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Abstract The deposit of 134 metal socketed arrowheads from the Late Bronze Age settlement in Wroclaw-Widawa in SW Poland was subject of multi-faceted analyses. The composition and structure of the metal (XRF, SEM, EDS) was examined in... more
Abstract The deposit of 134 metal socketed arrowheads from the Late Bronze Age settlement in Wroclaw-Widawa in SW Poland was subject of multi-faceted analyses. The composition and structure of the metal (XRF, SEM, EDS) was examined in samples from 15 objects, while the whole collection underwent macro- and micro-observations of production traces and use-wear. The bulk metal XRF analyses demonstrated that the arrowheads were made of tin bronze (Sn 3.0–11.6% wt). In terms of composition and structure, the samples represented four basic structural types: (1) homogeneous, (2) diffuse dendritic with two phases, (3) well-defined cored dendritic with phases, but with subordinate volume of eutectoid tin-rich phase and (4) well-defined cored dendritic with three phases with significant volume of eutectoid tin-rich phase. The dendritic structure of the metal in the sockets is crystallographically driven while in the cutting edges it is recrystallized, homogenised or plastically deformed. The manufacturing process of such a vast and homogenous collection required efficient casting methods, as well as skilled metalworker(s). The current dating methods do not allow to precisely state if the deposit represents one casting event or was collected over weeks or decades. The traces on the arrowheads included production traces (casting seams, casting jets), casting defects (sprue remnants and openings in the sockets), inward bending of the socket (probably due to core stabilization while casting) impact on the tips and barbs. The cast arrowheads were worked to obtain the desired shape and edge qualities: the sockets and the heads were ground, while the edges were hammered and sharpened. The arrowheads bear traces of being prepared for further use: they were hammered, ground and sharpened. Fractured or bent tips and bent barbs indicate that most of them were collected after use, removed from their shafts and deposited in a ceramic container within the settlement site.
This research was conducted on historical copper slags from Leszczyna and Kondratów in Lower Silesia, Poland. The area, formerly known as the Old Copper Basin, was a mining and smelting centre between the 18th and 20th centuries, with a... more
This research was conducted on historical copper slags from Leszczyna and Kondratów in Lower Silesia, Poland. The area, formerly known as the Old Copper Basin, was a mining and smelting centre between the 18th and 20th centuries, with a dominant period in the 19th century. Cu-carbonates and residual chalcocite dominate local strata-bound copper deposits. Ore bodies are restricted to carbonate strata. A geochemical and mineralogical study of slag samples from four research sites allowed us to establish that a low amount of sulphur in slags results from S-poor ores, and pyrite with gypsum was implemented as reducing agents. Arkose sandstones served as a flux. During smelting, oxygen availability was limited, and temperature exceeded 1200 °C (18th- and 19th-century smelting) and 1400 °C (20th-century smelting). Calculated viscosity indexes mark the low efficiency of metal separation between the silicate and metallic phases. The skeletal and dendritic form of the crystals proved that sl...
Although studies of production traces and use-wear in copper and bronze artefacts have been conducted already for a few decades, the influence of the conservation on these items did not receive much scholarly attention. It seems quite... more
Although studies of production traces and use-wear in copper and bronze artefacts have been conducted already for a few decades, the influence of the conservation on these items did not receive much scholarly attention. It seems quite surprising, as traceological analyses focus most often on conserved artefacts from museum collections. In the following article, the authors examine the impact the conservation has on traces of production and use-wear in bronze artefacts coming from three Bronze Age hoards: Karmin IV, Paszowice and Lubnowy Wielkie. All deposits have been analysed both before and after the conservation. Our results show that traces of production and use-wear might either become highlighted or fade in the conservation process. Thus, we should be extremely cautious when examining copper and bronze artefacts for the presence of these traces. The problem is especially critical for items which were not examined directly after the discovery but come from the already conserved museum collections.
The inventory of metal objects from the Marcinowice hoard is an excellent basis for research using various analytical methods. The article presents the results of macro and microscopic observations made with the use of the traseology... more
The inventory of metal objects from the Marcinowice hoard is an excellent basis for research using various analytical methods. The article presents the results of macro and microscopic observations made with the use of the traseology method. Thanks to the use of this method, traces related to manufacturing and use-wear of metal objects from the early Bronze Age were recorded. It has been established that all weaponry artefacts, except for the axe fragment, show signs of use in prehistory. In the case of the collection of neckrings, many traces of plastic working and the production of these items from semi-raw material in the form of long bars were recorded. The obtained observations contribute to the presentation of the issues of production and use of metal objects from the early Bronze Age, as well as to the extension of the database of traces recorded on artefacts from this section of prehistory.
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A Late Bronze Age hoard from Karmin, Poland, contained 16 socketed axes, half of which were made of copper. The copper axes represent the same local type as the bronze objects and bear the same traces of manufacturing and use. The authors... more
A Late Bronze Age hoard from Karmin, Poland, contained 16 socketed axes, half of which were made of copper. The copper axes represent the same local type as the bronze objects and bear the same traces of manufacturing and use. The authors argue that the move to copper was a response to unexpected difficulties in the tin supply.
The deposit of 134 metal socketed arrowheads from the Late Bronze Age settlement in Wrocław-Widawa in SW Poland was subject of multi-faceted analyses. The composition and structure of the metal (XRF, SEM, EDS) was examined in samples from... more
The deposit of 134 metal socketed arrowheads from the Late Bronze Age settlement in Wrocław-Widawa in SW Poland was subject of multi-faceted analyses. The composition and structure of the metal (XRF, SEM, EDS) was examined in samples from 15 objects, while the whole collection underwent macro-and micro-observations of production traces and use-wear. The bulk metal XRF analyses demonstrated that the arrowheads were made of tin bronze (Sn 3.0-11.6% wt). In terms of composition and structure, the samples represented four basic structural types: (1) homogeneous, (2) diffuse dendritic with two phases, (3) well-defined cored dendritic with phases, but with subordinate volume of eutectoid tin-rich phase and (4) well-defined cored dendritic with three phases with significant volume of eutectoid tin-rich phase. The dendritic structure of the metal in the sockets is crystallographically driven while in the cutting edges it is recrystallized, homogenised or plastically deformed. The manufacturing process of such a vast and homogenous collection required efficient casting methods, as well as skilled metalworker(s). The current dating methods do not allow to precisely state if the deposit represents one casting event or was collected over weeks or decades. The traces on the arrowheads included production traces (casting seams, casting jets), casting defects (sprue remnants and openings in the sockets), inward bending of the socket (probably due to core stabilization while casting) impact on the tips and barbs. The cast arrowheads were worked to obtain the desired shape and edge qualities: the sockets and the heads were ground, while the edges were hammered and sharpened. The arrowheads bear traces of being prepared for further use: they were hammered, ground and sharpened. Fractured or bent tips and bent barbs indicate that most of them were collected after use, removed from their shafts and deposited in a ceramic container within the settlement site.
Although studies of production traces and use-wear in copper and bronze artefacts have been conducted already for a few decades, the influence of the conservation on these items did not receive much scholarly attention. It seems quite... more
Although studies of production traces and use-wear in copper and bronze artefacts have been conducted already for a few decades, the influence of the conservation on these items did not receive much scholarly attention. It seems quite surprising, as traceological analyses focus most often on conserved artefacts from museum collections. In the following article, the authors examine the impact the conservation has on traces of production and use-wear in bronze artefacts coming from three Bronze Age hoards: Karmin IV, Paszowice and Lubnowy Wielkie. All deposits have been analysed both before and after the conservation. Our results show that traces of production and use-wear might either become highlighted or fade in the conservation process. Thus, we should be extremely cautious when examining copper and bronze artefacts for the presence of these traces. The problem is especially critical for items which were not examined directly after the discovery but come from the already conserved museum collections.
Three metal sickles from the late Bronze Age (ca. 1000/900-750 BC, HB1-HB3 period) scrap deposit (34 objects, 3443 g in total) from Paszowice in SW Poland were sampled to analyse their chemical composition and metal structure. They are... more
Three metal sickles from the late Bronze Age (ca. 1000/900-750 BC, HB1-HB3 period) scrap deposit (34 objects, 3443 g in total) from Paszowice in SW Poland were sampled to analyse their chemical composition and metal structure. They are made of low-tin bronze (Sn 2.6-4 wt. %) and such property is usually interpreted as making them more malleable, flexible and easy to sharpen. One of the sickles bears no macroscopic traces of processing after the casting and its dendritic structure also indicates that the molten metal was cooled without any deformation. The metal structure reorganisation due to hammering is well visible in SEM images and suggests that the two other sickles were subject to treatment after heating. The traces of that kind of treatment are not visible in the macroscopic study. We show, therefore, that a precise identification of manufacturing techniques is impossible by macroscopic surface observations only.
Abstract: The article is an attempt to addition issues related to experimental casting production and to disambiguate some of the concepts used in the descriptions of this process. It is based on observations of activities related to the... more
Abstract: The article is an attempt to addition issues related to experimental casting production and to disambiguate some of the concepts used in the descriptions of this process. It is based on observations of activities related to the preparation of a casting place and bronze casting in bivalve clay moulds. The experiments carried out tried to reproduce as faithfully as possible the devices used in the casting workshop in the Bronze Age. On the basis of archaeological data, the casting furnace was reconstructed. Thanks to the results of petrographic research of the original casting moulds, moulds of similar composition of the ceramic mass were made. Moulds used in the experiments were used to produce sickles and socketed axes. The production of casting moulds – the tools used for this purpose (bronze and lead models) and the activities (stamping, grinding) were described
in detail. Conducting experimental casts in bivalve clay casting moulds allowed to observation of production marks on the moulds surface. Documented burns on negatives surface are analogous to those preserved on original objects. Thanks to the multiple use of casting moulds, it is possible to determine their strength, as well as to compare the obtained products (casts) with the negative. Obtained results confirm the possibility of multiple use of bivalve clay moulds.
System trzech epok, opracowany przez duńskiego muzealnika Christiana Jürgensena Thomsena, wskazuje na wagę w historii człowieka trzech surowców: kamienia, brązu i żelaza. Takie zaszeregowanie żelaza (i stali) nadal powszechnie... more
System trzech epok, opracowany przez duńskiego muzealnika Christiana Jürgensena Thomsena, wskazuje na wagę w historii człowieka trzech surowców: kamienia, brązu i żelaza. Takie zaszeregowanie żelaza (i stali) nadal powszechnie wykorzystywanego w różnych dziedzinach życia oraz surowców skalnych, z których wytwarzano pierwsze narzędzia nie budzi zapewne wątpliwości przeciętnego czytelnika. Ale dlaczego tak ważny był brąz? To surowiec współcześnie stosowany głównie w sztuce. Czym epoka brązu różniła się od innych? W jaki sposób człowiek użytkował przedmioty brązowe i, co jest równie ważne, jak były one wyłączane z obiegu? Odpowiedzi na te pytania częściowo możliwe są dzięki badaniom nad skarbami przedmiotów metalowych.-na przykład gdy z pomocą siekierki brązowej zabito członka rodziny-mogły zostać przeto-pione i niejako narodzić się na nowo. Procesy pozyskiwania metalu i wykonywania z niego różnych artefaktów łączą w sobie wszystkie żywioły. Zwraca się również uwagę, że ciepły, złotawy kolor brązu kojarzony był ze słońcem, co wśród rolniczych społeczności epoki brą-zu również wiązać mogło się z jego wysoką waloryzacją. Paradoksalnie-jak wskazują badania eksperymentalne-ten nowy surowiec nie pozwalał na wykonanie narzędzi bardziej wydajnych niż znane wcześniej kamienne to-pory, krzemienne siekierki i sierpy. Również asortyment przedmiotów odlewanych z brązu sugeruje, że jego właściwości techniczne nie były dla społeczności pradziejowych najważniejsze.
The Kłodzko valley in the Sudety Mountains is usually considered in archaeological papers not as a settlement but communication zone. Few known locations and even fewer settlement remains seem to support this view covering not only the... more
The Kłodzko valley in the Sudety Mountains is usually considered in archaeological papers not as a settlement but communication zone. Few known locations and even fewer settlement remains seem to support this view covering not only the Bronze Age but prehistory in general. This results in relatively poor state of research on the prehistory in this region comparing to other parts of south-western Poland.
The fact that only Stone Age and late medieval locations prevail in the archaeological landscape of the Kłodzko valley indicates not a settlement hiatus but insufficient research. The hypothesis we want to verify assumes the Kłodzko valley was not an empty communication
zone connecting both sides of the Sudety mountains but a stable settlement region with its own original cultural and settlement properties. The methods covered archive queries, surface survey and geophysical prospection which became a starting point for opening trenches at selected locations. After promising results of surface survey
and geomagnetic prospection, the excavations were performed at the site of Ruszowice near Kłodzko in SW Poland. Archaeological investigation was initiated in 2014 and they are continued. The relative
dating (artefactual chronology) of the older settlement phase was determined for the early stages of the Urnfield culture, which may have started in ca. 1200 BC, however the results of the absolute
dating are not available yet. The presented article discusses also the issues of the state of research on settlement and cultural situation in prehistory in the Kłodzko Valley, as well as prospects for research on this interesting region.
Mgr Kamil Nowak i dr Dawid Sych mają przyjemność zaprosić Państwa na sesję Badania eksperymentalne i analizy traseologiczne w archeologii. Sesja związana jest z teorią archeologii doświadczalnej oraz wynikami badań eksperymentalnych i... more
Mgr Kamil Nowak i dr Dawid Sych mają przyjemność zaprosić Państwa na sesję Badania eksperymentalne i analizy traseologiczne w archeologii. Sesja związana jest z teorią archeologii doświadczalnej oraz wynikami badań eksperymentalnych i rezultatami związanych z nimianaliz traseologicznych. Do zaprezentowania efektów przeprowadzanych eksperymentów zapraszamy wszystkich badaczy zainteresowanych szeroko pojętą rekonstrukcją technik wytwórczych i sposobów użytkowania poszczególnych artefaktów, badaniem mikrośladów oraz ich interpretacją. Mamy nadzieję, że to spotkanie pozwoli nam nie tylko zapoznać się z realizowanymi przez uczestników projektami, ale będzie także przyczynkiem do szerszej dyskusji, która zaowocuje nowymi, wartościowymi przedsięwzięciami. Zgłoszenia przyjmowane są do końca kwietnia! Szczegółowe informacje pod adresem: http://ssyma2017.archeo.uni.wroc.pl/pl/index.php
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The article presents the results of the archaeologicial investigation of walls discovered over 120 years ago on the Ptasznik Mountain (Eastern Sudety Mountains). The aim of fieldwork was to provide information on size of the walls, its... more
The article presents the results of the archaeologicial investigation of walls discovered over 120 years ago on the Ptasznik Mountain  (Eastern Sudety Mountains). The aim of fieldwork was to provide information on size of the walls, its construction and chronology. The research included both surface survey and the excavations.
The book Czernikowice. Cemeteries from the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age is a publication of archaeological findings from two sites in Lower Silesia called Czernikowice 2 and Czernikowice 4 developed and publlished in 2019-2020 thanks to... more
The book Czernikowice. Cemeteries from the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age is a publication of archaeological findings from two sites in Lower Silesia called Czernikowice 2 and Czernikowice 4 developed and publlished in 2019-2020 thanks to the project from the Ministry of the Culture and National Haritage.
The volume presents results of two-year project : multi-aspect analysis of four late Bronze Age deposits placed in ceramic vessels and containing metal tools, weapons and ornaments. The linear arrangement of the hoards is extraordinary... more
The volume presents results of two-year project : multi-aspect analysis of four late Bronze Age deposits placed in ceramic vessels and containing metal tools, weapons and ornaments. The linear arrangement of the hoards is extraordinary and the landscape studies in the deposit area indicate that they were related to the place of forcing the wide Barycz Valley, marked and narrative route towards its narrowing. All are of similar chronology, that is HaB2-3 – Montelius V – 950-800/750 BC.
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EAA 2023 Belfast, SESSION 324
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If your research interests are: - hoards from the Bronze and Iron Ages; - additionally, by analyzing them, you use a multidisciplinary approach; - especially if you propose the use of methods that were previously not used in research of... more
If your research interests are:
- hoards from the Bronze and Iron Ages;
- additionally, by analyzing them, you use a multidisciplinary approach;
- especially if you propose the use of methods that were previously not used in research of hoard finds;
- and/or would like to propose a new theoretical approach to interpretation phenomenon of mass deposition of valuables.
We would like to invite you to participate in our session and we hope that it will be very scientifically inspiring.
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Of all historical periods of Europe, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age were the time during which thousands of hoards were found, and the most complex depositional phenomena can be observed in the archaeological record. It is no wonder that... more
Of all historical periods of Europe, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age were the time during which thousands of hoards were found, and the most complex depositional phenomena can be observed in the archaeological record. It is no wonder that the research of these two eras produced fundamental works on the topic of hoards from the point of theory, practice and methodology. The several new results from the past decades indicates to us that we have come to a new turning point in respect to the means of investigating and interpreting this very phenomenon. They are based both on new theoretical proposals, as well as on an increasingly broad range of data, describing the context of the deposition act. Other approaches focus on the elements of hoards, i.e. selected artefacts, which are being studied in some cases literally at 'microscopic' levels. Particularly important are the new methods used in hoards research, which include such diverse procedures as: research on their specificity in the landscape, network analysis of hoarding patterns, metallurgical studies, microscopic analysis of use-wear traces and destruction of metal objects, archaeometric analyses of arti- and ecofact accompanying metals and many others. Their use allows us to broaden the discussions that have been going on for over a hundred years about the reasons for depositing valuables, their importance in prehistoric cultures, and through better understanding of prehistoric communities though Europe. Both the development of archaeology and the significant growth of the number of newly discovered metal artefacts leads one to considerations over the appropriate means for conducting research on these enigmatic finds.
If your research interests are:
- hoards from the Bronze and Iron Ages;
- additionally, by analyzing them, you use a multidisciplinary approach;
- especially if you propose the use of methods that were previously not used in research of hoard finds;
- and/or would like to propose a new theoretical approach to interpretation phenomenon of mass deposition of valuables.
We would like to invite you to participate in our session and we hope that it will be very scientifically inspiring.
Research Interests:
After the successful meetings in Hradec Králové (2015) and Nürnberg (2017) we would like to invite you to Wrocław. We invite scholars to present results of their studies on Early Iron Age of Central Europe, with the particular focus on... more
After the successful meetings in Hradec Králové (2015) and Nürnberg (2017) we would like to invite you to Wrocław. We invite scholars to present results of their studies on Early Iron Age of Central Europe, with the particular focus on the Hallstatt and La Tène cultural zones.
After the successful meetings in Hradec Králové (2015) and Nürnberg (2017) we would like to invite you to Wrocław. We invite scholars to present results of their studies on Early Iron Age of Central Europe, with the particular focus on... more
After the successful meetings in Hradec Králové (2015) and Nürnberg (2017) we would like to invite you to Wrocław. We invite scholars to present results of their studies on Early Iron Age of Central Europe, with the particular focus on the Hallstatt and La Tène cultural zones.
Mgr Kamil Nowak i dr Dawid Sych mają przyjemność zaprosić Państwa na sesję Badania eksperymentalne i analizy traseologiczne w archeologii. Sesja związana jest z teorią archeologii doświadczalnej oraz wynikami badań eksperymentalnych i... more
Mgr Kamil Nowak i dr Dawid Sych mają przyjemność zaprosić Państwa na sesję Badania eksperymentalne i analizy traseologiczne w archeologii. Sesja związana jest z teorią archeologii doświadczalnej oraz wynikami badań eksperymentalnych i rezultatami związanych z nimianaliz traseologicznych. Do zaprezentowania efektów przeprowadzanych eksperymentów zapraszamy wszystkich badaczy zainteresowanych szeroko pojętą rekonstrukcją technik wytwórczych i sposobów użytkowania poszczególnych artefaktów, badaniem mikrośladów oraz ich interpretacją. Mamy nadzieję, że to spotkanie pozwoli nam nie tylko zapoznać się z realizowanymi przez uczestników projektami, ale będzie także przyczynkiem do szerszej dyskusji, która zaowocuje nowymi, wartościowymi przedsięwzięciami. Zgłoszenia przyjmowane są do końca kwietnia! Szczegółowe informacje pod adresem: http://ssyma2017.archeo.uni.wroc.pl/pl/index.php
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ZAPROSZENIE Wśród zachowań praktykowanych przez społeczności pradziejowe i wczesnohistoryczne, które poznajemy dzięki źródłom archeologicznym, masowe deponowanie dóbr jest jednym z najbardziej enigmatycznych. Spektakularne skarby... more
ZAPROSZENIE

Wśród zachowań praktykowanych przez społeczności pradziejowe i wczesnohistoryczne, które poznajemy dzięki źródłom archeologicznym, masowe deponowanie dóbr jest jednym z najbardziej enigmatycznych. Spektakularne skarby przedmiotów metalowych są najłatwiejszą do zidentyfikowania, a w związku z tym najczęściej opisywaną i analizowaną emanacją tego zjawiska. Współcześnie w archeologii europejskiej możemy zaobserwować szereg interesujących propozycji badań różnych aspektów tego typu praktyk. Opierają się one zarówno na nowych propozycjach teoretycznych, jak również na coraz szerszym zakresie danych, tak opisujących kontekst aktu depozycji, jak również pojedyncze zabytki, często obserwowane nawet na poziomie pojedynczych atomów. Równocześnie jesteśmy świadomi znaczącego wzrostu liczby nowoodkrywanych przedmiotów metalowych, w tym również ich zwartych zespołów. Tak więc jest to wyjątkowy moment w historii badań nad skarbami.
Znaczący wzrost liczby odkrywanych współcześnie zabytków metalowych jest nierozerwalnie związany z amatorskimi poszukiwaniami z użyciem detektorów metali. Zagadnienie to dyskutowane jest w polskiej archeologii od co najmniej dwóch dekad. Nie chcemy animować tej debaty, choć zdajemy sobie sprawę z jej znaczenia. Nasza propozycja ma być raczej odpowiedzią na pytanie „Co po odkryciu?”. Celem, który sobie stawiamy, jest stworzenie platformy umożliwiającej spotykanie się i dyskusję między przedstawicielami różnych części środowiska związanego z archeologią: z jednej strony muzealnikami i służbami konserwatorskimi, które zazwyczaj decydują o zakresie badań prowadzonych w przypadku nowoodkrywanych skarbów, z drugiej współpracującymi z archeologami przedstawicielami nauk ścisłych, wreszcie akademikami koncentrującymi się w swojej pracy na epoce brązu i wczesnej epoce żelaza, okresie z którego pochodzi najwięcej ze skarbów, jak również zajmującymi się samym zjawiskiem masowego składania dóbr. Chcielibyśmy, aby wynikiem tych spotkań była dyskusja, która będzie podstawą do maksymalnego wykorzystania potencjału naukowego, który mają różnego typu depozyty dóbr. Umożliwić miałby to cykliczne spotkania organizowane w różnych częściach kraju, które składałyby się z części teoretycznej mającej formę wykładu oraz części warsztatowej, poświęconej konkretnym znaleziskom.
Chcielibyśmy zaprosić Państwa na pierwsze spotkanie naukowe ZESPOŁU BADAŃ NAD ZJAWISKIEM MASOWEGO DEPONOWANIA DÓBR.
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Project objectives The objective is a multifaceted analysis and publication an unique collection of four hoards from Karmin in SW Poland. Three of them were discovered and partly published in 19th and early 20th century while the last... more
Project objectives

The objective is a multifaceted analysis and publication an unique collection of four hoards from Karmin in SW Poland. Three of them were discovered and partly published in 19th and early 20th century while the last one was found last summer. Apart from interesting objects (including famous metal cheek-pieces), the precise locations of all four deposits are known. They are regularly spaced and follow the line SW-NE ca. 850 m long.

We plan to do stylistic analysis of all objects (283 in total), their chemical composition (mostly focusing of comparison local and non-local forms), observations of traces of manufacturing and use (both in macro and microscale). As all metal objects were deposited in ceramic vessels we want to check if they had been of domestic use before thus the GCMS analysis will be done as well. Owing to known locations of the deposits, he settlement and landscape analysis will be important part of the study.

The publication, both in Polish and English, will be first of this kind in Polish archaeology.
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One of the main objectives is combined interpretation of both archaeological an anthropological data on the example of a cremation cemetery at Wicina in south-west Poland. Wicina is an unique and fascinating site, as it belongs to a... more
One of the main objectives is combined interpretation of both archaeological an anthropological data on the example of a cremation cemetery at Wicina in south-west Poland. Wicina is an unique and fascinating site, as it belongs to a settlement micro region which central location is a famous fortified settlement with excellently preserved massive wooden constructions. The settlement is located ca. 800 m from the cemetery and can be precisely dated with a dendrochronological methods to mid. 8-mid. 6th c. BC. The cemetery itself is well dated to 13-6th c. BC and therefore such a broad chronology allows observations of selected properties (e.g. biological dynamics, burial rites) in the longue durée perspective and basing on a large number of graves. We have thus an opportunity to find out about the biological and cultural properties of the community which buried their dead at the urnfield before and after the fortified settlement was constructed. Such opportunity is unique both on Polish and Central European archaeology. The applied methods belong to various fields including archaeology, anthropology, archaeozoology, genetics and combined data will enable presentation of coherent biological, cultural and social picture of a local group. Basing on results of artefact analyses we want to answer questions about possible object selection before deposition: were the grave goods new or re-used, made of the same raw materials with the use of the same technology? Were they deposited empty or not? This will be answered with data obtained from pottery analyses (physical and petrographic analyses), its possible content (GCMS analyses) and use-wear analyses of metal objects. Spatial analysis on single grave including vessels’ size and position in graves will be carried out. Anthropological research, apart from determination such biological properties as sex and age will be carried out on non-metric tooth crown traits which is a new source of data, while aDNA analyses will display biological relations to other studied populations. The expected result of the project is a presentation a set of scientific procedures in interdisciplinary and multifaceted studies of such complicated sites as cremation urnfields. The cemeteries should be, and they are excavated and studied by specialists from various disciplines, but it is not common to ask mutual questions to work out a comprehensive research perspective.
Research Interests:
Of all historical periods of Europe, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age were the time during which thousands of hoards were found, and the most complex depositional phenomena can be observed in the archaeological record. It is no wonder that... more
Of all historical periods of Europe, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age were the time during which thousands of hoards were found, and the most complex depositional phenomena can be observed in the archaeological record. It is no wonder that the research of these two eras produced fundamental works on the topic of hoards from the point of theory, practice and methodology. The several new results from the past decades indicates to us that we have come to a new turning point in respect to the means of investigating and interpreting this very phenomenon. They are based both on new theoretical proposals, as well as on an increasingly broad range of data, describing the context of the deposition act. Other approaches focus on the elements of hoards, i.e. selected artefacts, which are being studied in some cases literally at ‘microscopic’ levels.
Particularly important are the new methods used in hoards research, which include such diverse procedures as: research on their specificity in the landscape, network analysis of hoarding patterns, metallurgical studies, microscopic analysis of use-wear traces and destruction of metal objects, archaeometric analyses of arti- and ecofact accompanying metals and many others. Their use allows us to broaden the discussions that have been going on for over a hundred years about the reasons for depositing valuables, their importance in prehistoric cultures, and through better understanding of prehistoric communities though Europe.
Both the development of archaeology and the significant growth of the number of newly discovered metal artefacts leads one to considerations over the appropriate means for conducting research on these enigmatic finds.
If your research interests are:
• hoards from the Bronze and Iron Ages;
• additionally, by analyzing them, you use a multidisciplinary approach;
• especially if you propose the use of methods that were previously not used in research of hoard finds;
• and/or would like to propose a new theoretical approach to interpretation phenomenon of mass deposition of valuables.
We would like to invite you to participate in our session and we hope that it will be very scientifically inspiring.
Research Interests:
Socketed axes are one of the most common types of artifacts from the European Late Bronze Age. A local variant known as Lusatian socketed axes, distinguished by their characteristic ornamentation, has been the subject of our interest for... more
Socketed axes are one of the most common types of artifacts from the European Late Bronze Age. A local variant known as Lusatian socketed axes, distinguished by their characteristic ornamentation, has been the subject of our interest for many years.
For over a decade, we have been working on creating a database of traces of production and use-wear that have been found on the surfaces of artifacts from various contexts, such as graves, hoards, and settlements. Recorded traces are diverse and correlate with patterns observed by other scholars. The influence that conservation has on the preservation of traces of production and use-wear has also been a focus of our research.
To better understand and interpret recorded traces of production and use-wear, we have conducted a series of experiments with replicas of Lusatian socketed axes that focus on production and use. We reconstructed a workshop of a Lusatian metallurgist and made metal tools based on the available source materials. By reconstructing the casting process and experimenting with the use of these axes, we have obtained a wealth of data that enables us to reconstruct the biographies of these objects, from casting to deposition.
Our research demonstrates that a comprehensive database of traces obtained from replicas are necessary for accurately interpreting the biographies of Lusatian socketed axes and understanding the factors that influenced their deposition.
Chociaż badania nad śladami produkcji i użytkowania widocznymi na przedmiotach wykonanych z miedzi i brązu są prowadzone od przeszło trzydziestu lat (Dolfini, Crellin 2016, 79-81), wiele kwestii wciąż pozostaje niewyjaśnionych. Zważywszy... more
Chociaż badania nad śladami produkcji i użytkowania widocznymi na przedmiotach wykonanych z miedzi i brązu są prowadzone od przeszło trzydziestu lat (Dolfini, Crellin 2016, 79-81), wiele kwestii wciąż pozostaje niewyjaśnionych. Zważywszy na fakt, że zdecydowana większość analiz traseologicznych metali dotyczy zbiorów muzealnych, którym archeolodzy przyjrzeli się ponownie po latach (m.in. Roberts, Ottaway 2003; Coloquhoun 2011; Horn 2013), na czoło wybijają się wpływy procesów postdepozycyjnych oraz zabiegów konserwacyjnych na zachowanie starych i powstawanie nowych śladów.
Odkrycie w 2017 roku skarbu IV z Karmina stało się dla autorów tego wystąpienia przyczynkiem do refleksji nad wspomnianymi wyżej zagadnieniami. Narzędzia, militaria, ozdoby i części stroju, które wchodziły w skład depozytu, zostały przebadane pod mikroskopami i zadokumentowane zarówno przed zabiegami konserwacyjnymi, jak i po nich. Wnikliwa analiza powierzchni przedmiotów wykazała, że w niektórych przypadkach część śladów stała się bardziej wyraźna po konserwacji (ryc. 1), podczas gdy inne przestały być widoczne (ryc. 1). Wnioski te skłoniły prelegentów do bliższego przyjrzenia się warunkom, w których skarb został zdeponowany, jak również technikom, jakie wykorzystano podczas konserwacji zabytków.
W międzyczasie analogicznymi badaniami objęto inny depozyt zabytków brązowych, a mianowicie skarb odkryty w 2015 roku w miejscowości Paszowice (Nowak, Sielicka w druku). W jego skład wchodziły m.in. siekiery z tuleją, sierpy ze sztabą do rękojeści, grot włóczni, ozdoby, fragmenty różnych przedmiotów oraz surowiec w postaci połowy placka odlewniczego i grudek surowca. Wyselekcjonowane w trakcie analiz traseologicznych zabytki z tego depozytu zostały wkrótce włączone do bazy stworzonej przy okazji badań skarbu IV z Karmina celem poszerzenia jej i wzbogacenia o nowe dane w kontekście wpływu konserwacji na ślady produkcji i użytkowania widoczne na artefaktach brązowych.
Niniejsze wystąpienie powstało w oparciu o analizy traseologiczne wybranych egzemplarzy militariów i narzędzi z obu wspomnianych wyżej skarbów datowanych na późne fazy epoki brązu (ok. 900-750 BC). Ze względu na zachowanie krawędzi pracujących na wymienionych kategoriach zabytków, wyraźnie widoczne są nie tylko ślady produkcji, ale także użytkowania. Co więcej, przedmioty te posiadają bogatą bazę śladów do porównań, co było szczególnie ważne przy określaniu, które z nich mogły powstać w wyniku działania procesów postdepozycyjnych, a które w wyniku zabiegów konserwacyjnych.
Celem prelegentów było zwrócenie uwagi słuchaczy na problem wpływu zabiegów konserwacyjnych na ślady produkcji i użytkowania widoczne na zabytkach brązowych. Jako że podobne analizy należą do rzadkości, mają one kluczowe znaczenie dla dalszego rozwoju metody traseologicznej w odniesieniu do przedmiotów wykonanych z metalu.