Azab Elsayed Azab

Background: Leukaemia is a complex form of blood malignancy characterized by a high mortality rate, despite significant improvement in cancer treatments. The consumption of fruits and vegetables are inversely related to the incidence and mortality of cancer, as a result of the high level of polyphenols found in some fruits that has been reported to be potentially chemotherapeutic and having a considerable effect on haematological malignancies. Objectives: To explore the effect of Imatinib, Doxorubicin, and/or polyphenols (emodin, rhein, apigenin and cis-stilbene) on the proliferation, and apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid leukaemia cells compared to non-tumour cells. Methods: one myeloid (K562), one lymphoid (CCRF-CEM), a leukaemia cell line and one non-tumour normal cell line (CD133) were treated with Imatinib, Doxorubicin, and/or different doses of polyphenols. The activity of leukaemia cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Titer-Glo® luminescent assay; the morphological changes of apoptosis, which includes DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation, were detected by DAPI staining. Results: Emodin, cis-stilbene, apigenin and rhein showed different levels of effect on inhibition of ATP level and inducing apoptosis in K562 myeloid cells, CCRF-CEM lymphoid cells and CD133+ normal cells when these types of polyphenols used separately and combined with Imatinib or Doxorubicin. Generally, the CCRF-CEM lymphoid leukaemia cell line was more sensitive to polyphenol treatments alone and when combined with Doxorubicin compared to the K562 myeloid leukaemia cell line and CD133+ non-tumour cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that polyphenols have different effects according to the type of cell and polyphenol. The variant effect between leukaemia cells and non-tumour cell suggests that polyphenols are a potentially therapeutic agent for leukaemia. Polyphenols can enhance the effect of chemotherapy and reduce the required dose to induce cell death in cancer cells.

Abstract: Background: Autophagy is a major catabolic mechanism that contributes to the degradation of dysfunctional
or unnecessary components in cells. The main function of autophagy depends on the variant cellular contexts and
inducers. The results of autophagy can stimulate either cell death or cell survival. Autophagy is known as a protective
process for cell survival if it provides the cell with the necessary requirements and nutrients, and removes organelles that
were damaged. In contrast, anti-cancer drugs are often able to activate autophagy and in this case, autophagy induces
apoptotic cell death. The high level of polyphenols found in some fruits and vegetables has been reported to be
potentially chemotherapeutic and having a considerable effect on haematological malignancies. Objectives: To explore
the effect of a stander chemotherapy ( Imatinib, Doxorubicin) , and/or polyphenols (emodin, rhein, apigenin and cisstilbene)
on inducing autophagy of myeloid and lymphoid leukaemia cells compared to non-tumour cells. Methods: one
myeloid (K562), one lymphoid (CCRF-CEM), a leukaemia cell line and one non-tumour normal cell line (CD133) were
treated with different doses of polyphenols. Using a CYTO-ID® green detection reagent and Hoechst 33342 nuclear stain
to detect autophagy by fluorescent microscope. Results: Emodin, cis-stilbene, apigenin and rhein showed different levels
of effect on inducing autophagy in K562 myeloid cells, CCRF-CEM lymphoid cells and CD133+ normal cells when
these types of polyphenols used separately and combined with chemotherapy. Conclusion: Generally, the CCRF-CEM
lymphoid leukaemia cell line was more sensitive to polyphenol treatments alone and when combined with Doxorubicin
compared to the K562 myeloid leukaemia cell line and CD133+ non-tumour cells. These results suggest that polyphenols
have different effects according to the type of cell and polyphenol. The variant effect between leukaemia cells and nontumour
cell suggests that polyphenols are a potentially therapeutic agent for leukaemia. Polyphenols can enhance the
effect of chemotherapy and reduce the required dose to induce cell death in cancer cells.
Keywords: Induction of Autophagy, Imatinib, Doxorubicin, Polyphenols, Polyphenols combined with chemotherapy.,
Human Myeloid and Lymphoid Leukaemia Cell Line.

Abstract: Background: Recent epidemiological studies have shown that there is an increased risk of hypertension in
children born to women who smoked during pregnancy. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of
fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine, the major addictive component of cigarette smoke, on blood pressure of offspring
and blood vessel structure, as well as if this hypertension induced by maternal nicotine exposure can be prevented or
attenuated by vitamin C supplementation during the perinatal period or after weaning. Material and Methods: Female
Wistar rats were given nicotine (1 mg/kg/day in 1 ml s.c), either saline (1 ml/day, s.c) and nicotine (1mg/kg/day in 1 ml,
s.c) + vitamin C (1g/l in the drinking water) during pregnancy and lactation. It was also animals group that received
vitamin C (1g/l) in the drinking water from weaning up to 5 months of age. Blood pressure was determined in the female
and male offspring from weaning until 20 weeks of age. At the end of the experimental period (20 weeks), the wall
structure of the abdominal aorta in was examined. Results: Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation
resulted in an increased blood pressure of male offspring but not of female offspring. The result of this study also
indicates that blood pressure in male offspring increased from the age of 12 weeks onwards for the male offspring of
nicotine-exposed animals. Maternal vitamin C supplementation in rats exposed to nicotine during pregnancy and
lactation did not prevent development of hypertension of the male offspring, whereas the vitamin C given to pups after
weaning significantly improved the nicotine induced hypertension of male offspring. The wall structure of the abdominal
aorta of the nicotine group was irregular and abnormal alignment of three tunics, whereas this effect was not observed in
the abdominal aortic from the offspring of the saline group. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that maternal nicotine
exposure during gestation and lactation increased blood pressure of male offspring but not of female offspring and caused
an alteration in the wall structure of the abdominal aorta, thus providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the
increased prevalence hypertension in children exposed to cigarette smoke in utero. Also, the supplementation with
vitamin C after weaning leads to a reduction of the hypertension. To our knowledge this is the first time that it is shown
that hypertension induced by nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation, can be attenuated or even reversed. It
will also be of interest to determine whether epigenetic changes occurred.
Keywords: Maternal nicotine exposure, neonatal nicotine exposure, hypertension of the offspring, Wistar rats, vitamin C
attenuated hypertension of the offspring.

Abstract: Background: Leukaemia is a complex form of blood cancer characterized by the rapid proliferation of
abnormal white blood cells and the uncontrolled accumulation of these cells within the bone marrow and lymphoid
tissue. The main cause of leukaemia remains unknown. Objectives: The aim of the present review is a high light on the
aetiology, incidence, classification, and treatment of leukaemia with chemotherapy, and some polyphenols uses to
enhance the effect of chemotherapy and reduce the required dose to induce cell death in cancer cells. The disease’s
occurrence has been linked to a combination of both variant environmental aspects and human genetics. Long-term
exposure to certain industrial chemicals and exposure to high levels of radiation energy. Smoking has also been linked to
doubling or tripling the risk of acute myeloid leukaemia. Generally, incidence of leukaemia occurs at varying rates
according to age and gender, and according to which it appears to be more common in men than in women; moreover,
the incidence rate is higher in adults than in children. Four types of leukaemia have been identified: acute lymphocytic
leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, acute myelogenous leukaemia and chronic myelogenous leukaemia. The
treatment options for leukaemia depend on the type of leukaemia, a patient’s age and their general health. There are many
types of treatments for treating leukaemia, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and bone marrow
transplant. Chemotherapies are known as the most common type of leukaemia treatments. Although chemotherapy has
the ability to kill leukaemia cells, it causes cytotoxicity to normal cells that are not able to renew themselves following
chemotherapy. Polyphenols are an essential part of the human diet, where flavonoid and phenolic acids show the
majority of polyphenol existent in vegetables and fruits such as pomegranate. Polyphenols have been divided to three
different classes: flavonoids (apigenin), stilbene (cis-stilbene) and anthraquinone (emodin and rhein). These different
polyphenol classes have shown the ability to work in an anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic manner to prevent the
progression of solid tumours. Conclusion: It can be concluded that leukaemia is a complex form of blood cancer, which
the main cause of it remains unknown. The occurrence of the disease has been linked to a combination of both variant
environmental aspects and human genetics. The incidence of leukaemia occurs at varying rates according to age and
gender. There are many types of treatments for treating leukaemia. Chemotherapies are known as the most common type
of leukaemia treatments. Polyphenols have anti-cancer properties that are attributed to their ability to work as
antioxidants. Therefore, the patients should be advised to take vegetables and fruits which rich in polyphenols while they
are treated with chemotherapy to decrease its harmful effects.
Keywords: Leukaemia, Aetiology, Incidence, Classification, Treatment, Chemotherapy, polyphenols.

Abstract: Background: Humans are exposed to chemicals from endogenous or exogenous sources, and they often cause
functional failures of certain body systems. Nicotine is one of that chemical can reach to the body from tobacco or from
liquid substances. Also, excessive use of preservatives, especially for meat preservation, adversely affects various body
systems and causes damage to the body. One of the most common chemical uses is sodium nitrite. Liver is the main
organ for the metabolism and detoxification from drugs and environmental toxicants of the body. There is no doubt that
nicotine and sodium nitrate are causes a harmful effects on different body organs. Objectives: The present study aimed
to evaluate the histological and biochemical changes induced by synchronized administration of nicotine and sodium
nitrite in the liver of male albino rats. Materials and methods: 24 male F-344/NHsd Fischer rats were used for this
study and divided into 4 groups. The first group was control group injected subcutaneously with saline daily for 6 weeks,
the 2nd was the nicotine group and injected subcutaneous daily with 4mg nicotine/kg body weight for 6 weeks, the 3rd
was sodium nitrite group injected subcutaneous daily with 0.4mg sodium nitrite/kg body weight for 6 weeks, the 4th was
co-administered nicotine with sodium nitrite group injected subcutaneous with nicotine and sodium nitrite at a dose of 4
mg, and 0.4 mg/ kg body weight /day, respectively for 6 weeks. The livers were dissected out, weighted and specimens
were taken and processed for light microscopic examinations. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of serum
alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, serum
concentration of total protein, albumin, globulin, and direct bilirubin. Results: The results showed a significant increase
in serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, and direct bilirubin concentration, and a significant decrease in serum
concentration of total protein, albumin, and globulin in rats treated with nicotine or sodium nitrite. Histopathological
investigation of rats treated with nicotine or sodium nitrate showed many structural changes in the liver which included
necrosis, congestion, degeneration, cell swelling, cell death, loss of endothelial lining the liver vessels. But, the
simultaneous administration of nicotine and sodium nitrite caused additive effects in biochemical parameters and
histopathalogical changes. Conclusion: It can be concluded that treatment of rats with nicotine or sodium nitrite caused a
serious pathophysiological changes in the liver. Simultaneous administration of nicotine and sodium nitrite a more
pathophysiological changes in the liver. Therefore, we should be reduce the use of preservatives, frozen meat and other recommended to stop smoking, as well liquid substances it containing, because of its harmful effects to the body organs.
Keywords: Nicotine, Sodium nitrite, Simultaneous administration, Hepatic pathophysiological changes.

Background: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a compound widely used as an immunosuppressive drug, particularly, in case of heart, liver and kidney transplantation to prevent rejection of transplanted organ. Toxic effects of CsA have been demonstrated in a variety of organs of experimental animals, including kidney, liver, hematopoietic systems, the lymphoid system, the alimentary tract, and skin.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the side effect of acute and chronic treatment with CsA on haematological parameters and serum proteins in male albino rats.
Materials and Methods: Eighty male albino rats were divided into 4 main groups, each one divided into two subgroups, consisted of 10 animals. The first group were divided into 2 subgroups, the first serves as a control group, and the second were treated orally with 20 mg/Kg/day CsA for one week. The second group were divided into 2 subgroups, the first serves as a control group, and the second were treated orally with 20 mg/Kg/day CsA for two weeks. The third group were divided into 2 subgroups, the first serves as a control group, and the second were treated orally with 20 mg/Kg/day CsA for four weeks. The fourth group were divided into 2 subgroups, the first serves as a control group, and the second were treated with one acute dose (50 mg/Kg) of CsA orally. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of haematological parameters and serum proteins.
Results: The results of the present study showed that, chronic treatment with CsA for 4 weeks caused a highly significant (P<0.01) decreases in RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, haematocrite value, MCHC, Lymphocytes%, and increase in MCV, MCH, and neutrophils % as compared to control. Acute administration of CsA caused a significant decreases (P<0.05) in eosinophils % and (P<0.01) basophils when compared to controls. Also, chronic administration of CsA for four weeks caused a highly significant (P<0.01) decreases in serum albumin, A/G ratio, and increase in serum Globulins as compared to control groups.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that, chronic cyclosporine A had adverse effects on haematological parameters, serum total proteins, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio in male albino rats.

The aim of the study: This study was conducted to evaluate renal function in hypertensive patients using the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). Methods: This study was conducted during August 2018, the subjects enrolled in this study divided into two groups (study group, control group). Study group, consists of 44 hypertensive patients (HTN). Control group was consists of 50 apparently healthy volunteers. A complete data record was obtained including name, age, gender, duration of hypertension, blood pressure (BP), weight, and height using standardized questionnaire. Members of both groups were within the same social class and dietary habit. Blood sample were obtained from both groups for measurement of creatinine, and urea. Venous blood was drawn in plain blood tube containing clot activator and immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain serum and immediately analyzed. The eGFR calculated using a software depend on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation. Results: The present study showed that a significant increased in serum urea and creatinine levels in hypertensive patients when compared with healthy volunteers. On the other hand, the eGFR was significantly decreased in hypertensive patients as compared to healthy subjects. 31.8% of patients were in stage one, 40.9% in stage 2, and 15.9% in stage 3A, 4.5% in stage 3 B, and 6.8% in stage 5. The eGFR was decreased significantly with increasing of BMI and duration of hypertension. No correlation was observed between GFR and age, gender, and blood pressure. Conclusion: This study concluded that serum urea and creatinine were a significant increased and eGFR was significantly decreased and correlated with hypertension duration in hypertension patients. In some forms of CKD, HTN may be the earliest sign of kidney dysfunction and appropriate HTN management reduces kidney outcomes. Therefore, the hypertensive patient's should be advised to check the kidney functions periodically to avoid renal failure.

Background: The use of mobile phones, wireless, and electrical devices has gradually increased throughout the last century, and scientists have suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by such devices may have harmful effects on living creatures. Many studies revealed that the EMFs might produce a variety of adverse effects on human health as headaches, chronic fatigue, heart problems, stress, nausea, chest pain, and also some bad effects on central nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Exposure to EMF result in deterioration of RBCs function and metabolic activity, it was expected that, the increase of toxicity in specific organs was a result of the RBCs functional failure. The mechanisms by which the electromagnetic fields cause their bad effects may be by causing deterioration in cellular large molecules, imbalance in ionic equilibrium and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These reactive oxygen species can damage cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. Measurements of blood parameters are of the most important diagnostic methods by which we can determine the health status of human and animals for certain diseases as anemia, leukemia and also detect the presence of the inflammations.
Objectives: This study aimed to present an overview on the previous works from 1997 to 2018 on the varying effects of electromagnetic fields on haematological data in human and different species of experimental models by using different frequencies, intensities, and different sources of electromagnetic fields for different periods. The hematological parameters are fluctuating across the exposure period to the EMFs suggesting the possible induction of hazardous biological effects during the exposure to magnetic field.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that exposure of human and experimental animals to EMFs cause harmful effects on blood cells. These effects were disturbance in haematological parameters depending on species, the sources of EMFs, frequencies, intensities and duration of exposure.

Background: It well is known that thyroid hormones are involved in regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism; therefore, thyroid dysfunctions induce a significant change in lipid levels. Thyroid hormones are an important modulator of intermediary metabolism. Objectives: This study was conducted to observe the correlation between hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and lipid profile in thyroid dysfunction patients. Methods: The study group consists of 118 subjects of both sex (53 males & 65 females) between the age 20-87. The samples of these patients were collected from Asian Institute of Medical Science at Faridabad region. The subjects were divided into four groups the first group consisting 51 subjects for hypothyroidism which also divided into two subgroups 14 patients suffering from overt hypothyroidism and 37 patients suffer from sub-clinical hypothyroidism, second group for normal conditions or control which consist 20 subjects, third group consisting 14 patients suffering from hyperthyroidism, and last group consist 33 patient suffer cardiac disease. About 3 ml blood samples were collected to detect FT3, FT4, TSH, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C analyzed in the lab of Asian Institute of Medical Science in Faridabad region. Results: The present study demonstrated multiple biochemical abnormalities in the serum lipids in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism subjects, there is an increase in the most lipid profile in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients, and finally, dyslipidemia which is one of the major risk factors of atherosclerosis and coronary disease. There is an increase in total cholesterol, VLDL-C, and levels and decreased in HDL-C in hypothyroidism patients. And there is also increase in total and LDL cholesterol, and decreased in HDL-C level in hyperthyroidism patients, within no changes in VLDL and levels, and there is no significant between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism groups). Conclusion: This study concluded that there is an increase in the most lipid profile in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients and finally dyslipidemia which is one of the major risk factors for atherosclerosis and coronary disease. There is an increase in total cholesterol, VLDL-C, and levels and decreased in HDL-C in hypothyroidism patients. And there is also increase in total and LDL cholesterol, and decreased in HDL-C level in hyperthyroidism patients.

Background: Cancer is a major public health problem in many parts of the world. One in 4 deaths in the
United States is due to cancer which is second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death, in the United
Kingdom, it is the leading cause of death. There is increasing interest in strategies for cancer prevention due to the steady
increase in global cancer incidence with its associated morbidity and mortality, together with the healthcare costs of
treatment. Objectives: The aim of the current review is a high light on the cancer epidemiology, classification, aetiology,
diagnosis, prevention, cancer chemotherapy, and natural products uses to decrease the harmful effect of chemotherapy.
Cancer is a disease in which a group of cells displays uncontrolled growth and invasion that destroy adjacent tissues, and
sometimes metastasize to other locations in the body. Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. Cancer cases are due
to 5-10% genetics, and 90-95% environmental factors which including; infections, diet lack of physical activity, and
obesity, stress, tobacco, radiation, and environmental pollutants. Cancer symptoms are local, metastatic, and systemic
symptoms. Local symptoms can include lumps or swelling, hemorrhage, ulceration and pain. Metastatic symptoms
include enlarged lymph nodes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, neurological symptoms, and fracture of affected bones.
Systemic symptoms occur due to distant effects of the cancer that are not related to direct or metastatic spread. Some of
these effects can include weight loss, poor appetite, cachexia, fatigue, excessive sweating, anemia, and other specific
conditions. Human cancer classification is currently based on the idea of cell of origin, light and electron microscopic
attributes of the cancer. Chemotherapy is used to produce complete cure, prolong life or to reduce symptoms of
cancer. It may use one drug at a time or several drugs at once. The most common one classify these agents according
to their mechanism of action into alkylation agents, antimetabolites, antimicro- tubules, topoisomerase inhibitors
and cytotoxic antibiotics. To decrease the dose and toxicity and increase the efficacy of chemotherapy regimens,
various approaches were investigated. One of them was the search for natural agents with anticancer properties that
can be used in combination with the traditional anticancer agents . Many of chemoprotective plants are used with the
traditional anticancer agents. Conclusion: It can be concluded that cancer is a disease in which a group of cells displays
uncontrolled growth and invasion that destroy adjacent tissues. The causes of cancer are due to genetics, and
environmental factors. Cancer symptoms are local, metastatic, and systemic symptoms. Chemotherapy uses to produce
complete cure, prolong life or to reduce symptoms of cancer. Many of chemoprotective natural products are used with
the traditional anticancer agents. So, the patients should be advised to take one of natural products while they are treated
with chemotherapy to decrease its harmful effects.
Keywords: Cancer overview, Epidemiology, Classification, Aetiology, Diagnosis, Cancer prevention, Cancer
chemotherapy.

Vitamin D deficiency is common during pregnancy especially among high-risk groups, including vegetarians, women with limited sun exposure. Severe maternal vitamin D deficiency has been associated with biochemical evidence of disordered skeletal homeostasis. The present study aims to evaluate the status of vitamin D and calcium ions in pregnant women in Western-Libya. A total of 79 pregnant women were included in the present study. 21, 34, and 24 pregnant women were in the 1 st trimester, the 2 nd trimester, and the 3 rd trimester of pregnancy, respectively. A complete data record was obtained including name, age, duration of pregnancy, weight, height, healthy diet, and family history of chronic diseases using standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained from all subjects for measurement of serum vitamin D and calcium. Venous blood was drawn in plain blood tube containing clot activator and immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain serum and immediately analyzed. A significant decrease in vitamin D level was recorded in pregnant women as compared with a non pregnant woman. The highest level of serum calcium was found in the 2 nd trimester and the highest level of vitamin D was found in the 3 rd trimester. 84.8% of study group had a vitamin D level less than 20ng/ml and 46.8% had a calcium level less than 8.4mg/dl. The levels of vitamin D were less than 20ng/ml in the 1 st , 2 nd , and the 3 rd trimesters of pregnancy as 95.2%, 91.2%, and 66.7%, respectively. And calcium levels were less than 8.4 mg/dl in the 1 st , 2 nd , and the 3 rd trimesters of pregnancy as 61.9%, 35.3%, and 50%, respectively. Also, the study revealed a significant correlation between vitamin D and serum calcium levels, but no correlation between vitamin D and BMI or between serum calcium and BMI were observed in pregnant women. Despite the large amount of sunshine in Libya, these results show that pregnant women in our region are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency. So, we need to focus our emphasis on maternal nutrition, especially adequate vitamin D and calcium intake, which may pave way in the long run for prevention of future bone health related conditions like osteoporosis.

The present review aims to high light on the oxidative stress, and prevention by internal antioxidants and external antioxidants by some natural products possessing antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and detoxification favors an increase in ROS levels, leading to disturbed cellular function. ROS causes damage to cellular macromolecules causing lipid peroxidation, nucleic acid, and protein alterations. Their formation is considered as a pathobiochemical mechanism involved in the initiation or progression phase of various diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, diabetes, and initiation of carcinogenesis or liver diseases. In order to maintain proper cell signaling, it is likely that a number of radical scavenging enzymes maintain a threshold level of ROS inside the cell. However, when the level of ROS exceeds this threshold, an increase in ROS production may lead to excessive signals to the cell, in addition to direct damage to key components in signaling pathways. ROS can also irreversibly damage essential macromolecules. Protein-bound thiol and non-protein-thiol are the major cytosolic low molecular weight sulfhydryl compound that acts as a cellular reducing and a protective reagent against numerous toxic substances including most inorganic pollutants, through the –SH group. Hence, thiol is often the first line of defense against oxidative stress. Flavonoids have been found to play important roles in the non-enzymatic protection against oxidative stress, especially in the case of cancer. Flavonoids have occurred widely in tea, fruit, red wine, vegetables, and cocoas. Flavonoids, including flavones, flavanone, flavonols, and isoflavones, are polyphenolic compounds which are widespread in foods and beverages, and possess a wide range of biological activities, of which anti-oxidation has been extensively explored. It can be concluded that oxidative stress causes irreversible damage in cellular macromolecules that leads to initiation of various diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, liver diseases, diabetes, and initiation of carcinogenesis. Antioxidants inhibit reactive oxygen species production and scavenging of free radicals. Therefore, the review recommends that high consumption of natural foods that are rich in antioxidants will provide more protection against toxic agents and related diseases.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its metabolites were proven to suppress the proliferation of various cancer cell lines by targeting a wide spectrum of signaling pathways that regulate hormonal homeostasis, cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation. Moreover, I3C inhibited tumorigenesis in mammary glands, liver, lung, and gastrointestinal tract in different animal models. These preclinical findings demonstrate the value of I3C in cancer prevention and therapy, which has led to its trial in cervical dysplasia, breast cancer, leukemia and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of I3C on inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and TNF-α levels and prooncogenic mediator, SphK1 activity, in tumor tissue in Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma (SEC) Tumor Model. Eighty BALB/c male mice were used in this study. Except for mice in the control group, each mouse was implanted subcutaneously with 0.2 ml of the ascites fluid containing 1x10 6 Ehrlich carcinoma cells (ECCs) into the thigh of the hind limb. Mice were divided into four groups (20 mice per group) as follow: Control group, Solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) control group, Indole-3-carbinol (I3C 1000 ppm) group, in which mice were put on a diet containing 1000 ppm I3C starting seven days before and continued for 42 days after tumor inoculation, Indole-3-carbinol (I3C 2000 ppm) group, in which mice were put on a diet containing 2000 ppm I3C starting seven days before and continued for 42 days after tumor inoculation. Administration of I3C (1000 and 2000 ppm) to ECCs-bearing mice resulted in significant decrease in tumor volume and increased survival rate. Subcutaneous implantation of ECCs resulted in significant increase in tumor tissue SphK1 activity, TNF-α and IL-6 levels and administration of I3C (1000 and 2000 ppm) to ECCs-bearing mice resulted in significant decrease in all of these oncogenic and inflammatory mediators.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracyclin antitumor antibiotic closely related to the natural product daunomycin. The most dangerous side effect of DOX is cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the cardiotoxicity of DOX by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK-MB) enzymes, and troponin I level in serum, and measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the heart muscle tissue. Sixty BALB/c male mice were used in this study. Except for mice in the control group, each mouse was implanted subcutaneously with 0.2 ml of the ascites fluid containing 1x10 6 Ehrlich carcinoma cells (ECCs) into the right thigh of the hind limb of a mouse. The total period of the experiment was 49 days (7 days before and 42 days after tumor inoculation). Mice were randomly divided into three groups (20 mice per each group) as follows: Group 1: Control group, in which mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.2 ml normal saline once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days). Group 2: Solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) control group, in which mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml normal saline once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) starting one hour after tumor inoculation. Group 3: DOX group, in which mice received DOX (4 mg/kg, i.p.) once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) starting one hour after tumor inoculation. The results of this study showed that, treatments with an intraperitoneal injection of DOX lead to increase of myocardial infarction markers as serum LDH, CK-MB enzyme activities, and Troponin I level. MDA increases in cardiac tissue homogenate in treated mice with DOX. It can be concluded that DOX treatment of male mice inoculated with SEC Tumor induced a myocardial infarction. Therefore, cancer patients treat with DOX should be checked the serum LDH, CK-MB enzyme activities, and Troponin I level during treatment to avoid myocardial infarction.

Background: Doxorubicin is used for treatment of solid tumors blood cancers, however, its cardiotoxicity, cardio-myopathy, and congestive heart failure, are the major limitation of its use. Doxorubicin treatment induces inflammation in various cancer cell lines. Exposure urothelial cells to doxorubicin (DOX) show an increase in IL-1β and prostaglandin E2, similarly, studies have shown that high IL-8, TNF-α and NFκB. This study aimed to investigate the effects of doxorubicin treatment of inflammatory and prooncogen mediators in heart muscle and tumor tissue. Methods: Sixty BALB/c male mice were used in this study. Except for mice in the control group, each mouse was implanted subcutaneously with 0.2 ml of the ascites fluid containing 1x10 6 Ehrlich carcinoma cells (ECCs) into the thigh of the hind limb. Mice were divided into three groups (20 mice per group) as follow: Control group, in which mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.2 ml normal saline once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days), Solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) control group, in which mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml normal saline once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) starting one hour after tumor inoculation, DOX group, in which mice received DOX (4 mg/kg, i.p.) once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) starting one hour after tumor inoculation. Results: administration of DOX to ECCs-bearing mice resulted in a significant increase in cardiac tissue IL-6 level by 4 folds compared to the control group and subcutaneous implantation of ECCs resulted in a significant increase IL-6 in tumor tissue. Administration of DOX to ECCs-bearing mice resulted in a significant decrease in tumor tissue IL-6 and TNF-α levels. SEC group showed a significant increase in tumor tissue SphK1 activity compared to the control group and administration of DOX ECCs-bearing mice resulted in the non-significant effect on the tumor tissue SphK1 activity. Conclusion: Treatment with DOX, leads to increase in inflammatory mediators as, IL-6 and TNF-α, in cardiac muscle tissue amelioration of these parameters in tumor tissue. SphK1 enzyme activity was increased by tumor induction.

The liver is a primary site for xenobiotics detoxification, and its metabolism is readily altered by toxicity. The kidney is a common target for toxic xenobio-tics due to its capacity to extract and concentrate toxic substances by highly specialized cells. So, they are the target organs of sodium fluoride toxicity. The aim of this review is to highlight on hepatorenal oxidative stress and patho-physiological changes induced by treatment of experimental animals with sodium fluoride. Our review shows fluoride toxicosis caused an elevation in the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and the level of total bilirubin, and reduction in the serum levels of total protein, albumin, and globulins, and serious histopathological changes in the hepaic tissues. Also, NaF administration caused increases in serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium ions, and chloride ions levels and serious histopathological changes in the kidney tissues. Treatment of experimental animals with NaF induced oxidative stress in hepatic and renal tissues. It can be concluded that administration of sodium fluoride to experimental animals induced oxidative stress, serious hepatorenal histopathological changes, and disturbance in liver and kidney functions. So, human should be advised to decrease exposure to sodium fluoride to decrease the harmful effects of NaF on liver and kidney.

ABSTRACT
The liver is a vital organ in the body. It plays a major role in metabolism, including ridding the body of substances that would otherwise be injurious if allowed to accumulate, and excretion of xenobiotics from the body. The endogenous antioxidants defenses from reactive oxygen species are strengthened by natural antioxidants and restore the optimal balance by neutralizing reactive species. The present study aims to highlight on hepatotoxic agents, and prevention of hepatic disorders using Curcuma longa, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Allium sativum, Coffea arabica, Petroselinum crispum, Olea europaea leaves, and Mentha piperita. Curcuma longa showed that hepatoprotective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol, diethyl nitrosamine, CCl4, and gentamicin. Also, the hepatoprotective effect of Trigonella foenumgraecum seeds has been elucidated against hepatic disorders induced by γ-radiation, monosodium glutamate, ethanol, CCl4, AlCl3, and diabetes. Allium sativum has been used in the treatment of hepatic disorders. The hepatoprotective effect of Allium sativum has been confirmed against oxidative damage and hepatic toxicity of D-galactosamine, lipopolysaccharide, ethanol, and CCl4, which may be due to the presence of organosulfur compounds. Coffea arabica intake has been inversely related to the incidence of liver diseases. Petroselinum crispum showed a hepatoprotective effect against hepatic disorders induced by CCl4 and diabetes, which may be due to their high content of antioxidants. The leaves of Mentha piperita showed a good hepatoprotection against hepatopathy induced arsenic, anti-tuberculosis drugs, and CCl4 which may be due to their high content of phenolics and flavonoids. Olea europaea leaves extract significantly ameliorated pathophysiological changes induced in the liver by diazinon, carbendazim, and γ-irradiation in rats. It can be concluded that administration of Curcuma longa, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Allium sativum, Coffea arabica, Petroselinum crispum, Olea europaea leaves, and Mentha piperita showed a remarkable hepatic protection against hepatotoxic agents, which may be due to its antioxidant properties of these medicinal plants and herbs. So, Human expose to hepatotoxic agents and the patients with hepatic disorders should be advised to take these medicinal plants and herbs.

Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when the body is exposed to a drug or toxin. Natural sources of antioxidants may serve as a vital source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of an effective therapy to combat a variety of kidney problems. Natural antioxidants have a variety of biochemical actions such as inhibition of reac-tive oxygen species production, scavenging of free radicals. The present review aims to summarize the recent articles which studied some of the nephrotoxic agents, and alleviation of nephrotoxicity using of some natural products possessing antioxidant properties. Our review shows the oxidative damage and renal disorders induced in human and experimental animals by nephrotoxic agents such as gentamicin, nephrotic disorders caused in diabetic rats, patients, cirrhotic ascetic patients, and ischemia-reperfusion. Administration of natural sources of antioxidants such as curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, prop-olis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame attenuated both physiological and histopathological alterations induced in the kidney by the nephrotoxic agent and certain diseases. The nephroprotective effect of the former natural sources of antioxidants may be due to the enhancement of antioxidant activity and inhibition of tissue lipid peroxidation. It can be concluded that administration of curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame showed a remarkable kidney protection against nephrotoxic agents, and diseases induced renal dysfunctions in human and experimental animals. So, the present study recommended that the consumption of these natural sources of antioxidants may be useful for human exposure to nephrotoxic agents and patients who suffer from renal diseases.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the beneficial effects of magnetized water for human and animals. There was an improvement in water quality when exposed to the magnetic field with considerable change in the pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, evaporating temperature, minerals, organic matter and total count of bacteria. Therefore it's penetration into cell wall would be facilitated which can accelerate ordinary diffusion of water that is vital for growth of different organs. Patients uses magnetic water for digestive, urinary and nervous problems, ailments like mastitis, pains and swellings, painful urination and many other disorders. Magnetized water has been found effective in alleviating colds, coughs, bronchitis, all types of fever and more, arthritis pain, reducing blood pressure, recovering quickly from a stroke, and it helpful in the regularization of women's menses. Also, treatment with magnetic water was very effective in breaking up kidney and gall bladder stones into small particles. The water also prevented further formation of stones in the kidneys and gallbladder. Magnetic water may prevent aging and fatigue by increasing the cell membrane permeability. Effectiveness of magnetized water in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis has been shown in some animal and human studies. It has been reported that magnetic water help unclog the arteries and veins of deposits of cholesterol and salts and normalize the circulatory system. Also, magnetized water can be helpful in weight control, as an adjutant to a correct diet because this water improves metabolic activity, it may be helpful in burning up excessive fatty tissue. Magnetized drinking water improves nutrient digestibility, saves water consumption, optimizing rumen fermentation parameters, and it could an effective way to reduce methane production and contributing to mitigate environmental impact in livestock, positive animal health, which is reflected in the increase in milk yield and its component and improves blood picture and antioxidant status. Magnetized drinking water caused increase milk production, mutton, and wool in sheep not only that, but more weight gain in geese and egg production and hatchability in turkey can be achieved, and increasing in milk yields in dairy cows and ewes. It can be concluded that magnetic water treatment improved blood picture, biochemical parameters, semen quality, and antioxidant status in human and animals. So, magnetic water must be used to mitigate the harmful effects of drugs, toxins, and environmental pollutant on human and animals.

This study aimed to highlight on the influence of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the cardiovascular system in humans and experimental animals, from the recent articles regarding the cardiovascular effects of exposure to EMFs. EMFs might produce a variety of adverse in vivo effects such as heart problems, chest pain, and cardiovascular system disorders. Previous studies showed that an association between elevated magnetic field exposure and mortality of employer in electric utility industry jobs from arrhythmia-related causes and acute myocardial infarction influence heart rate variability by changing autonomic balance. EMF exposure can affect structure and function of cardiovascular system and may facilitate myocardial infarction by nuclear changing of cardiomyocytes. Exposure to EMFs induced pain or pressure in the chest area, heart palpitations, and/or an irregular heart beat. The symptoms resemble a heart attack and thus contribute to even more anxiety. Also, exposure to EMFs caused highly significant increases in the activeties of serum creatinine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate amino-transferase enzymes, and decreases in plasma calcium level and total anti-oxidant capacity. Rats exposed to EMF showed increases in blood pressure, the absolute and relative whole heart and left ventricular weights. On the other hand, the heart rate was significantly reduced in rats exposed to EMF. The ECG recording of expermental animals exposed to EMF showed a significantly higher R and T voltages, increase in QRS duration, and prolonged P-R and QT-c intervals. A serious histopathological changes in the heart were seen in experimental animals exposed to EMFs, these changes includes increases the number of apoptotic cells, dark brown stain muscle fiber nuclei, marked cell vacuolation, hyperemia muscle fiber degeneration, distortion of some cardiac myocytes, mononuclear cellular infiltration and histological structure of the myocytes spaces were seen. Ultra structural of the myocardial tissue and sarcomere in experimental animals exposed to EMFs showed that lose of area in sarcomeres, irregular structural of myocardial cells, and ruptures of sarcomeres, lose of mitochondria cristae, blebs of mitochondria. It can be concluded that exposure of human and experimental animals to EMFs have been a negative effect on the heart and blood vessels by causing a histopathological changes and disturbances in the functions of the organs of the cardiovascular system.

Despite control efforts over the infected areas with schistosomiasis in the world, about 200 million people are still infected, of which 120 million suffer severe morbidity and complications. The clinical symptoms of Schistsomiasis include hepatosplenomegaly, liver fibrosis, portal hypertension, and liver cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to show the effects of pretreatment with lead on the course of schistosomiasis and to investigate the possible role of it on susceptibility and resistance of mice to infection. Mice were used in this study as experimental animals, these were randomly divided into two main groups as follows: Group I, which was divided into: Ia: Control group and Ib: Infected group with S. mansoni and were sacrificed at the end of the 8 th week after infection. Group II, which was divided into: IIa: Control group and IIb: pretreated group with Pb for 4 weeks and and infected with S. mansoni and were sacrificed after another 8 weeks. This study concluded that pretreatment with lead acetate to S. mansoni infected mice resulted in significant reduction in the harmful effects on the liver, hematological data, and body and organ weight, as compared with Schistosoma mansoni infected groups.

Pollution with lead and exposure to parasitic infection are very widespread health problems faced developing countries. In Egypt, schistosomiasis is not only a prime health problem, but is also an economic one as it affects millions of farmers at an early age, thus diminishing their productivity and creating a serious socioeconomic problems. The present study aimed to examine the combined effect of exposure to lead and infection with Schistosoma mansoni on progression of hematological and hepatic dysfunction by measuring the hematological parameters in peripheral blood, liver function tests and histopathological changes in hepatic tissues. Mice were used as experimental animal, these animals were divided into four groups, each one consisted of 10 animals. The first group is a control group, the second group was intoxicated with lead, this group were kept under the same condition of control of feeding for 4 weeks and intoxicate with 250 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water for another 4 weeks and sacrificed at the end of the 8 th week. The third group was infected with S. mansoni by subcutaneous injection with 100 cercaria for each mouse and sacrificed at the end of the 8 th week after infection. The fourth group was intoxicated with lead and infected with S. mansoni and intoxicated with lead. These animals were fed a balanced diets and infected subcutaneously with 100 cercariae, after 4 weeks post-infection, animals were treated with 250 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water for another 4 weeks and sacrificed at the end of 8 th week. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that mice infected with S. mansoni and exposed to lead acetate in comparsion with those uninfected but exposed to lead or mice only suffered from schistosomal infection showed significant effects on hematological and biochemical parameters, compared with controls as decreasing serum in albumin content and A/G ratio. Hematological data as hemoglobin, RBCs count, and hematocrit, were also reduced. On the other hand, serum total proteins and globulins, total leucocytes count and neutrophils, sALT and sAST activities, were elevated under the same experimental conditions. Serious histopathological changes in hepatic tissues were also observed. It has, therefore, been concluded that the effect of each factor (lead intoxication or schistosomal infection) exacerbates the effect of the other which finally lead to bad additive effects on the organisms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the values of hematological parameters at different trimesters of pregnancy in pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Sabratha Teaching Hospital, Northwest Libya. This cross-sectional survey included consecutive pregnant women who attended the obstetrical department in Sabratha Teaching Hospital for prenatal booking. This study was carried out over period of 6 month from April 2016 to September 2016. The study involved 120 pregnant women as the study group and 40 non-pregnant women as control. The study pregnant women were between the ages of 18 to 45 years. 5 ml of venous blood samples were taken from each pregnant woman in K 3-EDTA tubes for the haematological examinations. The analysis of haematological indices was done using automated hematological analyzer. The obtained results showed that the mean age of pregnant women was 30 years ± 5.8 SD, 48.4% of pregnant women were between 21-30 years old, 40.8% were at age between 31-40 years. The most prevalent blood group in pregnant women was group O, 47.5%; followed by blood group A, 28.3%; blood group B, 17.5% and blood group AB, 6.7%. 15.8% of the pregnant women were observed to lack Rh antigen in their blood. Highly significance decrease in Hb, Hct, MCH, MCHC, lymphocytes%, RBCs and blood platelets count and significant decrease in MCV as compared with non pregnant women. On the other hand, highly significance increased in WBCs count, and neutrophils % of pregnant women compared with non pregnant women. A progressive decline in Hb concentration and haematocrite values from the first to third trimester was observed. The mean corpuscular volume was significantly decreased in the second trimester. The values of MCH showed highly significant decrease in the second and third trimester, and MCHC decreased significantly in the first trimester. WBC count and neutrophils % showed highly significant increase from the first to the third trimester. Lymphocytes % were highly significant decreased from the first to the third trimester. Mixed percentage of leukocytes (eosinophil, basophil and monocytes) decreased significantly in the third trimester. Platelets count exhibited a highly significant decrease in the second and third trimesters, and a significantly decrease in the first trimester. It can be concluded that a significant changes in the haematological parameters at different trimesters of pregnancy in pregnant women. So it is essential to monitor and manage these parameters during pregnancy.

Propoxur (2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methyl carbamate) is a widely used broad spectrum insecticide. Despite the increasing use of propoxurin Egypt, there is no complete information on the toxic effects of this insecticide in birds. Pigeons are usually feed on the seeds that may be contaminated by the insecticide (propoxur), mean while their meat is greatly required as food for people. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of subchronic oral dosage of propoxur (1/10 LD50) on acid-base status. The bird employed in the present study is the rock pigeon (Columba livia domestica), weighing between 320 – 380g. Birds were classified into four groups each consists of 5 animals as follow:1-Control group, 2-Three doses group, pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for three consecutive doses. 3-Six doses group, pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for six consecutive doses. 4 – Nine doses group, Pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for nine consecutive doses. (two-days interval between each two consecutive doses in treated groups) and birds were sacrificed after 24 hours after the last dose.This study concluded that, propoxur intoxication leads to Significant elevation in arterial and venousPCO2in all intoxicated groups, and significant decrease in arterial and venous blood pH as compared to control, Effects … Azab Elsayed Azab et al. decrease in arterial and venous blood HCO3-and a significant decrease in calculated HCO3-/α PCO2 in arterial and venous blood compared to control in all intoxicated groups.

This review aims to determine whether antioxidants can modulate the harmful effects of electromagnetic fields, thereby influencing health and disease outcome associated with oxidative stress-induced insults. Electromagnetic fields increase oxidative stress and that dietary supplementation with antioxidants may play a role on the neutralization or buffering of the effects of electromagnetic fields with oxidizing properties. This review summarizes the most common and health-relevant sources of oxidative stress like electromagnetic fields. There are several reports related to the protective effect of natural based substances in prevention and treatment of deleterious effects induced by electromagnetic radiation. Due to space constrains and a broad scientific data, not all the studies could be covered in this review. The use of natural antioxidants from plant is increasing day by day. In this review, we summarized mitigation of bioeffects induced by exposure to electromagnetic fields by some plants rich in natural antioxidants such as, plum (Prunus domestica), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), green tea (Camellia sinensis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), basil (Ocillium basilicum), garlic (Allium sativum), Loranthus longiflorus, Alstonia scholaris. In addition, numerous natural antioxidants such as, vitamins C, E and their derivatives, date palm pollen, quercetin, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, bixin, flavonoids, epigallocatechin and other polyphenols consumption before or after radiation exposure can protect cells against radiation induced damage. Clinical studies imply that eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and omega-3 fatty acids can help humans in decreasing oxidative stress. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation with antioxidants may play a role on the neutralization or buffering of the effects of electromagnetic fields with oxidizing properties.

The pesticides tend to become concentrated as they move up the food chain. They accumulate in organism body (target and non-target organisms) which contained them. The pesticides don't kill the individual birds often, but do affect their bodies so that they lay eggs with very thin shells often these thin-shelled eggs break or the birds are unable to reproduce. Pesticides also affect bird's physiological functions. Natural conservation committee and the Royal Society for bird protection suggested that indirect effect of pesticides was a major cause of decline birds species. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of subchronic oral dosage of propoxur (1/10 LD50) on serum biochemical parameters. The bird employed in the present study is the rock pigeon (Columba livia domestica), weighing between 320–380g. Birds were classified into four groups, each consists of 5 animals as follows: 1-Control group, this group, non-treated pigeons, were not subjected to oral administration of the insecticide. 2-Three doses group, pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for three consecutive doses. 3-Six doses group, pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for six consecutive doses. 4 – Nine doses group, Pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for nine consecutive doses. (Two-days interval between each two consecutive doses in treated groups) and birds were sacrificed after 24 hours after the last dose. Results of this study, showed significant increase in liver enzymes (ALT and AST), blood glucose, blood urea, serum uric acid, cholesterol, and triglycerides in intoxicated groups with propoxur as compared to control pigeons group.

Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences,7(5):1-10.
The pesticides tend to become concentrated as they move up the food chain. They accumulate in organism body (target and non-target organisms) which content them. The pesticides don’t kill the individual birds often but do affect their bodies so that they lay eggs with very thin shells often these thin-shelled eggs break or the birds are unable to reproduce. Pesticides also affect bird’s physiological functions. Natural conservation committee and royal Society for birds protection suggested that indirect effect of pesticides was a major cause of decline birds species. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of subchronic oral dosage of propoxur (1/10 LD50) on serum biochemical parameters. The bird employed in the present study is the rock pigeon (Columba livia domestica), weighing between 320 – 380g. Birds were classified into four groups each consists of 5 animals as follow:1- Control group, this group, non-treated pigeons, were not subjected to oral administration of the insecticide. 2- Three doses group, pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for three consecutive doses.. 3- Six doses group, pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for six consecutive doses. 4 – Nine doses group, Pigeons in this group treated with a repeated oral dose (1/10 LD50) of propoxur for nine consecutive doses. (two-days interval between each two consecutive doses in treated groups) and birds were sacrificed after 24 hours after the last dose. Results of this study, showed significant increase in liver enzymes (ALT and AST), blood glucose, blood urea, serum uric acid, cholesterol, and triglycerides in intoxicated groups with propoxur as compared to control pigeons group.
Keywords: Propoxur, Pigeon, Liver, Kidneys, Biochemical parameters. *

Gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals were reported by many investigators. Natural antioxidants strengthen the endogenous antioxidants defenses from reactive oxygen species and restore the optimal balance by neutralizing the reactive species. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Curcuma longa (Cur), and Rosmarinus officinalis (Ros) as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of gentamicin (GM) induced hepatotoxicity in Guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were divided into five groups. The first group (control) was injected intraperitoneal with saline. The 2 nd group was injected intraperitoneal with gentamicin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight /day. The 3 th , 4 th , and 5 th groups were injected intraperitoneal with gentamicin (100 mg/kg b. wt /day) concurrently with curcumin, rosemary, and curcumin with rosemary at the doses of 200 mg, 220 mg, and 200 mg with 220 mg /kg body weight /day respectively orally by gavage for 10 days. Liver function was assessed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase activities (γ-GT), total proteins, albumin, and globulin concentrations, A/G ratio, and histopathological changes of liver were examined. GM-induced hepatotoxicity was evidenced by increase in serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and γGT; a decrease in serum total proteins, albumin, and globulin concentrations; and a significant alteration in hepatic architecture. Co-administration of Cur and/or Ros with GM prevented severe alterations of biochemical parameters and disruptions of liver structure, which may be due to its antioxidant property. it can be concluded that, gentamicin had adverse effects on the liver. Curcumin and rosemary administration showed a remarkable amelioration of these abnormalities in gentamicin treated male Guinea pigs, which may be due to its antioxidant property. So, the patients should be advised to take curcumin and rosemary in combination while they are treated by gentamicin. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of hepato-protection and potential usefulness of curcumin and rosemary as a protective agent against gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity in clinical trials. Please cite this article in press as Dr. Azab Elsayed Azab et al. Prevention Of Hepatotoxicity With Curcuma Longa And Rosmarinus Officinalis In Gentamicin Treated Guinea Pigs. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.2016:6(03).

ABSTRACT
    Cyclosporin A is a compound widely used as an immunosuppressive drug, particularly, in case of kidney transplantation to prevent rejection of transplanted organ. This study aimed to investigate the bad side effect of acute and chronic treatment with cyclosporin A on liver and kidneys by measuring liver enzymes and kidney function tests in serum. Male rats were used as experimental model in this study. The results of this study concluded that, chronic treatment with cycloosprin A leads to increase in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid significantly compared to control, also, ALT and Alkaline phosphatase activities in serum were increased by chronic administration of cyclosporine A for four weeks.  Decrease of serum albumin and total protein were observed significantly compared to control groups.

Abstract: Nicotine [(S)-(-)-1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl) pyrrolidine(+)-bitartrate salt] can cause an increase in oxidative stress, serum
cardiac enzymes activities, serum concentrations of total cholesterol triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and lower levels of the cardioprotective high-density lipoprotein and disturbance in serum electrolytes and minerals. Pomegranate juice possess a marked antioxidant capacity with a high content in tannins, phenols and flavonoids. Flavanoids of pomegranate possess antiatherogenic, cardioprotective, and hypolipidemic activities. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pomegranate juice as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of nicotine induced cardiactoxicity, dyslipidemia, atherogenic and disturbance in serum electrolytes and minerals in New Zealand rabbits. In this study, twenty four male New Zealand rabbits were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2nd group was administered the pomegranate juice orally, the 3rd was the experimental and received intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (6 mg/kg body weight /day), the 4th one co-administered intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (6 mg/kg body weight /day) and  pomegranate juice orally for 6 weeks. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, serum concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium and phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol parameters and estimation of non HDLc, LDLc, VLDLc, cardiac risk ratio (Castelli’s risk index I), Castelli’s risk index II,  therogenic coefficient and atherogenic index of plasma
parameters. In nicotine treated animals, the serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, serum concentrations of potassium ions, calcium and phosphorus, glucose,  cholesterol, triglycerides, non HDLc, LDLc, VLDLc, Castelli’s risk index I, Castelli’s risk index II, atherogenic coefficient and atherogenic index of plasma parameters were significantly (p<0.05), increased as compared to the control group. On the other hand, serum HDLc and sodium ions were decreased as compared to the control group. Coadministration of pomegranate juice significantly improved of serum lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase activities, electrolytes
and minerals, glucose, lipids profile parameters and the ratios based on lipids profile parameters. It is recommended that the heavy smokers should be advised to take pomegranate juice as a rich source of antioxidant to prevent cardiactoxicity, dyslipidemia, atherogenic effects and serum electrolytes and minerals disturbance induced by nicotine. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of the cardio-protective, antidyslipidemic, antiatherogenic, and regulates serum electrolytes and minerals of pomegranate juice and potential usefulness of pomegranate juice as a protective agent against nicotine induced cardiactoxicity, atherogenic, dyslipidemia, serum electrolytes and minerals disturbance in clinical trials

Pomegranate juice possess a marked antioxidant capacity with a high content in tannins, phenols
and flavonoids which can directly or indirectly reduce oxidative damage by preventing the excessive
generation of free radicals. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pomegranate
(Punica granatum) juice as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of
nicotine induced hepatorenal toxicity in Guinea pigs. In this study, twenty four adult male Guinea
pigs were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2nd
group was administered the pomegranate juice orally, the 3rd was the experimental and received
intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (6 mg/kg body weight /day), the 4th one co-administered
intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (6 mg/kg body weight /day) and pomegranate juice orally for 8
weeks. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate
aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ- glutamyltransferase activities, total proteins,
albumin, and globulin concentrations, albumin concentration/globulin concentration (A/G) ratio, urea,
uric acid, creatinine, sodium ions, and potassium ions concentrations. In nicotine treated animals,
the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-
glutamyl transferase activities, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and potassium ions concentrations were
significantly (p<0.05), increased as compared to the control group. On the other hand, serum total proteins, albumin, globulin, sodium ions concentrations, and A/G ratio of nicotine treated Guinea
pigs were significantly (p<0.05) decreased as compared to the control Guinea pigs. Coadministration
of pomegranate juice significantly improved all biochemical parameters. It can be
concluded that, nicotine had adverse effects on liver and kidney functions parameters in the blood
serum. Pomegranate juice administration showed a remarkable amelioration of these abnormalities
in nicotine treated male Guinea pigs. It is recommended that the heavy smokers should be advised
to take pomegranate juice as a rich source of antioxidant to prevent the hepatorenal toxicity of
nicotine. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of hepatorenal protection and
potential usefulness of pomegranate juice as a protective agent against nicotine induced
hepatorenal toxicity in clinical trials.

Abstract: Rosemary extracts have a high scavenging capacity of different types of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species,
mostly free radicals. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extract of rosemary as a natural source of
antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of nicotine induced hepatorenal toxicity in Guinea pigs. In this study, twenty four adult
male Guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2nd was the rosemary
group orally received rosemary (220 mg/kg body weight /day), the 3rd was the experimental and received intraperitoneal injection
of nicotine (6 mg/kg body weight /day), the 4th one co-administered intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (6 mg/kg body weight
/day) and rosemary (220 mg/kg body weight /day) orally by gavage for 30 days. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of
serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ- glutamyltransferase activities, total
proteins, albumin, and globulin concentrations, albumin concentration/globulin concentration (A/G) ratio, urea, uric acid,
creatinine, sodium ion, and potassium ion concentrations. In nicotine treated animals, the serum alanine aminotransferase,
aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ- glutamyl transferase activities, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and potassium
ion concentrations were significantly (p<0.05), increased as compared to the control group. On the other hand, serum total
proteins, albumin, and sodium ion concentrations of nicotine treated Guinea pigs, were significantly (p<0.05), decreased
compared with control animals. But, globulin concentrations and A/G ratio were non significantly changed. Co-administration of
rosemary significantly improved all biochemical parameters. It can be concluded that, simultaneous administration of aqueous
extract of rosemary with nicotine resulted in prevention of induced hepatorenal toxicity in Guinea pigs. It is recommended that
the heavy smokers should be advised to take rosemary as antioxidant to prevent the hepatorenal toxicity. Further studies are
necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of hepatorenal protection and potential usefulness of aqueous extract of rosemary as a
protective agent against nicotine induced hepatorenal toxicity in clinical trials.

Abstract: Flavonoids and various phenolics are the most important pharmacologically active constituents in propolis capable
of scavenging free radicals. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a
natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of sodium nitrite induced haematotoxicity and hyperlipidemia in
Guinea pigs. In this study, Twenty four adult male Guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first
group was control group, the 2nd was the propolis group orally received propolis (200 mg/kg body wt), the 3rd was the
experimental and received sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight, the 4th one co-administered sodium nitrite
orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight with propolis (200 mg/kg body wt) daily for 35 days. Blood samples were obtained for
assessment of haematological parameters and serum lipids profile. In sodium nitrite treated animals, there were severe
haematological changes and dyslipidemia. Haematologically, Guinea pigs that received sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80
mg/kg body weight daily for 35days had significantly (p<0.05) lower red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, haematocrit,
mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count,
and platelets count than those in the control animals. On the other hand, mean corpuscular volume of sodium nitrite treated
animals was significantly (p<0.05) elevated as compared to the control animals. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density
lipids cholesterol, very low density lipids cholesterol concentrations, and the atherogenic ratios based on lipid profile parameters
(Castelli’s risk index I, Castelli’s risk index II, atherogenic coefficient and atherogenic index of plasma) were increased and
serum high density lipids cholesterol concentration was decreased in sodium nitrite treated group. Co-administration of propolis
significantly improved of all haematological and lipid profile parameters, and atherogenic ratios parameters. It can be concluded
that, sodium nitrite had adverse effects on haematological, lipid profile parameters, and the atherogenic ratios parameters.
Propolis supplementation showed a remarkable amelioration of these abnormalities in sodium nitrite treated male Guinea pigs. It
is recommended that the use of sodium nitrite must be limited and use of propolis as antioxidant to prevent the toxic effect.
Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of protection of haematotoxicity, hyperlipidemia, atherogenic and
potential usefulness of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a protective agent against sodium nitrite induced haematotoxicity,
dyslipidemia and atherogenic in clinical trials.

Abstract: The most essential aspects of food chemistry are the additives and preservatives. The addition of sodium nitrite as a food
additive, to our foods may react with amines of the foods in the stomach and produces nitrosamines or large numbers of free radicals.
These free radicals, known to cause oxidative stress, that could be harmful to different organs including liver and kidney. Flavonoids
and various phenolics are the most important pharmacologically active constituents in propolis capable of scavenging free radicals. The
aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium nitrite administration on some biochemical parameters in the blood serum and to
explore the ability of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a natural source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of sodium
nitrite in male Guinea pigs. In this study, twenty four adult male guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into four groups. The
first group was control group, the 2nd was the propolis group orally received propolis (200 mg/kg body wt), the 3rd was the
experimental and received sodium nitrite orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight, the 4th one co-administered sodium nitrite orally at
a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight with propolis (200 mg/kg body wt)daily for 30 days. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of
serum biochemical (glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ- glutamyltransferase
activities, total proteins albumin, and globulin concentrations, A/G ratio, urea, uric acid, creatinine concentrations, sodium ion, and
potassium ion concentrations ) parameters. In sodium nitrite treated animals, the serum glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate
aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ- glutamyl transferase activities, urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium ion, and potassium
ion concentrations parameters were increased and serum total proteins albumin, and globulin concentrations, and A/G ratio, were
decreased. Co-administration of propolis significantly improved of all biochemical parameters. It can be concluded that, sodium nitrite
had adverse effects on some biochemical parameters in the blood serum. Propolis supplementation showed a remarkable amelioration
of these abnormalities in sodium nitrite treated male Guinea pigs. It is recommended that the use of sodium nitrite must be limited and
use of propolis as antioxidant to prevent the toxic effect. Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of protection of
serum biochemical alterations and potential usefulness of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis as a protective agent against sodium
nitrite induced biochemical toxicity in clinical trials.

Abstract: Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-associated conditions. Coronary artery disease is the
epidemic of modern civilization in which dyslipidemia contributes significantly to its pathogenesis. Flavonoids and various phenolics
are the most important pharmacologically active constituents in propolis capable of scavenging free radicals and thereby protecting
lipids from being oxidized or destroyed during oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypolipidemic and
antiatherogenic effects of aqueous extract of Libyan propolis in lead acetate intoxicated male albino mice. In this study, Thirty two
adult male albino were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2nd was the propolis
group orally received propolis (200 mg/kg body wt), the 3rd was the experimental and received lead acetate (500 mg /kg diet), the 4th
one co-administered lead acetate (500 mg/kg diet) with propolis (200 mg/kg body wt)daily for 30 days. Blood samples were obtained for
assessment of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, parameters. In lead treated animals, the serum cholesterol, triglycerides,
HDLc, LDLc, VLDL, Castelli’s Risk Index I (TC/HDLc), Castelli’s Risk Index II (LDLc/HDLc), Atherogenic Coefficient {(TCHDLc)/
HDLc } and Atherogenic Index of Plasma{ (AIP)= log(TG/HDLC)} parameters were increased and serum HDLc was decreased.
Co-administration of propolis significantly improved of lipids profile parameters the ratios based on these parameters. Serum
cholesterol, triglycerides, non HDLc, LDLc, VLDL, Castelli’s Risk Index I (TC/HDLc), Castelli’s Risk Index II (LDLc/HDLc),
Atherogenic Coefficient {(TC- HDLc)/HDLc } and Atherogenic Index of Plasma{ (AIP)= log(TG/HDLC)} parameters were
significantly declined and serum HDLc was elevated. It can be concluded that, the lead had adverse effects on serum lipids profile
parameters and the ratios based on these parameters. Propolis showed hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects in lead acetate
intoxicated male albino mice. So, the populations of high risk to lead should be advised to take propolis.

Abstract: Lead is a heavy metal that has been known for its adverse effects on many body organs and systems. Lead toxicity is
associated with a number of morphological, biochemical and physiological changes, including hematological disorders, disturbance of
glucose metabolism and kidney dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of sesame oil against
lead acetate induced haemato-biochemical toxicity in albino mice from the haematological and biochemical aspects. In this study, thirty
two adult male albino mice were used for this study and divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2nd was the
sesame oil group orally received sesame oil (5 ml/kg body wt.), the 3rd was the experimental and received lead acetate (500 mg /kg diet),
the 4th one co-administered lead acetate (500 mg/kg diet) with sesame oil (5 ml/kg body wt.) daily for 30 days. Blood samples were
obtained for assessment of haematological (Red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin content (Hb), haematocrit (HCT), mean
corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood
cell count (WBCs), differential leucocytic count, and platelets count) and serum biochemical (glucose, urea, uric acid, and creatinine)
parameters. In lead treated animals, there were severe haemato-biochemical changes. Haematologically, mice that received lead acetate
(500 mg/kg diet) daily for 30 days had significantly (p<0.05) lower RBCs count, Hb, Ht, MCHC, platelets count, lymphocyte count and
basophils count than those in the control mice. On the other hand, MCV, MCH, WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils counts
of lead acetate treated mice were significantly (p<0.05) elevated as compared to the control mice. Biochemically, the serum glucose,
urea, uric acid, and creatinine parameters were increased. Co-administration of sesame oil significantly improved the haematological
parameters changes and also the serum glucose, urea, uric acid, and creatinine were significantly declined. It can be concluded that,
the lead had adverse effects on haemato-biochemical parameters. Sesame oil showed effective protective action against lead acetate
induced haemato-biochemical toxicity in albino mice. So, the populations of high risk to lead should be advised to take sesame oil.
Further studies are necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of protection of haemato-biochemical toxicity and potential usefulness of
sesame oil as a protective agent against heavy metals toxicity in clinical trials.

Abstract: The liver performs many vital functions to eliminate toxins and harmful substances from the body. Hepatotoxic
agents can react with the basic cellular components and consequently induce almost all types of liver lesions. The aim of this
study was to investigate the possible hepatoprotective role of sesame oil against lead acetate induced hepatotoxicity in albino
mice from the histological and biochemical aspects. In this study, thirty two adult male albino mice were used for this study and
divided into four groups. The first group was control group, the 2nd was the sesame oil group orally received sesame oil (5 ml/kg
body wt.), the 3rd group was the experimental and received lead acetate (500 mg /kg diet), the 4th one co-administered lead acetate
(500 mg/kg diet) with sesame oil (5 ml/kg body wt.) daily for 30 days. The livers were dissected out, weighted and specimens
were taken and processed for light microscopic examinations. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of serum alanine
aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ- glutamyltransferase activities, serum total proteins and
albumin. Results indicate that, in lead treated animals, there were severe structural damage in the liver. The hepatocytes appeared
irregularly arranged with disorganization of hepatic architecture. The hepatocytes appeared large with light and foamy cytoplasm
filled with numerous vacuole-like spaces. The nuclei appeared with pyknotic nuclei. The central vein appeared dilated and
congested with massive hemorrhage extending to the nearby cells. Also, there were focal degenerative and necrotic changes
along with inflammatory cell infiltration. Decrease in body weight and increase in liver weight were observed. Biochemically,
the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ- glutamyltransferase activities were
increased and serum total proteins and albumin were decreased. Co-administration of sesame oil significantly improved the
structural changes in the liver and also the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and
γ- glutamyltransferase activities were significantly declined and serum total proteins and albumin were elevated. Conclusion: It
can be concluded that, the lead had adverse effects on the liver. Sesame oil showed effective hepatoprotective action against lead
acetate induced hepatotoxicity in albino mice. So, the populations of high risk to lead should be advised to take sesame oil.

Abstract: Hepatotoxic agents can react with the basic cellular components and consequently induce almost all types of
liver lesions. Objective: The present work aimed to evaluate effectiveness of fenugreek seeds, rosemary and cinnamon
against cadmium induced hepatotoxicity in guinea pigs from the histological and biochemical aspects. Materials and methods:
48 guinea pigs were used for this study and divided into 8 groups. The first 4 groups were control groups, the 5th group was
the experimental and administered oral cadmium chloride at a dose of 5 mg/kg. body weight./day for 28 days, the 6th, 7th, and
8th groups co-administered cadmium with aqueous extracts of fenugreek seeds, rosemary and cinnamon at a dose of 150 mg,
220 mg, and 200 mg/ kg body weight /day, respectively. The livers were dissected out, weighted and specimens were taken
and processed for light microscopic examinations. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of serum alanine
aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ- glutamyltransferase activities, and serum total and
direct bilirubin. Results: In cadmium treated animals, there were severe structural damage in the liver. Most of hepatocytes
appeared fused together forming eosinophilic syncytial masses. The hepatocytes appeared irregularly arranged with
disorganization of hepatic architecture. The hepatocytes appeared large with light and foamy cytoplasm filled with numerous
vacuole-like spaces. The nuclei appeared with pyknotic nuclei. The central vein appeared dilated and congested with massive
hemorrhage extending to the nearby cells. Mild periductal fibrosis around bile duct in the portal area were observed. Also,
there were focal degenerative and necrotic changes along with inflammatory cell infiltration. Decrease in body weight and
increase in liver weight were observed. Biochemically, the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase,
alkaline phosphatase), and γ- glutamyltransferase activities, serum total and direct bilirubin were elevated. Co-adminstration
of fenugreek, rosemary and cinnamon significantly improved the structural changes in the liver and also all the above
mentioned biochemical parameters were significantly declined. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the cadmium had
adverse effects on the liver. Aqueous extracts of different natural materials as Fenugreek, rosemary and cinnamon were able
to attenuate these effects. So, the populations of high risk to cadmium should be advised to take one of these materials.

Abstract: The kidney is a common target for toxic xenobiotics due to its capacity to extract and concentrate toxic
substances by highly specialized cells and also, due to its large blood flow. Objective: The present work aimed to evaluate the
effectiveness of different natural materials (curcumin, rosemary and propolis) against the histological and also biochemical
alterations of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in guinea pigs. Materials and methods: 48 guinea pigs were used for this
study and divided into 8 groups. The first 4 groups were control groups, the 5th group was the experimental and administered
gentamicin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body wt for 10 days, and in the 6th , 7th , and 8th groups, gentamicin was co-administered
with curcumin, rosemary, and propolis at the doses of 200 mg, 220 mg, and 100 mg/kg body wt respectively. The animals
were sacrificed and the kidneys were dissected and specimens were obtained. The specimens were processed for light
microscopic examinations. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of urea, creatinine and uric acid levels. Results: In
gentamicin treated animals, there were structural changes. The proximal convoluted tubules showed degenerated epithelial
lining with disruption of their brush borders and presence of epithelial debris inside their lumens. The renal corpuscle
appeared with degeneration of the glomerulus and disrupted Bowman's capsule. The afferent arteriole showed thickening in
its wall and degeneration of endothelial lining with extensive perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells. Massive
interstitial hemorrhage was seen. Also, the serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid were elevated. Co-administration of
curcumin, rosemary, and propolis significantly improved the structural changes in the kidney and the blood urea, creatinine
and uric acid were significantly declined. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the gentamicin has adverse effects on the
kidney. Different natural materials as curcumin, rosemary, and propolis were able to protect the kidney against these effects.
So, the patients should be advised to take one of these materials while they are treated by gentamicin.

The aim of this study for the dot blot assay, was to find the best dilution for antigen and antibodies
with low concentrations in clear and best background. Using monoclonal IBMR3 as
specific primary antibodies in order to recognize specific antigens in the different samples
taking from four months Balb/c mouse, heart, liver and Lung organs, in addition of the HT29
Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma cell line. Using in dot blot assay which is widely use in
this filed. Protein extract were extracted from the above samples and used for dot blot assay to
widely use in this filed. Protein samples extracts were soaked in small circles of PVDF
membrane as antigens with the same amounts of protein samples but the concentration was
different, and IBMR3 monoclonal antibodies were added with the same amounts for each disc
and incubation as primary antibodies, and then secondary anti bodies (rabbit anti mouse HRP)
were added with the same amounts, but in different concentration to detect the best dilution for
antigen and anti-body with low and best background. The result of this research depends on
the PVDF disc color in the Mircotiter well, color shows the best color result that gives best low
background in mouse samples, the results reading was presented in table 5, best dilution for the
antigen in protein samples for the heart was (1/5), liver 1/25, lung 1/25 and HT29 1/ 25. The
best dilutions of secondary antibodies were 1/50 with heart, 1/100 with liver, 1/25, 1/50 with
lung, and 1/25 with HT29. The results from this study suggest that the IBMR3 antigens are
expressed in all investigated, heart, Liver, Lung organs and HT29 Cancer cell line antigens, but
the expression pattern varied from organ to another. This might be highly indicative for
expression profiles of this antigen The expression of IBMR3 Ag in cell lines (HT29), this
might also be indicative of the fact that IBMR3 antibody can express or recognize the same
epitope in different molecules having different relative molecular masses. MAbs IBMR3 may
be useful to identify and study the roles of these molecules in normal tissue and cancer cell
lines. This may help in future to use IBMR3 MAbs in cancer tissue and cells to identify the
molecular weight of each IBMR3 Ag to be indicator for some specific type of cancer, that is, it
has potential to be a future cancer marker.

To assess the effect of using fish serum as a growth medium supplement instead of
fetal calf serum on the growth and proliferation of VERO cells culture, an
investigation was performed. We added the same different concentrations of both
serums separately to well established VERO cell cultures. It was found that the total
lipid concentration in FS was more than threefold that in FCS. In addition, a decrease
in FS concentration from 10 to 2% markedly increased cell density compared with
FCS which gave the highest increase in cell density at 10% concentration.
Consequently, the use of FS at low concentrations as a growth medium supplement
may be useful for the growth VERO cells