In recent years questions of access to new drugs have risen to the forefront of the public agenda... more In recent years questions of access to new drugs have risen to the forefront of the public agenda in both developed and developing countries, because of the high costs of pharmaceutical innovations. The global discourse on the subject has been fed by the need to combat HIV/ ...
The Covid-19 pandemic has severely affected the health of the elderly both worldwide and in Israe... more The Covid-19 pandemic has severely affected the health of the elderly both worldwide and in Israel. Ageism and human rights abuses of elderly people are negative social phenomena which have been exacerbated by Covid-19. This qualitative study describes the manifestations of ageism in relation to the elderly in Israel during the first and second wave of the coronavirus pandemic, based on a human rights approach. It finds that government policy regarding the elderly in the first months of the outbreak of the pandemic was characterized by paternalistic overprotectiveness, ageism and violation of the human rights of elderly people to dignity, participation and health. It concludes that policies should aim to eradicate ageism, strengthen the human rights of the elderly and respond to their needs in the community, in an open and respectful dialogue.
In Hebrew. English abstract here https://www.btl.gov.il/Publications/Social_Security/bitachon_118/Documents/99-chap-e-new.pdf
... exemptions.30 30 Revital Gross and Shuli Brammli-Greenberg, Israel's Health System a... more ... exemptions.30 30 Revital Gross and Shuli Brammli-Greenberg, Israel's Health System as Perceived by the Public 1995, 1997 and 1999, JDC-Brookdale Institute Research Report, Jerusalem, 2001 (Hebrew). View all notes. At ...
This paper provides an overview of bioethics governance in Israel through an analytical descripti... more This paper provides an overview of bioethics governance in Israel through an analytical description of the legal framework for the interface between individuals and biomedical practices. There is no national agency with general oversight of bioethics policy and decision making, and the rules that apply to individual usage of biomedical technologies are laid down in a multitude of different statutes, regulations and administrative directives. Expert committees play a central role in this regulatory system in two capacities: as governmental advisory bodies that recommend policy; and as decision-making bodies that resolve conflicts around patients' rights or grant individual access to biomedical technologies. This decentralised system of governance through expert committees allows for adaptation to dynamic technological developments and flexibility in accommodating creative societal usage. At the same time the experts are the agents of the state's bio-power at the expense of pe...
Israel enacted the Patient Rights Law in 1996. The Law embodies a movement from paternalism to au... more Israel enacted the Patient Rights Law in 1996. The Law embodies a movement from paternalism to autonomy in doctor-patient relations. The following year, law students at the Israeli Centre for Academic Studies participated in a clinical seminar designed to measure internalisation ofthe Law, through personal interviews with hospitalized patients. The seminar can be adapted for medical students. The methodology is taken from human rights field work. The objective is to use patient rights as indicators of quality of care in medical settings. Students studied the text and principles of the Law in light of personal testimonies taken from relatives and friends. They developed an open-structured questionnaire, and were trained in interviewing with due respect for the patients' dignity and privacy, and the need to obtain their free and informed consent to the interview. The interviews were conducted in Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, after receiving approval of the Helsinki Committee.
Naomi, a 93 year old woman, was hospitalized to undergo surgery after breaking a hip bone, and fo... more Naomi, a 93 year old woman, was hospitalized to undergo surgery after breaking a hip bone, and for rehabilitation in which she regained her ability to walk. She returned to live at home, and after some time raised the subject of dying in a casual conversation with Ruth, her daughter, wanting to express her wishes about future medical care. Ruth had difficulty taLking about the matter, but after Naomi mentioned it once more, she came for a consultation. The consuLtation process ended with Naomi signing a medical care proxy. The paper describes the templates of advance directives and proxy under the Dying Patient Law, 2005, and argues that they impose a medico-legal construction on the patient's will and are not appropriate for the psychosocial process of advance care planning. The paper also describes the medical proxy form under the Patients Rights Law, 1996, and the "living will" of the Israeli Society to Live and Die with Dignity.
In Hebrew
The article describes the facilitation of a process of communication between an aging ... more In Hebrew
The article describes the facilitation of a process of communication between an aging woman and her daughter on the silenced topic of end of life care, to allow the mother to express her wishes in her own words and the daughter to express her concerns, before filling in the required legal forms for advance directives and power of attorney, within Israeli law.
This is a minority opinion I wrote as a member of Israel's National Bioethics Council on the issu... more This is a minority opinion I wrote as a member of Israel's National Bioethics Council on the issue of patients who refuse medical care or to be taken to hospital by an ambulance team. In Hebrew.
In recent years questions of access to new drugs have risen to the forefront of the public agenda... more In recent years questions of access to new drugs have risen to the forefront of the public agenda in both developed and developing countries, because of the high costs of pharmaceutical innovations. The global discourse on the subject has been fed by the need to combat HIV/ ...
The Covid-19 pandemic has severely affected the health of the elderly both worldwide and in Israe... more The Covid-19 pandemic has severely affected the health of the elderly both worldwide and in Israel. Ageism and human rights abuses of elderly people are negative social phenomena which have been exacerbated by Covid-19. This qualitative study describes the manifestations of ageism in relation to the elderly in Israel during the first and second wave of the coronavirus pandemic, based on a human rights approach. It finds that government policy regarding the elderly in the first months of the outbreak of the pandemic was characterized by paternalistic overprotectiveness, ageism and violation of the human rights of elderly people to dignity, participation and health. It concludes that policies should aim to eradicate ageism, strengthen the human rights of the elderly and respond to their needs in the community, in an open and respectful dialogue.
In Hebrew. English abstract here https://www.btl.gov.il/Publications/Social_Security/bitachon_118/Documents/99-chap-e-new.pdf
... exemptions.30 30 Revital Gross and Shuli Brammli-Greenberg, Israel's Health System a... more ... exemptions.30 30 Revital Gross and Shuli Brammli-Greenberg, Israel's Health System as Perceived by the Public 1995, 1997 and 1999, JDC-Brookdale Institute Research Report, Jerusalem, 2001 (Hebrew). View all notes. At ...
This paper provides an overview of bioethics governance in Israel through an analytical descripti... more This paper provides an overview of bioethics governance in Israel through an analytical description of the legal framework for the interface between individuals and biomedical practices. There is no national agency with general oversight of bioethics policy and decision making, and the rules that apply to individual usage of biomedical technologies are laid down in a multitude of different statutes, regulations and administrative directives. Expert committees play a central role in this regulatory system in two capacities: as governmental advisory bodies that recommend policy; and as decision-making bodies that resolve conflicts around patients' rights or grant individual access to biomedical technologies. This decentralised system of governance through expert committees allows for adaptation to dynamic technological developments and flexibility in accommodating creative societal usage. At the same time the experts are the agents of the state's bio-power at the expense of pe...
Israel enacted the Patient Rights Law in 1996. The Law embodies a movement from paternalism to au... more Israel enacted the Patient Rights Law in 1996. The Law embodies a movement from paternalism to autonomy in doctor-patient relations. The following year, law students at the Israeli Centre for Academic Studies participated in a clinical seminar designed to measure internalisation ofthe Law, through personal interviews with hospitalized patients. The seminar can be adapted for medical students. The methodology is taken from human rights field work. The objective is to use patient rights as indicators of quality of care in medical settings. Students studied the text and principles of the Law in light of personal testimonies taken from relatives and friends. They developed an open-structured questionnaire, and were trained in interviewing with due respect for the patients' dignity and privacy, and the need to obtain their free and informed consent to the interview. The interviews were conducted in Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, after receiving approval of the Helsinki Committee.
Naomi, a 93 year old woman, was hospitalized to undergo surgery after breaking a hip bone, and fo... more Naomi, a 93 year old woman, was hospitalized to undergo surgery after breaking a hip bone, and for rehabilitation in which she regained her ability to walk. She returned to live at home, and after some time raised the subject of dying in a casual conversation with Ruth, her daughter, wanting to express her wishes about future medical care. Ruth had difficulty taLking about the matter, but after Naomi mentioned it once more, she came for a consultation. The consuLtation process ended with Naomi signing a medical care proxy. The paper describes the templates of advance directives and proxy under the Dying Patient Law, 2005, and argues that they impose a medico-legal construction on the patient's will and are not appropriate for the psychosocial process of advance care planning. The paper also describes the medical proxy form under the Patients Rights Law, 1996, and the "living will" of the Israeli Society to Live and Die with Dignity.
In Hebrew
The article describes the facilitation of a process of communication between an aging ... more In Hebrew
The article describes the facilitation of a process of communication between an aging woman and her daughter on the silenced topic of end of life care, to allow the mother to express her wishes in her own words and the daughter to express her concerns, before filling in the required legal forms for advance directives and power of attorney, within Israeli law.
This is a minority opinion I wrote as a member of Israel's National Bioethics Council on the issu... more This is a minority opinion I wrote as a member of Israel's National Bioethics Council on the issue of patients who refuse medical care or to be taken to hospital by an ambulance team. In Hebrew.
This article examines the current state of end-of-life care in internal medicine wards in Israel,... more This article examines the current state of end-of-life care in internal medicine wards in Israel, through an analysis of medical practice and the existing legal framework. The authors demonstrate the processes that lead chronically ill, elderly patients to perceive death as an unexpected phenomenon that is to be avoided at all costs. This perception stems, among other things, from the lack of public debate on questions relating to the end of life and the dominant cultural expectation that physicians provide curative interventions. This results in a dearth of palliative care for the elderly along with a growing number of medical interventions that are of questionable value. The authors propose an alternative approach that highlights individual well-being and that demonstrates the potential areas of intervention by which death can be transformed into an expected and acceptable occurrence for the old and infirm. This approach allows patients to avoid unnecessary interventions and to reduce the burden of responsibility on family members and physicians, who are currently being called on to make end-of-life choices under exigent circumstances. We present these dilemmas by focusing on typical cases of incompetent elderly patients when there is no clear documentation of their wishes regarding treatment, and when their families do not have a coherent perception of what they may have wanted or of the care that would be most appropriate for them. We conclude with a call to action that highlights the need for greater awareness—through public discourse and private discussions—of end-of-life medical choices before the onset of ill-health and incompetence.
Background This opinion piece looks at the recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in ... more Background This opinion piece looks at the recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization and then compares the law on abortion in the USA to the law in Israel on reproductive medicine in general. The Dobbs decision validated a Mississippi state law that restricted access to abortion, while overruling the landmark precedent of Roe v. Wade on women's constitutional right to safe abortion. It declared that the US constitution does not confer upon women any right to abortion, whether pre-or post-viability, sending shockwaves throughout the world. It also had an immediate effect on women's reproductive health in the US. Main body Women's right to reproductive freedom and to make decisions about their lives and their bodies is key to their hard-won equality. Still, abortion remains in ongoing controversy worldwide with legal barriers that impact upon the most vulnerable. In Israel, abortion is relatively available, accessible, affordable, and acceptable, in both law and practice. This is because of the lenient and nuanced stance of rabbinical authorities in the Jewish law tradition. This stance, together with Israel's post-Holocaust biblical culture of "be fruitful and multiply", also underlies its high rates of medically assisted reproduction for the treatment of infertility, including preimplantation genetic diagnosis of fertilized eggs. Women's bodies mediate all these repro-genetic technologies, in most cases for the benefit of others, not because of their own health needs. There is also concern about global practices and market forces that objectify women's bodies, exploit women and are harmful to their health, wellbeing, and dignity, carrying on outdated patriarchal patterns. Conclusion Reproductive health policy ought to be based on an ethic of care and responsibility first and foremost for the women, as well as the children they choose to bring to life, in the spirit of the Jewish tradition that her life is of greater value than the fetus'. Women deserve control of their bodies and their lives and respect for the choices they make to the best of their judgment, which when it comes to abortion are mostly hard ones. They have a right to reproductive choice, freedom, autonomy, and dignity. The views expressed in this perspective are those of the author.
, לפני כמעט ארבעים שנה. 80-המפגש הראשון שהיה לי עם נושא הפונדקאות היה בראשית שנות ה הייתי אז תלמי... more , לפני כמעט ארבעים שנה. 80-המפגש הראשון שהיה לי עם נושא הפונדקאות היה בראשית שנות ה הייתי אז תלמידת תואר שני בפקולטה למשפטים של האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים. הנושא של העבודה שכתבתי על מנת לקבל את המאסטר היה הפסקת היריון. השאלה שהתעניינתי בה היתה – בארה"ב, באנגליה ובישראל –קשורה לפסקי דין של בתי משפט עליונים בשלוש מדינות שונות אשר דחו, כולן, תביעות של גברים למנוע ביצוע של החלטת האישה לבצע הפלה. השאלה שהתעוררה עבורי נבעה מהשקפת עולמי בקשר למעמד האישה בחברה. גדלתי בתקופה שבה נולדה מחשבה בדבר שוויון הזדמנויות לנשים ולגברים. האמנתי שכל מה שעלי לעשות הוא לעשות אותו דבר שגבר עושה על הצד הטוב ביותר. מחשבה זו היתה חלום של התקופה והיא דמיינה שוויון פורמלי בין גברים ונשים. מכאן השאלה: מדוע כה ברור שלגבר אין מעמד בקשר להחלטת ההפלה? האם לא צריכה לחול נורמה של שוויון בין המינים?
A. Participants in the ERIMAR working group. B. Relevant articles of international human rights l... more A. Participants in the ERIMAR working group. B. Relevant articles of international human rights legal instruments. (DOCX 19 kb)
The law's treatment of abortion has undergone a fundamental transformation in the present cen... more The law's treatment of abortion has undergone a fundamental transformation in the present century which has been marked by a clear trend towards decriminalization of the matter vis-à-vis the abortionist and the woman. The increasing secularization of society, the advance of libertarian thinking in western democracies and the movement towards social equality for women has increasingly led to the view that the abortion decision is one which properly belongs to the private realm of the individual woman. This view has been reinforced by utilitarian arguments founded on acknowledgement of the fact that the criminal prohibition has always been evaded by a resort to illegal procedures with all the danger to the woman's health that this entails.Despite religious and moral objections based on the interest in protecting fetal life, the law has responded to pressures for the legitimization of abortion in varying degrees. In some countries abortion has been totally decriminalized and indeed made available on demand; in others decriminalization has been only partial and abortion allowed only upon a showing of cause defined by statute (abortion on cause) or only at certain stages of pregnancy.On the whole, the law has remained silent as to the status of the father in the abortion decision; in any event he was not subject to any criminal sanction.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
The social forms of human reproduction underwent radical change in the latter half of the 20th ce... more The social forms of human reproduction underwent radical change in the latter half of the 20th century, with the development of in vitro fertilization for the treatment of infertility. The dissociation of sex and reproduction led to a transformation of gender and kinship relations, while embryo and fetus diagnostics led to a shift from planning families to planning a child. Of all those involved, women were most deeply affected, since their bodies are necessary to mediate the technologies. But while advanced repro-genetic technologies have proliferated rapidly and brought benefit to many individuals, globally there are many women who lack access to basic reproductive health services for both fertility and infertility. Moreover, inter-country settings of third-party reproductive collaborations (sperm and egg cell donations, and surrogate mother arrangements) have emerged under market conditions that are ripe for exploitation. In addition, the existence of fertilized eggs outside the womb is a new form of human life which can be preserved and manipulated and the embryo in the petri dish has become the object of a market eugenics, driven by consumers and their claim to a right to reproductive freedom. All these developments challenge deep-set moral perceptions of human dignity and the relation of human beings to their own nature. The conclusion is that the prospect of a post-human future calls for an ethic of care and responsibility.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons on Surrogacy and Egg Donation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives from India, Germany and Israel (eds. Mitra, Sayani; Schicktanz, Silke and Patel, Tulsi. Palgrave Mac-millan, 2018) 327-349, 2018
This is a retrospective of surrogacy in Israel in the context of medically assisted reproduction.... more This is a retrospective of surrogacy in Israel in the context of medically assisted reproduction. The practice of surrogacy emerged in the 1980s, suggesting a radical view of women as autonomous reproductive agents free from double standards of patriarchy. In 1995 Israel enacted a law that regulated domestic surrogacy for the benefit of infertile married women in accord with orthodox views of halakha. In recent years we see the growth of inter-country practices catering to otherwise ineligible intended parents, and a demand for posthumous male reproduction. Meanwhile, women become objects of intrusive medical procedures and commodities of a global market, more often than not for the benefit of others rather than themselves. Yet the essence of human reproduction remains relational, and calls for care and responsibility.
Israel journal of health policy research, Jan 18, 2012
Since the successful introduction of in vitro fertilization in 1978, medically assisted reproduct... more Since the successful introduction of in vitro fertilization in 1978, medically assisted reproduction (MAR) has proliferated in multiple clinical innovations. Consequently, egg cells have become an object of demand for both infertility treatment and stem cell research, and this raises complex legal, ethical, social and economic issues.In this paper we compare how the procurement and use of human egg cells is regulated in two countries: Israel and Austria. Israel is known for its scientific leadership, generous public funding, high utilization and liberal regulation of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Austria lies at the other extreme of the regulatory spectrum in terms of restrictions on reproductive interventions.In both countries, however, there is a constant increase in the use of the technology, and recent legal developments make egg cells more accessible. Also, in both countries the scarcity of egg cells in concert with the rising demand for donations has led to the emerg...
... Birth power: The case for surrogacy. Post a Comment. CONTRIBUTORS: Author: Shalev, Carmel. PU... more ... Birth power: The case for surrogacy. Post a Comment. CONTRIBUTORS: Author: Shalev, Carmel. PUBLISHER: Yale University Press (New Haven). SERIES TITLE: YEAR: 1989. PUB TYPE: Book (ISBN 0300042167 ). VOLUME/EDITION: PAGES (INTRO/BODY): ix, 201 p. ...
In recent years a wide variety of transnational medical practices have emerged to create markets ... more In recent years a wide variety of transnational medical practices have emerged to create markets in human beings, as well as body parts and substances, for medical uses. These practices include inter alia trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal of organs, organ transplant tourism, cross-border third-party reproduction (gamete donations, surrogate-mother arrangements, and transfer of human embryos), and bioproducts of human origin (tissues, cells and blood). All together the..
Since the successful introduction of in vitro fertilization in 1978, medically assisted reproduct... more Since the successful introduction of in vitro fertilization in 1978, medically assisted reproduction (MAR) has proliferated in multiple clinical innovations. Consequently, egg cells have become an object of demand for both infertility treatment and stem cell research, and this raises complex legal, ethical, social and economic issues. In this paper we compare how the procurement and use of human egg cells is regulated in two countries: Israel and Austria. Israel is known for its scientific leadership, generous public funding, high utilization and liberal regulation of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Austria lies at the other extreme of the regulatory spectrum in terms of restrictions on reproductive interventions. In both countries, however, there is a constant increase in the use of the technology, and recent legal developments make egg cells more accessible. Also, in both countries the scarcity of egg cells in concert with the rising demand for donations has led to the eme...
... Birth power: The case for surrogacy. Post a Comment. CONTRIBUTORS: Author: Shalev, Carmel. PU... more ... Birth power: The case for surrogacy. Post a Comment. CONTRIBUTORS: Author: Shalev, Carmel. PUBLISHER: Yale University Press (New Haven). SERIES TITLE: YEAR: 1989. PUB TYPE: Book (ISBN 0300042167 ). VOLUME/EDITION: PAGES (INTRO/BODY): ix, 201 p. ...
Naomi, a 93 year old woman, was hospitalized to undergo surgery after breaking a hip bone, and fo... more Naomi, a 93 year old woman, was hospitalized to undergo surgery after breaking a hip bone, and for rehabilitation in which she regained her ability to walk. She returned to live at home, and after some time raised the subject of dying in a casual conversation with Ruth, her daughter, wanting to express her wishes about future medical care. Ruth had difficulty taLking about the matter, but after Naomi mentioned it once more, she came for a consultation. The consuLtation process ended with Naomi signing a medical care proxy. The paper describes the templates of advance directives and proxy under the Dying Patient Law, 2005, and argues that they impose a medico-legal construction on the patient's will and are not appropriate for the psychosocial process of advance care planning. The paper also describes the medicaL proxy form under the Patient's Rights Law, 1996, and the "living will" of the Israeli Society to Live and Die with Dignity. The objective of the consuLtation process was to allow Naomi to express her wishes in her own Language, and to facilitate communication with Ruth on the sensitive subject of her mother's anticipated death. The paper suggests a need to create a supportive environment for dialogue with relatives, and to foster awareness of the emotional difficulty n thinking and talking about death, if the intention is to clarify a person's wishes with regard to end-of-life medical care.
Israel enacted the Patient Rights Law in 1996. The Law embodies a movement from paternalism to au... more Israel enacted the Patient Rights Law in 1996. The Law embodies a movement from paternalism to autonomy in doctor-patient relations. The following year, law students at the Israeli Centre for Academic Studies participated in a clinical seminar designed to measure internalisation ofthe Law, through personal interviews with hospitalized patients. The seminar can be adapted for medical students. The methodology is taken from human rights field work. The objective is to use patient rights as indicators of quality of care in medical settings. Students studied the text and principles of the Law in light of personal testimonies taken from relatives and friends. They developed an open-structured questionnaire, and were trained in interviewing with due respect for the patients' dignity and privacy, and the need to obtain their free and informed consent to the interview. The interviews were conducted in Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, after receiving approval of the Helsinki Committee. The findings, though in no way statistically valid, are nonetheless interesting. Students received training in listening and advocacy skills. The approach is conciliatory rather than adversarial. The thesis is that respect for patient rights is an efficient tool for quality control, risk management, conflict resolution and prevention of litigation.
This is a retrospective of surrogacy in Israel in the context of medically assisted reproduction.... more This is a retrospective of surrogacy in Israel in the context of medically assisted reproduction. The practice of surrogacy emerged in the 1980s, suggesting a radical view of women as autonomous reproductive agents free from double standards of patriarchy. In 1995 Israel enacted a law that regulated domestic surrogacy for the benefit of infertile married women in accord with orthodox views of halakha. In recent years we see the growth of inter-country practices catering to otherwise ineligible intended parents, and a demand for posthumous male reproduction. Meanwhile, women become objects of intrusive medical procedures and commodities of a global market, more often than not for the benefit of others rather than themselves. Yet the essence of human reproduction remains relational, and calls for care and responsibility.
Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme eBooks, 2015
In recent years a wide variety of transnational medical practices have emerged to create markets ... more In recent years a wide variety of transnational medical practices have emerged to create markets in human beings, as well as body parts and substances, for medical uses. These practices include inter alia trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal of organs, organ transplant tourism, cross-border third-party reproduction (gamete donations, surrogate-mother arrangements, and transfer of human embryos), and bioproducts of human origin (tissues, cells and blood). All together the..
In recent years questions of access to new drugs have risen to the forefront of the public agenda... more In recent years questions of access to new drugs have risen to the forefront of the public agenda in both developed and developing countries, because of the high costs of pharmaceutical innovations. The global discourse on the subject has been fed by the need to combat HIV/ ...
In 1997, the birth of Dolly the sheep sparked an intense public debate on human cloning that resu... more In 1997, the birth of Dolly the sheep sparked an intense public debate on human cloning that resulted in a wave of legislation aiming to ban the practice. International instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of the Human Genome and Human Rights, the European Convention on Bio-Medicine and Human Rights, and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, consider reproductive cloning to be a violation of human dignity. In Israel, too, soon after Dolly’s birth, the Knesset enacted a law that prohibited both cloning and genetic manipulation of eggs and sperm. However, the ban was a temporary one, for five years, in order to allow time for further reflection. The public debate that took place, in 2004, around the extension of the moratorium revealed the system of values that characterizes Israel’s official position on the issue of cloning.1 Human dignity is entrenched in Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty, as a fundamental value of a Jewish democracy. Thus it is a vital principle in Israel’s constitutional law, and has multiple meanings in its jurisprudence. Nonetheless, the prohibition of reproductive cloning in Israeli law does not rest on this value, but on general principles of ethics in medical research. This paper describes the legislative debate in Israel about the prohibition of human cloning, and analyses the underlying cultural values of a Jewish democracy, that explain why cloning is not considered to be a violation of human dignity. A major factor is the influence of Jewish religious law (halakha), which attaches high importance towards healing and reproduction, on the one hand, and low importance to the status of the early human embryo, on the other hand. However, these themes also resonate with a secular culture of fertility and pronatalism, a social reverence for science and acceptance of technology, and a constitutional tradition of liberty and freedom.
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Health and human rights by Carmel Shalev
In Hebrew. English abstract here https://www.btl.gov.il/Publications/Social_Security/bitachon_118/Documents/99-chap-e-new.pdf
End of life by Carmel Shalev
The article describes the facilitation of a process of communication between an aging woman and her daughter on the silenced topic of end of life care, to allow the mother to express her wishes in her own words and the daughter to express her concerns, before filling in the required legal forms for advance directives and power of attorney, within Israeli law.
In Hebrew.
In Hebrew. English abstract here https://www.btl.gov.il/Publications/Social_Security/bitachon_118/Documents/99-chap-e-new.pdf
The article describes the facilitation of a process of communication between an aging woman and her daughter on the silenced topic of end of life care, to allow the mother to express her wishes in her own words and the daughter to express her concerns, before filling in the required legal forms for advance directives and power of attorney, within Israeli law.
In Hebrew.