Ayman Mostafa

Cranial cruciate ligament deficiency (CCLD) results in internal rotational instability of the stifle (RLS). By contrast, tibial torsion (TT) is an anatomical feature of the tibia along its longitudinal axis. The objective of this study was to validate a dynamic radiographic technique to measure internal rotational laxity of the stifle and differentiate it from TT. Models included transection of the CCL for RLS and an osteotomy for TT. One limb within eight pairs of canine cadaveric hind limbs was randomly assigned to CCLD. The contralateral limb underwent TT, followed by CCLD. Neutral and stress radiographs were taken with the limb in a custom rotating 3-D printed positioning device before and after each modification. The position of the calcaneus on neutral views and the magnitude of its displacement under standardized torque were compared within limbs and between groups. Transection of the CCL increased the magnitude of displacement of the calcaneus by 1.6 mm (0.3–3.1 mm, p < 0...

OBJECTIVE To develop quantitative measures that, when combined with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) score, would potentially enhance the accuracy of the scoring process. ANIMALS 153 client-owned purebred German Shepherd Dogs with normal and near normal (71 dogs) and dysplastic coxofemoral joint (82 dogs). PROCEDURES Center edge (CE) angle, Norberg angle (NA), indexes of dorsal acetabular femoral head (AFH) coverage width and area, acetabular index angle, and inclination angle were determined. We also investigated the correlation between selected variables. Coxofemoral joints were classified into normal, near normal, and mildly, moderately, and severely dysplastic joints based on the morphometric criteria previously established by the conventional FCI scoring. Variables were compared among the 5 groups using ANOVA. Linear relationships were determined using Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS All radiographic measurements differed significantly (P < .0001) a...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of manubrium heart scores (MHSs) in distinguishing between dogs with and without cardiac disease. ANIMALS 184 client-owned dogs with (n = 64) and without (120) cardiac disease. PROCEDURES Medical records, including thoracic radiographic images, of dogs that either had echocardiographically confirmed moderate to severe cardiac disease with cardiomegaly (case dogs) or were healthy and without evidence of cardiac disease (control dogs) were retrospectively reviewed. From right lateral thoracic radiographic images, the lengths of the cardiac short and long axes and the manubrium were measured and cardiac sphericity indices (CSIs), MHSs, and vertebral heart scores were determined. Dogs were grouped on the basis of whether they did or did not have cardiac disease (case dogs vs control dogs), breed size (large-breed dogs vs small-breed dogs), and whether cardiac disease affected the right side of the heart (right-sided cardiac disease) or the left side ...

OBJECTIVE To determine manubrium heart scores (MHSs) from measurements of cardiac short-axis length (cSAL) and long-axis length (cLAL) relative to the corresponding manubrium length (ML) on thoracic radiographic views of dogs and assess correlation of MHSs with vertebral heart scores (VHSs). ANIMALS 120 clinically normal large-breed dogs (LBDs) and small-breed dogs (SBDs). PROCEDURES On right lateral views (RLVs) and ventrodorsal views (VDVs) for each dog, cSAL and cLAL were measured and expressed as a ratio; the cSAL:ML ratio (short-MHS), cLAL:ML ratio (long-MHS), and cSAL-and-cLAL:ML ratio (overall-MHS) were also calculated. The VHS was determined from the RLV. Correlation of VHS with MHS was assessed. RESULTS On RLVs and VDVs, mean cSAL:cLAL ratios were 0.77 (SD, 0.05) and 0.72 (SD, 0.05), respectively, in 60 LBDs and 0.81 (SD, 0.06) and 0.78 (SD, 0.06), respectively, in 60 SBDs. In LBDs, mean short-MHS, long-MHS, and overall-MHS were 2.1 (SD, 0.22), 2.7 (SD, 0.24), and 4.8 (SD, ...

Background Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a multifactorial disease affecting large breed dogs with associated joint laxity and incongruity that predisposes them to osteoarthritis. The purpose of the study is to objectively compare the conformation of normal and near-normal coxofemoral joints (CFJS) in Labrador Retrievers versus German Shepherds on the extended ventrodorsal radiograph. Investigated groups were categorized as normal and near-normal CFJS according to the morphometric criteria established by the FCI scoring system. Center-edge (CE) angle, Norberg angle (NA), indices of dorsal AFH coverage width and area, acetabular slope (AS) angle, and inclination angle were determined for each group. CE angle and AS angle were modified from previously described human techniques. The width and area of dorsal AFH coverage were standardized by the corresponding femoral head diameter and area. Variables were compared between groups using an unpaired, two-tailed t-test. A Spearman correlati...

This study provides preliminary data about anatomical and ultrasonographical features of the spleen in clinically normal red fox, using the distinct orientation of the splenic artery. Six red foxes of both sexes with an average weight of 4-6kg and age range 2-3years were achieved from the Western Egyptian Desert. Trans-abdominal splenic ultrasonography was performed on all foxes with the dorsal recumbent position. The foxes were euthanized by an intravenous overdose of Thiopental sodium. Anatomical dissection was performed on two sacrificed animals while the other four animals were used to describe the arterial architectures (n=two foxes) and angiography (n=two foxes). The splenic parenchyma appeared slightly hyperechoic to isoechoic relative to the adjacent liver. It was hypoechoic to the surrounding fat. The spleen of the red fox had a falciform outline and was located in the left cranial abdominal cavity, beneath the last two ribs just cranial to the left kidney. The red fox'...

Background Tracheal narrowing due to congenital tracheal hypoplasia, acquired tracheal stenosis and tracheal collapse can lead to life-threatening respiratory distress. Tracheal hypoplasia has been identified in brachycephalic dog breeds, predominantly English Bulldogs, by measuring the tracheal diameter compared to the diameter of the thoracic inlet and creating a ratio. However, reference ranges for tracheal diameter have not been established for non-brachycephalic small breed dogs. It would be advantageous to have established tracheal diameters for non-brachycephalic small breed dogs, as these are the dogs most at risk of tracheal collapse. The main objective, of this study was to radiographically evaluate vertical tracheal diameter (VTD) at three standardized locations along the trachea of non-brachycephalic small breed dogs, in an attempt to further establish a screening diagnostic protocol for canine tracheal hypoplasia. Medical records and thoracic radiographs of non-brachyce...

Objective: Safety and efficacy of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation for the management of uveitis induced glaucoma evaluated on the five dogs with uncontrollable glaucoma. Materials and Methods: Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV®; New World Medical, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA) is a flow restrictive, nonobstructive self-regulating valve system. Preoperative ocular evaluation included direct ophthalmoscopy and measurement of the intraocular pressure (IOP). The implant was examined and primed prior to implantation. The selected site of the valve implantation was the superior quadrant between the superior and lateral rectus muscles. A fornix-based incision was made through the conjunectiva and Tenon's capsule. A pocket is formed by blunt dissection of Tenon's capsule from the episclera. The body of the implant was inserted into the pocket with the leading edge of the device around 8-10 mm from the limbus. Results: No post-operative complications were detected in the operated eyes except ...

ObjectiveThis study was carried out to evaluate the usefulness of endoscopy for examination of the anterior and posterior segments of the glaucomatous eyes. Animals: Fifteen dogs. Methods: Ocular examination was done using endoscopic probe (8.5mm diameter, Eickemeyer video endoscope unit supplied with halogen light source 150 watt (vetlux), Germany). The animals were sedated through intravenous injection of Xylazine (1mg/Kg body weight, ADWIA, Egypt). Surface corneal anesthesia was achieved by local application of Benox® (Benoxinate Hydrochloride 4mg, EIPICO, Egypt) to the eye under investigation. After sedation, the endoscopic probe was applied on the cornea and videos were monitored on the laptop and diagnostic images were captured and processed. Results: Primary open angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 2 cases. Goniodysgenesis with closure of the iridocorneal angle (ICA) by an iris like sheet was seen in 2 cases. Abnormal thickening of the pectinate ligament with closure of the ICA w...

Bone substitutes and scaffolds play continually progressing role in management of bone defects. The amniotic membrane (AM) has been used in surgical transplantation as a biomaterial and scaffold. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an excellent source for tissue engineering for the low risk of immune complications.The present study was planned into 2 main stages. The first stage, AM bank was prepared from 10 full term pregnant female-dogs. Prepared AMs were preserved at -80°C and later were used as a scaffold. The second stage, experimental bone defect was carried out on 27 apparently healthy mongrel dogs. Dogs were divided into 3 main groups; Group A: control group; defect left without scaffold. Group B: received AM only and Group C: received AM seeded with MSCs. The animals in each group were divided into 3 sub-groups (n=3) according to follow up periods as 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Animals of group C were used for MSCs acquisition and preparation. Under complete aseptic ...

Twenty seven apparently healthy mongrel dogs (2-5yeays old) weighing (15-20Kg) were divided into three groups (n=9). Group A; control group in which no implant was used to fill the bone defect in the transected femur of the operated limb. Group B; in which Chitosan without MSCs was used as a bone scaffold to fill the bone defect in the transected femur. Group C; in which Chitosan with MSCs was used to fill the bone defect of the transected femur. Each group was subdivided into three sub-groups (n=3) according to the time of postoperative observation (11⁄2, 3 and 6 months). The dogs were checked clinically and radiologically till the end of the study designed. After euthanasia, the femurs of the operated limb were examined histologically. The results showed that, using Chitosan as a bone scaffold seeded with MSCs enhanced the process of bone healing than using of Chitosan alone.

Background Lens-related emergencies need immediate medical intervention to reduce complications, minimize pain, and improve chances of retaining vision. The present study aimed to demonstrate the common lens-related ocular emergencies in dogs and evaluate the short-term outcomes after treatment of these cases. Sixty dogs (90 eyes) of different breeds were presented with unilateral (30 eyes, OD = 18, OS = 12) and bilateral (60 eyes) ocular abnormalities related to crystalline lens injury. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and laboratory examinations were achieved. Different treatment protocols were conducted after complete ophthalmic examination and the associated clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results Mean (± SD) age of dogs at initial evaluation was 3.65 (± 2.4) years (range, 1˗12 years). Lens luxation and subluxation were diagnosed in 45 eyes (25 with anterior lens luxation, 15 with subluxation, and 5 with posterior lens luxation). Lens-induced anterior uveitis without glaucoma (n = ...

Objectives The purpose of this study was to objectively estimate humeroradial (HR), humeroulnar (HU) and radioulnar (RU) congruity on mediolateral elbow radiographs of Labrador and Golden Retrievers without and with medial coronoid disease (MCD), and to determine the correlation between traditional and modified RU-step assessment techniques. Materials and Methods Extended mediolateral elbow radiographs of Labrador and Golden Retrievers without MCD (control group) and with confirmed MCD (diseased group) were investigated. Absolute and average HR and HU distances were determined and standardized by the radius of the corresponding humeral condyle. Traditional RU-step was measured, and a modified procedure of RU-step assessment was generated. The correlation between the two RU-step assessment procedures was tested. Results A total of 131 (197 elbows) Labrador and Golden Retrievers met the criteria for inclusion in the control and diseased groups. The normalized HR and HU distances incre...

To determine repeatability of and correlation between 2 radiographic measurements of femoral anteversion angles (FAA) and to determine their influence on a score derived from tibial plateau angle (TPA) and FAA to predict the risk of cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD). Prospective clinical study. Forty-eight Labrador retrievers with or without CCLD. FAA and CCLD scores were calculated for each limb from extended pelvic radiographs (t-FAA) or angled (a-FAA) projections of the femur by 3 investigators. One investigator repeated measurements twice. Data were analyzed for repeatability, correlation between t-FAA and a-FAA, and their influence on CCLD scores. FAA correlated most strongly with the distance between the femoral head and the femoral axis on mediolateral radiographs, a measurement with excellent repeatability. t-FAA and a-FAA correlated with each other (r > 0.79, P < .0001), although t-FAA were about 1° greater than a-FAA (P = .01). Intrainvestigator and interinves...

Medial coronoid process disease is a common leading cause of thoracic limb lameness in dogs. Computed tomography and arthroscopy are superior to radiography to diagnose medial coronoid process disease, however, radiography remains the most available diagnostic imaging modality in veterinary practice. Objectives of this retrospective observational study were to describe the prevalence of medial coronoid process disease in lame large breed dogs and apply a novel method for quantifying the radiographic changes associated with medial coronoid process and subtrochlear-ulnar region in Labrador and Golden Retrievers with confirmed medial coronoid process disease. Purebred Labrador and Golden Retrievers (n = 143, 206 elbows) without and with confirmed medial coronoid process disease were included. The prevalence of medial coronoid process disease in lame large breed dogs was calculated. Mediolateral and craniocaudal radiographs of elbows were analyzed to assess the medial coronoid process l...

Bone density measurements using computed tomography (CT) instead of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) are currently of great interest in human and veterinary medical research as it would be beneficial to use CT scans obtained for other indications also for determining bone density. For Hounsfield units (HU) measured with CT in specific regions of interests (ROIs) in one or several slice/s a correlation with bone mineral density (BMD) measured by DEXA in humans and dogs of between 0.44 and 0.77 is reported in the literature. In the present study, instead certain volumes of interest (VOIs) obtained by CT scan and the corresponding HU to the respective VOIs were compared with the bone mineral density of the corresponding areas measured by DEXA. The aim of the study was to investigate whether this procedure gives more accurate information about bone density of the bones as three-dimensional objects of the respective patient. Correlation between measured HU in the respective VOI an...

Camel-derived haemoglobin O2 carriers (CHBOC) are being developed as a blood substitutes for allogeneic RBCs or to improve tissue oxygenation. The tolerability of the developed product was evaluated in 10 moderately exsanguinated (40%) experimental mongrel dogs that were randomized to receive either 40 g/l CHBOC dissolved in lactated Ringer's solution at a rate of 5 ml/kg (Test group-14 trials) or 6 g/l HES 200 solution-6% hydroxyethyl starch (Fresenius Kabi-Germany) dissolved in saline at a rate of-5ml/kg-(Control group-6 trials). Overall, the clinical, haematological and biochemical responses were normal. The CHBOC was well tolerated and a promising product. However additional studies are needed to confirm the safety of the new CHBOC product in the realm of acellular blood transfusion.

To (1) develop a technique to determine the anteversion angle (AA) of the femur on a single radiograph; (2) determine the correlation between this technique and other published radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) methods; and (3) compare the diagnostic outcome of these methods in determining the level at which femoral torsion occurred in Labrador Retrievers with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency. Cross-sectional clinical study. Mature pure-bred Labrador Retrievers (n = 30). Pelvic limbs (n = 28) of 14 dogs without CCL deficiency were classified as control, whereas limbs of 16 dogs (18 limbs) with CCL deficiency were considered as diseased. Femoral torsion was evaluated using radiography and CT and variables were compared among limb groups by use of a mixed-model ANOVA, with P < .05 considered significant. There was a significant association between biplanar and lateral plane AAs but neither correlated with CT assessment of femoral torsion. On CT, a significant correlation was identified between overall AA and each of the distal, proximal, and femoral head trochanteric angles. Biplanar and lateral plane AAs did not differ between normal and CCL deficient limbs. On CT, overall and distal AAs were increased in CCL deficient limbs compared to control. Biplanar determination of femoral torsion can be estimated based on a single lateral radiograph but the results will be inaccurate as only CT identified and localized the site of femoral torsion.

Objective—To evaluate skeletal characteristics of pelvic limbs with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency in Labrador Retrievers. Animals—30 adult purebred Labrador Retrievers. Procedures—Pelvic limbs (n = 28) of 14 dogs without CCL deficiency were classified as control limbs, whereas the limbs of 16 dogs with CCL deficiency were considered affected by (18 limbs) or predisposed to (10 contralateral limbs of dogs with 1 affected limb) CCL deficiency. Skeletal characteristics were evaluated via physical examination, radiography, and computed tomography. Radiographic and computed tomographic variables were compared among limb groups by use of a mixed-model ANOVA. Results—The tibial plateau slope was steeper in CCL-deficient limbs but not in predisposed limbs, compared with the slope in control limbs. The angle between diaphyseal and proximal tibial axes was increased in both CCL-deficient and predisposed limbs. The relative width of the proximal portion of the tibia an...

Objective—To determine mass, center of mass (COM), and moment of inertia (ie, body segment parameters [BSPs]) of hind limb segments by use of a noninvasive method based on computerized tomography (CT) in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease and to provide regression equations to estimate BSPs of normal, CCL-deficient, and contralateral hind limbs. Animals—14 clinically normal and 10 CCL-deficient Labrador Retrievers. Procedures—Bone, muscle, and fat areas were identified via CT. Mass, COM, and moment of inertia were determined on the basis of tissue densities in the thigh, crus, and foot segments. Regression models were developed to determine predictive equations to estimate BSP on the basis of simple morphometric measurements. Results—The thigh and crus of CCL-deficient limbs weighed less than in contralateral segments. Thighs weighed less in CCL-deficient than in normal limbs. The thigh moment of inertia was less in CCL-deficient than in con...

Objectives The purpose of this study was to objectively estimate humeroradial (HR), humeroulnar (HU) and radioulnar (RU) congruity on mediolateral elbow radiographs of Labrador and Golden Retrievers without and with medial coronoid disease (MCD), and to determine the correlation between traditional andmodified RU-step assessment techniques.
Materials and Methods Extended mediolateral elbow radiographs of Labrador and Golden Retrievers without MCD (control group) and with confirmed MCD (diseased group) were investigated. Absolute and average HR and HU distances were determined and standardized by the radius of the corresponding humeral condyle. Traditional RUstep was measured, and a modified procedure of RU-step assessment was generated. The correlation between the two RU-step assessment procedures was tested.
Results A total of 131 (197 elbows) Labrador and Golden Retrievers met the criteria for inclusion in the control and diseased groups. The normalized HR and HU distances increased significantly (p
0.002) in dogs with MCD. There was a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the traditional and modified RU-step in dogs with MCD. A significant correlation (rs ¼ 0.74, p < 0.0001) was identified between traditional and modified RU-step calculated for control and diseased elbows.
Clinical Relevance Dogs with confirmed MCD had quantitative radiographic evidences of elbow incongruity. Modified RU-step procedure may be an alternative to the traditional technique and can be utilized during routine quantification of HR and HU congruity. Validation of the reported measurements is, however, warranted.

Medial coronoid process disease is a common leading cause of thoracic limb lameness in dogs.
Computed tomography and arthroscopy are superior to radiography to diagnose medial coronoid
process disease, however, radiography remains themost available diagnostic imagingmodality
in veterinary practice. Objectives of this retrospective observational study were to describe
the prevalence of medial coronoid process disease in lame large breed dogs and apply a novel
method for quantifying the radiographic changes associated with medial coronoid process and
subtrochlear-ulnar region in Labrador and Golden Retrievers with confirmed medial coronoid process
disease. Purebred Labrador and Golden Retrievers (n = 143, 206 elbows) without and with
confirmed medial coronoid process disease were included. The prevalence of medial coronoid
process disease in lame large breed dogs was calculated. Mediolateral and craniocaudal radiographs
of elbows were analyzed to assess the medial coronoid process length and morphology,
and subtrochlear-ulnar width. Mean grayscale value was calculated for radial and subtrochlearulnar
zones. The prevalence of medial coronoid process disease was 20.8%. Labrador and Golden
Retrievers were themost affected purebred dogs (29.6%). Elbows with confirmedmedial coronoid
process disease had short (P < 0.0001) and deformed (∼95%) medial coronoid process, with associated
medial coronoid process osteophytosis (7.5%). Subtrochlear-ulnar sclerosis was evidenced
in ∼96% of diseased elbows, with a significant increase (P < 0.0001) in subtrochlear-ulnar width
and standardized grayscale value. Radial grayscale value did not differ between groups. Periarticular
osteophytosis was identified in 51.4% of elbows with medial coronoid process disease.
Medial coronoid process length and morphology, and subtrochlear-ulnar width and standardized
grayscale value varied significantly in dogs with confirmed medial coronoid process disease compared
to controls. Findings indicated that medial coronoid process disease has a high prevalence
in lame large breed dogs and that quantitative radiographic assessments can contribute to the
diagnosis.

Objective: To determine repeatability of and correlation between 2 radiographic measurements of femoral anteversion angles (FAA) and to determine their influence on a score derived from tibial plateau angle (TPA) and FAA to predict the risk of cra-nial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD). Study Design: Prospective clinical study. Animals: Forty-eight Labrador retrievers with or without CCLD. Methods: FAA and CCLD scores were calculated for each limb from extended pel-vic radiographs (t-FAA) or angled (a-FAA) projections of the femur by 3 investigators. One investigator repeated measurements twice. Data were analyzed for repeatability, correlation between t-FAA and a-FAA, and their influence on CCLD scores. Results: FAA correlated most strongly with the distance between the femoral head and the femoral axis on mediolateral radiographs, a measurement with excellent repeatability. t-FAA and a-FAA correlated with each other (r > 0.79, P < .0001), although t-FAA were about 18 greater than a-FAA (P 5 .01). Intrainvestigator and interinvestigator repeatability of the CCLD score was fair when derived from t-FAA and good to excellent when derived from a-FAA. CCLD scores differed between radiographic techniques but led to different predictions in only 9 (10%) limbs, all with lower TPA and CCLD scores than the rest of the population. Conclusion: a-FAA correlated strongly with t-FAA and improved the repeatability of CCLD scores within and between investigators. Clinical significance: A craniocaudal angled beam projection of the femur is a suitable alternative to a ventrodorsal pelvic radiograph when measuring FAA and may improve the repeatability and positive predictive value of CCLD scores.

Objective: To characterize radioulnar incongruence (RUI) in large dogs with medial coronoid disease (MCD) and determine the agreement between radiography, computed tomography (CT), and arthroscopy. Study design: Prospective observational case series. Animals: Twenty-four large-breed dogs under 3 years of age with confirmed MCD. Methods: MCD and incongruence were evaluated by radiographs and CT. RUI was measured along the ulnar commissure, mid-body, and apex of the medial coronoid process (MCP) by CT and arthroscopy. Joints with RUI 2 mm were considered incongruent. Variables recorded during arthroscopic treatment included type of MCD, RUI, and modified Outerbridge score. Agreement between the 3 diagnostic imaging techniques was evaluated, and the association between RUI and cartilage damage was analyzed. Results: Single fragmentation was the most common MCD according to CT and arthroscopy. RUI was associated with degenerative joint disease according to CT and with cartilage damage according to arthroscopy. RUI was diagnosed in 26% of elbows by radiography, in 35% of elbows by CT, in 78% of elbows according to CT measurements of RUI 2 mm, and in 57% of joints by arthroscopy. RUI was most commonly detected at the ulnar commissure with CT and at the apex of the MCP with arthroscopy. Imaging modalities were in poor to fair agreement with arthroscopy when evaluating RUI. Conclusion: CT and arthroscopy provided similar detection of MCD and cartilage disease but disagreed in the assessment and localization of RUI. Clinical significance: CT does not reliably predict arthroscopic assessment of RUI and associated treatment decisions for MCD.

OBJECTIVE
To determine manubrium heart scores (MHSs) from measurements of cardiac short-axis length (cSAL) and long-axis length (cLAL) relative to the corresponding manubrium length (ML) on thoracic radiographic views of dogs and assess correlation of MHSs with vertebral heart scores (VHSs).
ANIMALS
120 clinically normal large-breed dogs (LBDs) and small-breed dogs (SBDs).
PROCEDURES
On right lateral views (RLVs) and ventrodorsal views (VDVs) for each dog, cSAL and cLAL were measured and expressed as a ratio; the cSAL:ML ratio (short-MHS), cLAL:ML ratio (long-MHS), and cSAL-and-cLAL:ML ratio (overall-MHS) were also calculated. The VHS was determined from the RLV. Correlation of VHS with MHS was assessed.
RESULTS
On RLVs and VDVs, mean cSAL:cLAL ratios were 0.77 (SD, 0.05) and 0.72 (SD, 0.05), respectively, in 60 LBDs and 0.81 (SD, 0.06) and 0.78 (SD, 0.06), respectively, in 60 SBDs. In LBDs, mean short-MHS, long-MHS, and overall-MHS were 2.1 (SD, 0.22), 2.7 (SD, 0.24), and 4.8 (SD, 0.5), respectively, on RLVs and 2.3 (SD, 0.26), 3.2 (SD, 0.34), and 5.4 (SD, 0.6), respectively, on VDVs. In SBDs, mean short-MHS, long-MHS, and overall-MHS were 2.4 (SD, 0.39), 2.9 (SD, 0.50), and 5.3 (SD, 0.83), respectively, on RLVs and 2.5 (SD, 0.44), 3.2 (SD, 0.51), and 5.8 (SD, 0.92), respectively, on VDVs. Mean VHSs were 10.73 (SD, 0.52) and 10.27 (SD, 0.81) in LBDs and SBDs, respectively. A significant correlation was identified between VHS and each MHS in LBDs.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In the dogs evaluated, radiographic cardiac dimensions and MHSs were correlated. Validity of the MHS for cardiac dimension assessment in other healthy dogs and dogs with cardiac disease warrants investigation. (Am J Vet Res 2017;78:168–177)

Background: Coxofemoral osteoarthritis is a chronic, disabling condition affecting people and dogs, with THA providing an excellent return to function in severely affected joints. The principal role of THA is to restore an adequate range of motion to the hip joint while transferring load from the acetabulum in order to improve the survival of the implant and enhance the limb function in the short and long terms. The objectives of the study reported here were, therefore, to radiographically evaluate periprosthetic acetabular bone GV and to assess prosthetic head acetabular coverage after 4 months of uncemented and cemented THA in dogs. Means periprosthetic acetabular GV for each and combined 3 regions of interest (zones 1, 2 and 3) were calculated immediately and 4 months after THA. Prosthetic head Norberg (PHN) angle was also measured to assess the degree of prosthetic head acetabular coverage after 4 months of surgery. Results: Zones 2 and 3 showed a significant increase in the mean bone GV after 4 months of uncemented THA. No differences in zones 1–3 after 4 months of cemented THA. Combined zones showed a significant increase in overall mean bone GV 4 months after uncemented THA; whereas, no changes were identified after 4 months of cemented THA. The PHN angles did not change after 4 months of uncemented and cemented THA and did not differ significantly between the 2 designs of hip arthroplasty.

Bone density measurements using computed tomography (CT) instead of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) are currently of great interest in human and veterinary medical research as it would be beneficial to use CT scans obtained for other indications also for determining bone density. For Hounsfield units (HU) measured with CT in specific regions of interests (ROIs) in one or several slice/s a correlation with bone mineral density (BMD) measured by DEXA in humans and dogs of between 0.44 and 0.77 is reported in the literature. In the present study, instead certain volumes of interest (VOIs) obtained by CT scan and the corresponding HU to the respective VOIs were compared with the bone mineral density of the corresponding areas measured by DEXA. The aim of the study was to investigate whether this procedure gives more accurate information about bone density of the bones as three-dimensional objects of the respective patient. Correlation between measured HU in the respective VOI and BMD measured with DEXA in the corresponding ROI showed a very good correlation of 0.93. Linear regression with R 2 ¼ 0.85 (p ¼ 0.0262) was calculated. Except for VOI5, similar distribution of values and significant differences (p < 0.0001–0.0087) between ROIs/VOIs were detected. Determining HU for assessing bone mineral density in a certain volume provides more accurate results than those previously reported from two-dimensional (2D) CT measurements.

Objective-This study was carried out to evaluate the usefulness of endoscopy for examination of the anterior and posterior segments of the glaucomatous eyes. Animals: Fifteen dogs. Methods: Ocular examination was done using endoscopic probe (8.5mm diameter, Eickemeyer video endoscope unit supplied with halogen light source 150 watt (vetlux), Germany). The animals were sedated through intravenous injection of Xylazine (1mg/Kg body weight, ADWIA, Egypt). Surface corneal anesthesia was achieved by local application of Benox® (Benoxinate Hydrochloride 4mg, EIPICO, Egypt) to the eye under investigation. After sedation, the endoscopic probe was applied on the cornea and videos were monitored on the laptop and diagnostic images were captured and processed. Results: Primary open angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 2 cases. Goniodysgenesis with closure of the iridocorneal angle (ICA) by an iris like sheet was seen in 2 cases. Abnormal thickening of the pectinate ligament with closure of the ICA was observed in one case. Lens induced glaucoma was the most common type of the glaucoma seen in the presented cases (10 cases); phacomorphic glaucoma due to lens displacement was diagnosed in 5 cases, phacoanaphylactic glaucoma secondary to cataractous lens was diagnosed in 3 cases while pupillary block glaucoma (due to swelling of the cataractous lens) was seen in 2 cases. Conclusion: endoscopy is non invasive technique for diagnosis of glaucoma in dogs in which interior visualization of the eye is impossible such in cases with corneal edema and cataract. [Abd-Elhamid M.A, Ali K.M and Ayman A. Mostafa. Endoscopic evaluation for the anterior and posterior segment of the eye: A new and useful technique for diagnosis of glaucoma in dogs. Life Sci J 2014;11(11):233-237]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 33

Camel-derived haemoglobin O2 carriers (CHBOC) are being developed as a blood substitutes for allogeneic RBCs or to improve tissue oxygenation. The tolerability of the developed product was evaluated in 10 moderately exsanguinated (40%) experimental mongrel dogs that were randomized to receive either 40 g/l CHBOC dissolved in lactated Ringer's solution at a rate of 5 ml/kg (Test group-14 trials) or 6 g/l HES 200 solution-6% hydroxyethyl starch (Fresenius Kabi-Germany) dissolved in saline at a rate of-5ml/kg-(Control group-6 trials). Overall, the clinical, haematological and biochemical responses were normal. The CHBOC was well tolerated and a promising product. However additional studies are needed to confirm the safety of the new CHBOC product in the realm of acellular blood transfusion.

Objectives: To (1) develop a technique to determine the anteversion angle (AA) of the femur on a single radiograph; (2) determine the correlation between this technique and other published radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) methods; and (3) compare the diagnostic outcome of these methods in determining the level at which femoral torsion occurred in Labrador Retrievers with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency. Study Design: Cross‐sectional clinical study. Animals: Mature pure‐bred Labrador Retrievers (n ¼ 30). Methods: Pelvic limbs (n ¼ 28) of 14 dogs without CCL deficiency were classified as control, whereas limbs of 16 dogs (18 limbs) with CCL deficiency were considered as diseased. Femoral torsion was evaluated using radiography and CT and variables were compared among limb groups by use of a mixed‐model ANOVA, with P <.05 considered significant. Results: There was a significant association between biplanar and lateral plane AAs but neither correlated with CT assessment of femoral torsion. On CT, a significant correlation was identified between overall AA and each of the distal, proximal, and femoral head trochanteric angles. Biplanar and lateral plane AAs did not differ between normal and CCL deficient limbs. On CT, overall and distal AAs were increased in CCL deficient limbs compared to control. Conclusion: Biplanar determination of femoral torsion can be estimated based on a single lateral radiograph but the results will be inaccurate as only CT identified and localized the site of femoral torsion.

In the present study, anatomical and ultrasonographical findings have been evaluated to be compared with abnormal digits in further studies. This study was carried out on 10 feet specimens of both fore and hind limbs from freshly slaughtered mature camels of both sexes and of different ages and body weights and digits of three apparently normal camels. Transverse and sagittal ultrasonographical examinations were carried out on all digits from fetlock joint to the nails using Toshiba ultrasound device connecting with 6-8 MHz linear transducer. Ten specimens of the digits were dissected anatomically to compare anatomical and ultrasonographical findings. All ultrasonographic and anatomic findings of common digital extensor tendon, superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, digital cushions and sole were described. In conclusion, ultrasonography is a highly impressive cross sectional diagnostic imaging in camel's digits.

Objective—To determine mass, center of mass (COM), and moment of inertia (ie, body
segment parameters [BSPs]) of hind limb segments by use of a noninvasive method based
on computerized tomography (CT) in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate
ligament (CCL) disease and to provide regression equations to estimate BSPs of normal,
CCL-deficient, and contralateral hind limbs.
Animals—14 clinically normal and 10 CCL-deficient Labrador Retrievers.
Procedures—Bone, muscle, and fat areas were identified via CT. Mass, COM, and moment
of inertia were determined on the basis of tissue densities in the thigh, crus, and foot segments.
Regression models were developed to determine predictive equations to estimate
BSP on the basis of simple morphometric measurements.
Results—The thigh and crus of CCL-deficient limbs weighed less than in contralateral segments.
Thighs weighed less in CCL-deficient than in normal limbs. The thigh moment of
inertia was less in CCL-deficient than in contralateral limbs. The crural COM was located
more distally in normal limbs, compared with other limbs. Predictive equations to estimate
BSP varied by parameter, body segment, and limb status.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—BSPs of the thigh and crus varied with segment
and status of the hind limb in Labrador Retrievers with or without CCL disease. Equations
to estimate BSP on the basis of simple morphometric measurements were proposed,
providing a basis for nonterminal studies of inverse dynamics of the hind limbs in Labrador
Retrievers. This approach may offer new strategies to investigate the pathogenesis of
nontraumatic joint diseases. (Am J Vet Res 2008;69:1188–1196)

Objectives: To quantify net joint moments, joint powers, and joint reaction forces
(JRF) across the hock, stifle, and hip joints in Labrador Retrievers with and
without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease. To investigate differences in joint
mechanics between normal, CCL deficient, and contralateral pelvic limbs.
Study Design: Cross-sectional clinical study.
Animals: Clinically normal (n=14) and CCL-deficient (n=9) Labrador Retrievers.
Methods: Each limb was analyzed separately and classified as normal, CCLdeficient
or sound contralateral limb. Kinematic, ground reaction force (GRF),
and morphometric data were combined in an inverse dynamic approach to
compute hock, stifle and hip net moments, powers and JRF, while trotting.
Results: Vertical and braking GRF and JRF were significantly decreased in CCLdeficient
limbs. In affected limbs, extensor moments at the hock and hip, flexor
moment at the stifle and power in all 3 joints were less than normal. Kinetics also
identified a greater joint moment and power of the contralateral limbs compared
with normal, particularly of the stifle extensor muscles group.
Conclusion: Lameness resulting from CCL disease affected predominantly reaction
forces during the braking phase and the extension during push-off. A greater
contribution of the contralateral limbs to propel the dog forward was identified.
Clinical Relevance: Reductions in joint motion, loads, and muscle contraction
were interpreted as modifications adopted to reduce or avoid painful mobilization
of the injured stifle joint. The increased joint moment and power of the contralateral
compensating side may correlate with the lameness observed, but also with
the predisposition of contralateral limbs to CCL deficiency in dogs.