Blood Banking

Basic and Applied Concepts of Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices is intended for those who require detailed knowledge and an understanding of immunohematology to perform their jobs—namely, medical technologists and technicians working in a blood bank or transfusion-medicine laboratory. The text begins on a strong note with the first chapter, “Immunology: Basic Principles and Applications in the Blood Bank,” which provides an excellent overview of the basic concepts of immunohematology, including the reactivity of antibodies and antigens

The indirect Coombs’ test detects anti-RBC antibodies in the serum, whereas the direct Coombs’ test detects antigen-antibody complexes on the red blood cell membrane. Antibody identification is performed when the antibody screen or direct antiglobulin tests produce positive results and unexpected blood group antibodies need to be classified

The establishment of blood banks has greatly increased the use of blood transfusions, not only in the most urgent cases of hemorrhage and shock and for the more severe and resistant cases of chronic anemia but also as a means of shortening the convalescence of patients suffering from anemias of less severity, many of whom would probably recover ultimately without resort to such treatment. A red cell suspension is a common reagent used for many procedures. Red cell suspensions provide the appropriate serum to cell ratio to allow for grading and interpretation of tests results. The ratio of serum to cells markedly affects the sensitivity of agglutination tests. A proper ratio of plasma to red cells is important for accuracy in antigen-antibody reactions; too heavy a concentration of cells might result in a weak or false negative reaction.

Long before his last book, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, was published in early 1971, Richard M. Titmuss (1907–1973), a professor of social administration at the London School of Economics, had been a major figure in the debates over the welfare state. The Gift Relationship was the culmination of an eventful relationship with the Institute of Economic Affairs, a think tank that advocated the extension of rational pricing to social services. By arguing that the British system of blood procurement and distribution, based on free giving within the National Health Service, was more efficient than the partly commercialized American system, Titmuss intended to signal the dangers of the increasing commercialization of society. What made for the impact of his book, however, was not merely its argument that transfusion-transmitted infections were much more common with paid than with voluntary donors, but also its reflections on what it is that holds a society together. And here Titmuss argued that a “socialist” social policy, by encouraging the sense of community, played a central role. The eclecticism of Titmuss’s work, together with its strong ethical and political flavor, makes it a rich and original account of the “social” at a time when heated debates over social policy, both in Britain and in the United States, raised the question of the division of labor among the social sciences.

When a person is diagnosed with leukaemia. There will be need for blood. If a person has sickle cell disease. He or she needs blood on a regular basis. When a relative of ours needs open heart surgery. He will need blood. While nobody likes to be involved in any scenarios that will require blood donation, it is an everyday reality for many people in the United States. Every two seconds, someone in the US needs blood (Lindsey Cant, 2006). Aggregated, thirty Americans each minute, 1,800 each hour, will require blood transfusions (American Red Cross, 2005). There is a 97% chance that in your lifetime, someone you know will need blood (Badger-Hawkeye). Web based blood bank management information system keeps accurate records, provides a centralised blood donation information and gives blood donors an informative blood donation tips, importance and benefits of donating blood. The project has been planned to be having the view of distributed architecture, with centralized storage of the database. The application for the storage of the data has been planned. Using the constructs of MS-SQL Server and all the user interfaces have been designed using the ASP.Net technologies.

The basics of the Kidd blood group system have been well described. Two of the three antigens, Jk a and Jk b , are polymorphic. The third, Jk3, is of very high prevalence in all populations except in individuals of Polynesian and Finnish extraction. Jk (aÀbÀ) red cells do not express Jk3. The antigens are encoded by SLC14A1 gene on chromosome 18. JK*01 allele differs from JK*02 at nt 838 (G/A) and in the protein, at amino acid 280, Jk a expression is associated with aspartate and asparagine is associated with Jk b. The genetic background of the dominantly inherited In(Jk) Jk(aÀbÀ) is due to an 84 bp deletion in ZFN850 on chromosome 19. Antibodies against all three antigens are clinically important. They can cause immediate haemolytic transfusion reactions and are a frequent cause of delayed transfusion reactions. Haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn due to JK antibodies is generally much less severe than the response to incompatible transfusion.

Introduction: A case of an 82-year-old male is reported, who comes to our center presenting an essential thrombocytosis, with platelet levels > 2,000 x 103/μL. The patient was treated by therapeutic plateletapheresis performed with a donation kit. At the end of the last procedure, he presented improvement. Objective: The parameters used in apheresis equipment are described. Material and methods: An Amicus® apheresis machine, a platelet donation kit, was used. Results: It was necessary to modify the parameters of the apheresis machine to enable it and thus achieve the procedure, since it was not designed to perform therapeutic plateletapheresis procedures, because it does not allow the introduction of pathological parameters. Two series of 6 procedures were performed, one every 24 hours. At the end of each series there was a decrease in platelet count and decrease in its symptomatology. Conclusions: After the series of procedures, clinical improvement (decrease in associated symptoms) and laboratory (a return in platelet numbers to normal ranges) were presented. This treatment should be considered as a good alternative in sites that do not have specific equipment for the performance of therapeutic plateletapheresis.

Between 1984 and 1996, public health authorities in Israel maintained a secret policy of discarding blood donations made by Ethiopian-Israeli citizens and immigrants. Officials later attempted to justify this policy on the grounds that immigrants from Ethiopia were subject to high rates of infectious disease (especially HIV). In 1996, this led to an explosive and violent confrontation between Ethiopian-Israeli protestors and agents of the state, including police and public health authorities. This essay explores the cultural and political context of that confrontation, including the discourse of political violence which it occasioned. The conflict between Ethiopian-Israelis and the state was located within a wider set of political contexts, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which was linked to it through a shared trope of “spilled blood” common to both. Cultural analyses which ignore this dynamic political context are in danger of seriously misrepresenting the meaning of the “Blood Affair” to its participants. At the same time, this essay also engages a critical analysis of the public health policies which led to the crisis. Public health and nationalist discourse reinforced one another at the expense of Ethiopian immigrants in general, and so-called “Feres Mura” Ethiopians in particular.

Background
In malaria endemic areas, infected blood donors serve as a source of infection to blood recipients, which may adversely affect their prognosis. This necessitates the proper screening of blood to be used for transfusion in these areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in blood donors in Buea, Cameroon, and to evaluate the performance of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), a malaria antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) ELISA in the detection of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia in the target population.

Methods
In a prospective study conducted between September 2015 and June 2016, 1 240 potential blood donors were enrolled. The donors were screened for malaria parasites using Giemsa microscopy (GM) and a RDT. A sub-sample of 184 samples, comprising 88 positive and 96 negative samples, were selected for the evaluation of the pLDH ELISA and the antibody ELISA. The chi-square test and correlation analysis were performed as part of the statistical analyses. The statistical significance cut-off was set at P < 0.05.

Results
The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in this study was found to be 8.1% (95% CI: 6.6 – 9.7). The prevalence was not observed to be dependent on the age or sex of the participants. The RDT had a sensitivity (88.0%), specificity (99.1%), and negative predictive value (99.0%) higher than the ELISAs. The performance of the pLDH ELISA, which demonstrated the highest positive predictive value (91.6%), was generally comparable to the RDT. The sensitivity was lowest with the antibody ELISA (69.9%), which also demonstrated the highest false positive and false negative rates. The detection threshold for the pLDH (three parasites/μl) was lower compared to the RDT (50 – 60 parasites/μl). Non-significant positive correlations were observed between the parasite density and the pLDH titers and malaria antibody titers.

Conclusions
Overall, the RDT and the pLDH ELISA demonstrated a perfectly correlated agreement with GM, meanwhile the antibody ELISA demonstrated a substantially correlated agreement with GM. The pLDH is therefore recommended for mass screening of blood (to detect malaria parasitaemia) for transfusions in the study area. However, where this is not feasible, an RDT will suffice.

This introduction surveys existing literature on South Asian tissue economies and reflects on engagements with diverse modes of biological exchange in the subcontinent. It elaborates the aims and themes of this special issue, which presents essays on caste, gender, and blood donation in Pakistan (Mumtaz and Levay), DNA testing amongst a former Untouchable community in south India (Egorova) and amongst diasporic Indians in Houston, Texas (Reddy), body (cadaveric) donation in India (De Looze), the use of fake blood in Bangladeshi cinema (Hoek), the mobilisation of blood, hearts, and ketones to protest the Indian government’s failure to provide redress or care to victims of the 1984 Bhopal industrial disaster (Banerjee), and blood-based political portraits in south India (Copeman). Extending the parameters of classic accounts of the role of substance transactions in the production of South Asian personhood into investigations of contemporary tissue economies, it examines the foundational work of Lawrence Cohen in this area and proposes a set of relations between the double-ness of substance (its promise, as a locus of hope, emerging precisely from its capacity to debase) and its productivity within discourses of civil society and ‘modernisation’.

Blood Warrior is a pwa application that enables patients or hospitals to find the nearest available blood donor based on the blood group. The application will have the donor's details so that hospitals or patients can directly contact them required for blood donation. The application will be developed using Python, HTML, CSS, Flask, Sql and machine learning. The application will have three types of users which are patients or users who are in need of the blood, donors who'll be donating the blood and the hospitals which can work as an intermediate to manage the communication between the patients and the donors

This article historicizes viral transmissions through the global supply chain of blood plasma between the United States and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Since the 1941 initiation of plasma donation to serve US armed forces, privately exported US blood products have contributed significantly to a globalized industry, valuing $21 billion in sales by 2017. Although maintaining a blood surplus has been crucial for treating illnesses and traumatic injuries, blood banking has been a source for massive viral transmissions, including HIV and hepatitis C. Examining the news, activism, and state responses to blood-borne outbreaks across the United States and PRC, this essay outlines a constellation of viral infections derived from plasma coerced from US prisoners and PRC rural villagers. Viruses archive the structural violences of the global pharmaceutical and blood biotechnology industries. They point to the cyclical relations between persistent class-based racial and ethnic disparities, technoscientific experimentation, and viral epidemics across polities.

Since early 2020, COVID-19 has wreaked havoc in many societies around the world. As of the present, the SARS-CoV-2-borne disease is propagating in almost all countries, affecting hundreds of thousands of people in an unprecedented way. As the name suggests, the novel coronavirus, widely known as SARS-CoV-2, is a new emerging human pathogen. A novel disease of relatively unknown origin, COVID-19 does not seem to be amenable to the currently available medicines since there is no specific cure for the disease. In the absence of any vaccine or effective antiviral medication, we have no tools at our disposal, but the method of quarantine, be it domestic or institutional, to hinder any further progression of this outbreak. However, there is a record of physicians in the past who practiced convalescent blood transfusion. To their awe, the method seemed to be useful. It is anticipated that these contemporary methods will outdo any other vaccination process in the time being, as blood transfusion is instead a cost-effective and time-friendly technique. Following a successful trial, this new approach of contemporary nature to a viral disease may serve as an emergency intervention to intercept infectious outbreaks and prevent an impending epidemic/pandemic. In this review, we document the most recent evidence regarding the efficiency of convalescent plasma and serum therapy on SARS, MERS, and particularly COVID-19, while discussing potential advantages and possible risks of such practice.

This study was done with three main goals in mind. The first was to have an understanding of the blood supply chain, as blood transfusion is done on a daily basis; with someone in the world needing blood for surgery every minute. Whatever the degree of development of the health care system, transfusion is the only option for survival for many patients. Despite ongoing efforts, it will still be many years before artificial substitutes can routinely replace the need for donated human blood. As a result of the high demand for the product, the blood supply chain is becoming fragile with the donor pool shrinking rapidly. Matching the supply and demand is never an easy task with demand unpredictability. With the blood being a perishable product, it is very important and timely to balance the supply and demand today as the number of disasters and number of humans affected in disaster has been ever increasing and the blood is certainly a life saving product.
The second was to use an acceptable method to do an analysis and identify list of problems affecting the blood supply chain. A methodology is set out and implemented to the problem situation.
The third was to suggest a solution for the problems identified. The findings of this dissertation strongly suggest that the use of the demand and supply balancing framework would help in balancing the supply and demand of blood, the collaboration issue of the different parties involved in the blood supply chain and as a result using the scare commodity appropriately.

This chapter reveals the vital role of Fannie Eleanor Williams in the field of medical science in Australia. It argues that Williams, as a bacteriologist and serologist from the early days in Adelaide to her long career at the Walter and  Eliza  Hall  Institute,  Melbourne,  should  be  more  highly  recognised  as  a leader in  her  research,  laboratory  management  and  mentoring.  Although  her contribution to medical science has been undervalued, she was the first female to  undertake  some  of  her  activities and in doing so led the way for other women. This  leadership  role  has  been made invisible as a result of historians’ patriarchal  presumptions  about  women’s  roles  and  work.  The  chapter  rectifies some of the misconceptions within the historiography of Australian science that have obscured Williams’  leadership.

Since early 2020, COVID-19 has wreaked havoc in many societies around the world. As of the present, the SARS-CoV-2-borne disease is propagating in almost all countries, affecting hundreds of thousands of people in an unprecedented way. As the name suggests, the novel coronavirus, widely known as SARS-CoV-2, is a new emerging human pathogen. A novel disease of relatively unknown origin, COVID-19 does not seem to be amenable to the currently available medicines since there is no specific cure for the disease. In the absence of any vaccine or effective antiviral medication, we have no tools at our disposal, but the method of quarantine, be it domestic or institutional, to hinder any further progression of this outbreak. However, there is a record of physicians in the past who practiced convalescent blood transfusion. To their awe, the method seemed to be useful. It is anticipated that these contemporary methods will outdo any other vaccination process in the time being, as blood transf...

Background In malaria endemic areas, infected blood donors serve as a source of infection to blood recipients, which may adversely affect their prognosis. This necessitates the proper screening of blood to be used for transfusion in these areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in blood donors in Buea, Cameroon, and to evaluate the performance of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), a malaria antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) ELISA in the detection of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia in the target population. Methods In a prospective study conducted between September 2015 and June 2016, 1 240 potential blood donors were enrolled. The donors were screened for malaria parasites using Giemsa microscopy (GM) and a RDT. A sub-sample of 184 samples, comprising 88 positive and 96 negative samples, were selected for the evaluation of the pLDH ELISA and the antibody ELISA. The chi-squa...

A blood bank is a place where we grater blood as a result of blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion no doubt. There are many online web-based blood bank management systems to satisfy the requirement of donor and receivers. There we are going to modify the existing System as this paper includes the key features, merits and demerits in existing web-based blood bank. This study shows the comparison between various existing systems and provides more idea to improve the existing system In this paper, we present s "Life Treasure Blood Portal" that is a based-on java. To develop this system, we are using different kind of technology, like html, Ajax, JSP, CSS, bootstrap, Servlet , Java-Script, JDBC. This system will monitor the record of blood donation in real time and given the analytical report like which city has more number of blood donor, which any has more number of blood receiver which blood group is more donated etc. So, there I am going to introduce this system and in at the end I will conclude.

The Cl − /HCO 3 − exchanger band 3 is functionally relevant to blood CO 2 transport. Band 3 is the most abundant membrane protein in human red blood cells (RBCs). Our understanding of its physiological functions mainly came from clinical cases associated with band 3 mutations. Severe reduction in band 3 expression affects blood HCO 3 − /CO 2 metabolism. What could happen physiologically if band 3 expression is elevated instead? In some areas of Southeast Asia, about 1-10% of the populations express GP.Mur, a glycophorin B-A-B hybrid membrane protein important in the field of transfusion medicine. GP.Mur functions to promote band 3 expression, and GP.Mur red cells can be deemed as a naturally occurred model for higher band 3 expression. This review first compares the functional consequences of band 3 at different levels, and suggests a critical role of band 3 in postnatal CO 2 respiration. The second part of the review explores the transport of water, which is the other substrate for intra-erythrocytic CO 2 /HCO 3 − conversion (an essential step in blood CO 2 transport). Despite that water is considered unlimited physiologically, it is unclear whether water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) abundantly expressed in RBCs is functionally involved in CO 2 transport. Research in this area is complicated by the fact that the H 2 O/CO 2transporting function of AQP1 is replaceable by other erythrocyte channels/transporters (e.g., UT-B/GLUT1 for H 2 O; RhAG for CO 2). Recently, using carbonic anhydrase II (CAII)filled erythrocyte vesicles, AQP1 has been demonstrated to transport water for the CAII-mediated reaction, CO 2(g) + H 2 O HCO 3 − (aq) + H + (aq). AQP1 is structurally associated with some population of band 3 complexes on the erythrocyte membrane in an osmotically responsive fashion. The current findings reveal transient interaction among components within the band 3-central, CO 2-transport metabolon (AQP1, band 3, CAII and deoxygenated hemoglobin). Their dynamic interaction is envisioned to facilitate blood CO 2 respiration, in the presence of constantly changing osmotic and hemodynamic stresses during circulation.

Background and Objectives

Apheresis platelet concentrates sometimes contain persistent aggregates (PA). Because apheresis involves extracorporeal circulation, we hypothesized that interactions between GPIbα and von Willebrand factor (VWF) underlie their origin.
Materials and Methods

Platelets in donations with PA were compared to aggregate-free (AF) controls. Flow cytometry was used to determine platelet bound VWF. Degranulation was measured using P-selectin expression in flow cytometry and cytokine release using immunosorbent assays. Platelet adhesion to VWF was assessed in hydrodynamic flow and real-time video microscopy.
Results

Platelets in PA concentrates had significantly more (P = 0·009, n ≥ 8) bound VWF compared to AF platelets, but differences in VWF concentration, VWF collagen binding, activated VWF or GPIbα expression were not found. Degranulation was higher (P = 0·030, n = 7) in PA than AF concentrates on day 1 of storage, but adhesion to immobilized VWF under hydrodynamic flow conditions was normal at that moment. On day 6, however, significantly less VWF adhesion (P = 0·009, n ≥ 6) was found for PA platelets compared to AF, indicating accelerated storage lesion in PA products. In a model that mimicks PA formation by chemically induced binding of VWF to platelets, we found that degranulation, phosphatidylserine expression and metabolism did not differ with paired controls at any time during subsequent storage.
Conclusion

Accelerated storage lesion is found in concentrates with PA, but this cannot be explained solely by increased platelet bound VWF following apheresis. Therefore, additional stressors are probably responsible for the increases observed in platelet degranulation and storage lesion in products with PA.

Abstract. The specific aim of this study was to characterize human anti-Rh monoclonal antibodies cross-reacting with self-antigens. We studied supernatants from man-mouse hybridomas and from lymphoblastoid cell lines. Man-mouse hybridomas were established by fusion of peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals recently immunized against Rh alloantigens, with mouse myeloma (or man-mouse heteromyeloma) cell lines. Lymphoblastoid cell lines were produced by Epstein-Barr virus induction of lymphocytes from identical sources. Of the 55 monoclonal alloantibodies studied, 11 also reacted with intracellular self-antigens as demonstrated by immunofluorescence assay on cryostat sections of human tissues. This cross-reactivity was mainly a property of monoclonal alloantibodies belonging to the IgM isotype (among the 11 cross-reacting mAbs 10 were IgM). The cross-reactivities of these monoclonal antibodies were ascertained by absorption of alloreacting antibodies with red blood cells. Similar results were obtained on a panel of purified cellular antigens by ELISA. The results confirm that during an immune response against a foreign antigen (alloantigen), B cells that produce polyreactive antibodies are not excluded from the pool of responding cells. Therefore, polyreactive autoantibodies present in sera from healthy individuals may be the result of an immune response against foreign antigens.