesnodziejowe (PDF). Andrzej Michałowski, Michał Brzostowicz, Maciej Kaczmarek, Anna Strobin (red.)., 2021
At the end of the 20th century, as the researchers became more convinced about the existence of t... more At the end of the 20th century, as the researchers became more convinced about the existence of the La Tène culture settlement zone in south-eastern Poland, there were more and more attempts at identifying the ethnicity of this population. Some of the researchers allowed for connecting the said settlement with the Anartophracti, known from Claudius Ptolemy' writings (Geography, III, 5, 8). However, in order to identify the La Tène culture population from south-eastern Poland with Ptolemy's Anartophracti, it is necessary to prove that Ptolemy's account concerned the peoples inhabiting the area of the upper San basin in the 3rd and possibly 2nd century B.C. It is thus necessary to prove that the geographical and chronological data are consistent. One more argument in support of the claim would be a proof that the name Anartophracti refers to a Celtic tribe. It would have to be also assumed a priori that the ethnonym of Anartophracti is not a duplicate of the name Anarti. In author’s opinion, Ptolemy's writings do not allow to prove that the Anartophracti he mentions lived at the areas on the upper San river: they could have rather lived to the east or north-east of the Carpathians. Ptolemy's account is not clear enough to locate the Anartophractis' settlements. The above list of the written sources seems to indicate that the chronology of all the information concerning the Anarti ranges between the end of the 1st half of the 1st c. B.C. and the late 240s A.D. There are no premises to link with the Anarti any settlement
Streszczenie: Stan i potrzeby badań nad militariami lateńskimi na ziemiach polskich – w stulecie ... more Streszczenie: Stan i potrzeby badań nad militariami lateńskimi na ziemiach polskich – w stulecie archeologii na UWW artykule omówiono pokrótce historię badań oręża lateńskiego na ziemiach polskich, jego występowanie w poszczególnych skupiskach kultury celtyckiej w dorzeczu Odry i Wisły oraz przedstawiono podstawy przemian typologiczno-chronologicznych poszczególnych kategorii uzbrojenia. Problematyka militariów lateńskich na ziemiach polskich obejmuje dwa kluczowe problemy: militaria związane z lokalnym osadnictwem kultury celtyckiej oraz wpływ kręgu celtyckiego na zróżnicowanie typologiczne i funkcjonalne uzbrojenia kultur zlatenizowanych. Uzbrojenie wojowników celtyckich z ziem polskich w zasadzie nie odbiega od wyposażenia ludności kultury lateńskiej z nieodległych terenów Czech, Moraw i Słowacji. Standardowy model wyposażenia grobowego, obejmujący miecz w pochwie, niejednokrotnie z pasem łańcuchowym, grot broni drzewcowej oraz okucia tarczy jest spotykany zarówno po północnej, j...
This article summarizes the state of research and current state of knowledge on settlement with L... more This article summarizes the state of research and current state of knowledge on settlement with La Tène characteristics in western Lesser Poland, supplementing the results of research conducted by the Nowa Huta Branch of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków with results of the research of Kraków Team for Archaeological Supervision of Motorway Construction, a general partnership formed by the Archaeological Museum in Kraków, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Jagiellonian University. Results of research conducted at site 2 in Modlniczka and site 17 in Podłęże supplement to a significant extent our knowledge on transformations of settlement with La Tène characteristics in western Lesser Poland over recent centuries BC. These results indicate that however in the discussed area we should recon with discontinuation of a part of settlements, there is no question of any settlement hiatus, although the La Tène D1 phase is poorly represented in archaeological materials. Despite a significant progress in research into the La Tène culture in Lesser Poland, numerous problems remain unsolved. One of crucial issues in our opinion is the assessment of influence of salt exploitation on the development of settlement. It can be assumed that the importance of salt evaporation in the last centuries BC remains highly underrated taking into account a very intense earlier and subsequent development of this branch of production.
TRACII ŞI VECINII LOR ÎN ANTICHITATE: ARHEOLOGIE ȘI ISTORIE / THE THRACIANS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS IN ANTIQUITY: ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY, 2020
The article presents bronze situlae, some of which have iron hoops with handles while others do n... more The article presents bronze situlae, some of which have iron hoops with handles while others do not. The iron hoops were placed around the necks of the situlae and their ends were riveted together, but they were not attached in any way to the bronze bodies of the vessels. This type of bronze vessel is considered to be an early Roman imports found in the Lower Danube region and in the northern Black Sea littoral. A series of situlae with iron hoops (or without any traces of suspension fixtures) was found in the assemblages of the Poieneşti-Lucăşeuca culture. Similar situlae are also known from the areas occupied by the Celts and by the Germans. In fact, these vessels were produced in the areas with vivid Celtic traditions but also clear Roman influences, namely, the new Roman provinces formed at the areas which had been occupied by the Celts. The finds from Gallia Narbonensis seems to confirm this hypothesis. It is generally accepted that they were utility vessels. In this author's opinion, thanks to the Celtic Vocontii serving in the auxilia, the Gallic household vessels may have arrived in the Pontic region as well as the Prut and Seret rivers' catchment area.
The British Vessel with an Enamelled Zoomorphic Spout from Łęg Piekarski – New Explications and H... more The British Vessel with an Enamelled Zoomorphic Spout from Łęg Piekarski – New Explications and Hypotheses
From the accidently discovered “grave I” from Łęg Piekarski (Turek County, Poland) comes a unique bronze bowl with a perforated wall and an enamelled, zoomorphic spout, which finds analogies among the Late Celtic vessels from the British Isles. A re-analysis, which took into account the increase in the reference material, made it possible to present a new interpretation of this unusual find, both in regard to its form and supposed use. The strainer and spout suggest that the vessel might have been used to prepare herbal infusions. We do not know if it was used in this manner in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture.
The ‘Celtic episode’ of the prehistoric Sanok region should be associated with a group of
colonis... more The ‘Celtic episode’ of the prehistoric Sanok region should be associated with a group of colonists from the south who, during phase LT C, used the local brine springs to produce salt and supply it to the population of the Upper Tisa River basin. For now, no finds definitely associated with phases LT B or LT D have been discovered in the region. The settlers probably relied on both agriculture and animal husbandry to sustain their communities. It seems unlikely they were able to produce any food surpluses, considering the unfavourable climate and poor soil conditions. When the expansion of Dacian tribes to the south of the Carpathians began to cause shifts in the political landscape and the trade routes’ network, the San River Valley cultural centre lost its economic significance and entered a period of decline. Presumably, some of the population may have migrated north into the more fertile lands, while others might have returned to the areas of their origin. According to the available data, there seems to be no clear continuity between the La Tène occupation and the oldest Przeworsk culture finds dated to the end of the early pre-Roman period.
Temples and Cult Places from the Second Iron Age in Europe. Proceedings of the 2nd International Colloquium “Iron Age Sanctuaries and Cult Places at the Thracians and their Neighbours” Alun (Romania), 7th-9th May 2019. Edited by Valeriu SÎRBU and Aurora PEȚAN, 2020
Il y a plusieurs cultures antiques où le rite funéraire reste
inconnu et les sépultures n’ont pas... more Il y a plusieurs cultures antiques où le rite funéraire reste inconnu et les sépultures n’ont pas pu être repérées jusqu’à nos jours. L’analyse des traces matérielles permet parfois de proposer quelques hypothèses à propos des schémas généraux qui arrangeaient le rite funéraire dominant sur les vastes territoires de l’Europe au IIème âge du Fer. Il semble que la crémation chez les Celtes comprenne un partage des cendres, dont une partie subirait une démarche différente, peut être liée à l’eau. On peut supposer que la disparition des tombes « terrestres », visible à partir de la phase LT C2 serait un effet d’amplification de cette démarche – le défunt serait rendu aux flammes et ensuite ses cendres seraient déposées dans l’eau. Les découvertes de Modlniczka en Pologne suggèrent que dans la phase ancienne, liée avec le groupe de Tyniec, très proche à la culture de la Tène, un dépôt partiel des cendres était conservée pendant des siècles dans un lieu accessible. Cette variation du rite funéraire peut être considérée comme un élément du culte des ancêtres ou des rites decommémoration, par ailleurs aussi attestés non seulement chez les porteurs de la culture de La Tène, mais aussi chez les peuples de la culture de Przeworsk.
Zubowice, pow. zamojski, stan. 1 – brązowa situla z grobu kultury przeworskiej świadectwem kontak... more Zubowice, pow. zamojski, stan. 1 – brązowa situla z grobu kultury przeworskiej świadectwem kontaktów wzdłuż tzw. " szlaku bastarneńskiego " ? Zubowice, Zamość district, site 1 – a bronze situla from the grave of the Przeworsk culture as evidence of contacts along the so-called " Bastarnae route " In the spring of 1975, a bronze vessel covered with a clay bowl, an example of Przeworsk culture crematory burial, was found north of the town of Zubowice. The burial also contained fragments of a K-type fibula (according to J. Kostrzewski's classification), three rivets resembling those of shield umbo, the shaft of the pole spear, and possibly the spearhead, which is missing. Bronze situla from Zubowice belongs to a group of hybrids combining the traditions of La Tène and Roman cultures. Such hybrids probably originated in the newly established Roman provinces. However, it cannot be ruled out that some of them were imitations made outside the Roman territories. It is possible that the Zubowice situla authenticates the influx of bronze vessels from the Romanised Celtic environment through the areas occupied by the Poieneşti-Lucăşeuca culture, associated with the ancient people of Bastarnae.
Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité, 2007
Résumé/Abstract La colonisation celtique en Pologne était caractérisé par des enclaves limitées i... more Résumé/Abstract La colonisation celtique en Pologne était caractérisé par des enclaves limitées instalées sur les terres les plus fertiles. Des habitats ont été découverts en Basse Silésie (Dolny Slask)(LT B1 à LT C1), sur le Plateau de Glubczyce (Wyzyna Głubczycka)( ...
E. Teleaga (Ed.), 2020, Späthallstattzeitliche Funeralkultur an der unteren Donau. Beiträge der Tagung Funeralkultur der Thraker und Skythen des 7. bis 5. Jhs. v.Chr. an der unteren Donau, 2020
Located in the vicinity of the most important ford over the Danube, in its lowest sector, along a... more Located in the vicinity of the most important ford over the Danube, in its lowest sector, along a road connecting the Northern steppes with the Western Black Sea Greek colonies, the archaeological site at Telița ‘Celic Dere’ (Tulcea County, Romania) advances the opportunity to investigate significant aspects of the transition between the late Hallstatt funerary customs to those of the second Iron Age, against a complex cultural background. Not only did the cemetery reveal a consistent and seemingly uninterrupted sequence of burials, spanning from the 6th to the middle 3rd century BC, which is rather uncommon for the Carpathian-Danube space, but the association with a neighboring and contemporaneous settlement opens the possibility to complete the ancient community picture in a meaningful way. Other issues to which the research of this site may contribute are: the early production of wheel-made grey pottery in the North-Thrace hinterland, the relations between first Greek colonists and communities in the neighboring territories, or the discussion regarding the relation between ‘Scythian-style’ artefacts and actual people movements or interactions.
Les donnees consignees dans ce referentiel font l'objet d'une sytnhese dans le rapport an... more Les donnees consignees dans ce referentiel font l'objet d'une sytnhese dans le rapport annuel 2012 du programme de recherche sur le Mont Beuvray sous la direction scientifique de Bibracte (Vincent Guichard, directeur scientifique).
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Papers by Tomasz Bochnak
La première est la présence des armes importées de la culture de La Tène. Les importations celtiques marquent les débuts des cultures de Przeworsk et plus tard, ce phénomène s’accentuera.
La seconde plus discrète, mais aussi plus profonde et beaucoup plus durable, est la coutume de détruire et brûler les armes lors de la crémation et de les placer ensuite dans la tombe. La dynamique de la coutume de placer des armes dans les tombes indique qu’elle a d'abord été pratiquée par les précurseurs - et dans les générations suivantes elle s'est également étendue à des milieux plus conservateurs et a englobé des armes d'origine locale. Il est possible que les trois générations qui se sont écoulées entre les débuts connus de la culture de Przeworsk et l'introduction de la coutume de placer des épées à un seul tranchant et des céramiques aux caractéristiques archaïques dans les tombes soient le temps nécessaire pour que la tradition funéraire empruntée aux Celtes soit reconnue par les communautés les plus conservatrices de la culture de Przeworsk comme «indigène» et «traditionnelle», et donc appropriée.
However, in order to identify the La Tène culture population from south-eastern Poland with Ptolemy's Anartophracti, it is necessary to prove that Ptolemy's account concerned the peoples inhabiting the area of the upper San basin in the 3rd and possibly 2nd century B.C. It is thus necessary to prove that the geographical and chronological data are consistent. One more argument in support of the claim would be a proof that the name Anartophracti refers to a Celtic tribe. It would have to be also assumed a priori that the ethnonym of Anartophracti is not a duplicate of the name Anarti.
In author’s opinion, Ptolemy's writings do not allow to prove that the Anartophracti he mentions lived at the areas on the upper San river: they could have rather lived to the east or north-east of the Carpathians. Ptolemy's account is not clear enough to locate the Anartophractis' settlements. The above list of the written sources seems to indicate that the chronology of all the information concerning the Anarti ranges between the end of the 1st half of the 1st c. B.C. and the late 240s A.D. There are no premises to link with the Anarti any settlement
From the accidently discovered “grave I” from Łęg Piekarski (Turek County, Poland) comes a unique bronze bowl with a perforated wall and an enamelled, zoomorphic spout, which finds analogies among the Late Celtic vessels from the British Isles. A re-analysis, which took into account the increase in the reference material, made it possible to present a new interpretation of this unusual find, both in regard to its form and supposed use. The strainer and spout suggest that the vessel might have been used to prepare herbal infusions. We do not know if it was used in this manner in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture.
colonists from the south who, during phase LT C, used the local brine springs to produce salt and
supply it to the population of the Upper Tisa River basin. For now, no finds definitely associated
with phases LT B or LT D have been discovered in the region. The settlers probably relied on
both agriculture and animal husbandry to sustain their communities. It seems unlikely they were
able to produce any food surpluses, considering the unfavourable climate and poor soil conditions.
When the expansion of Dacian tribes to the south of the Carpathians began to cause shifts in the
political landscape and the trade routes’ network, the San River Valley cultural centre lost its
economic significance and entered a period of decline. Presumably, some of the population may have
migrated north into the more fertile lands, while others might have returned to the areas of their
origin. According to the available data, there seems to be no clear continuity between the La Tène
occupation and the oldest Przeworsk culture finds dated to the end of the early pre-Roman period.
inconnu et les sépultures n’ont pas pu être repérées jusqu’à nos jours. L’analyse des traces matérielles permet parfois de proposer quelques hypothèses à propos
des schémas généraux qui arrangeaient le rite funéraire dominant sur les vastes territoires de l’Europe au IIème âge du Fer. Il semble que la crémation chez les Celtes comprenne un partage des cendres, dont une partie subirait une démarche différente, peut être liée à l’eau. On peut supposer que la disparition des tombes « terrestres », visible à partir de la phase LT C2 serait un effet d’amplification de cette démarche – le défunt serait rendu aux flammes et ensuite ses cendres seraient déposées dans l’eau. Les découvertes de Modlniczka en Pologne suggèrent que dans la phase ancienne, liée avec le groupe de Tyniec, très proche à la culture de la Tène, un dépôt partiel des cendres était conservée pendant des
siècles dans un lieu accessible. Cette variation du rite funéraire peut être considérée comme un élément du culte des ancêtres ou des rites decommémoration, par ailleurs aussi attestés non seulement chez les porteurs de la culture de La Tène, mais aussi chez les peuples de la culture de Przeworsk.
La première est la présence des armes importées de la culture de La Tène. Les importations celtiques marquent les débuts des cultures de Przeworsk et plus tard, ce phénomène s’accentuera.
La seconde plus discrète, mais aussi plus profonde et beaucoup plus durable, est la coutume de détruire et brûler les armes lors de la crémation et de les placer ensuite dans la tombe. La dynamique de la coutume de placer des armes dans les tombes indique qu’elle a d'abord été pratiquée par les précurseurs - et dans les générations suivantes elle s'est également étendue à des milieux plus conservateurs et a englobé des armes d'origine locale. Il est possible que les trois générations qui se sont écoulées entre les débuts connus de la culture de Przeworsk et l'introduction de la coutume de placer des épées à un seul tranchant et des céramiques aux caractéristiques archaïques dans les tombes soient le temps nécessaire pour que la tradition funéraire empruntée aux Celtes soit reconnue par les communautés les plus conservatrices de la culture de Przeworsk comme «indigène» et «traditionnelle», et donc appropriée.
However, in order to identify the La Tène culture population from south-eastern Poland with Ptolemy's Anartophracti, it is necessary to prove that Ptolemy's account concerned the peoples inhabiting the area of the upper San basin in the 3rd and possibly 2nd century B.C. It is thus necessary to prove that the geographical and chronological data are consistent. One more argument in support of the claim would be a proof that the name Anartophracti refers to a Celtic tribe. It would have to be also assumed a priori that the ethnonym of Anartophracti is not a duplicate of the name Anarti.
In author’s opinion, Ptolemy's writings do not allow to prove that the Anartophracti he mentions lived at the areas on the upper San river: they could have rather lived to the east or north-east of the Carpathians. Ptolemy's account is not clear enough to locate the Anartophractis' settlements. The above list of the written sources seems to indicate that the chronology of all the information concerning the Anarti ranges between the end of the 1st half of the 1st c. B.C. and the late 240s A.D. There are no premises to link with the Anarti any settlement
From the accidently discovered “grave I” from Łęg Piekarski (Turek County, Poland) comes a unique bronze bowl with a perforated wall and an enamelled, zoomorphic spout, which finds analogies among the Late Celtic vessels from the British Isles. A re-analysis, which took into account the increase in the reference material, made it possible to present a new interpretation of this unusual find, both in regard to its form and supposed use. The strainer and spout suggest that the vessel might have been used to prepare herbal infusions. We do not know if it was used in this manner in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture.
colonists from the south who, during phase LT C, used the local brine springs to produce salt and
supply it to the population of the Upper Tisa River basin. For now, no finds definitely associated
with phases LT B or LT D have been discovered in the region. The settlers probably relied on
both agriculture and animal husbandry to sustain their communities. It seems unlikely they were
able to produce any food surpluses, considering the unfavourable climate and poor soil conditions.
When the expansion of Dacian tribes to the south of the Carpathians began to cause shifts in the
political landscape and the trade routes’ network, the San River Valley cultural centre lost its
economic significance and entered a period of decline. Presumably, some of the population may have
migrated north into the more fertile lands, while others might have returned to the areas of their
origin. According to the available data, there seems to be no clear continuity between the La Tène
occupation and the oldest Przeworsk culture finds dated to the end of the early pre-Roman period.
inconnu et les sépultures n’ont pas pu être repérées jusqu’à nos jours. L’analyse des traces matérielles permet parfois de proposer quelques hypothèses à propos
des schémas généraux qui arrangeaient le rite funéraire dominant sur les vastes territoires de l’Europe au IIème âge du Fer. Il semble que la crémation chez les Celtes comprenne un partage des cendres, dont une partie subirait une démarche différente, peut être liée à l’eau. On peut supposer que la disparition des tombes « terrestres », visible à partir de la phase LT C2 serait un effet d’amplification de cette démarche – le défunt serait rendu aux flammes et ensuite ses cendres seraient déposées dans l’eau. Les découvertes de Modlniczka en Pologne suggèrent que dans la phase ancienne, liée avec le groupe de Tyniec, très proche à la culture de la Tène, un dépôt partiel des cendres était conservée pendant des
siècles dans un lieu accessible. Cette variation du rite funéraire peut être considérée comme un élément du culte des ancêtres ou des rites decommémoration, par ailleurs aussi attestés non seulement chez les porteurs de la culture de La Tène, mais aussi chez les peuples de la culture de Przeworsk.
Plates here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Gx_C_Z5rWAI8-hqBizZL_j6x1-D7w6SO/view?usp=sharing
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