Renato Cervi

SUMMARY At the end of the production cycle, laying hens are intended for industrial slaughter; however, they may be also being sold to small farmers and thereby transmit pathogens under uncontrolled production practices. This study was developed with the objective of evaluating the physical characteristics of laying birds in the final cycle and investigating Salmonella presence. A total of 22 flocks of commercial laying hens over 76 wk of age were evaluated. For each flock, 20 birds were randomly selected. A total of 440 birds underwent visual evaluation of the comb, wattle, leg spur, beak, and cloaca appearance and distance measurement between the pubic bones and between the pubis and keeled sternum. After euthanasia and necropsy, ovarian follicles, liver fragment, spleen, heart, colon content, and oviduct swabs were evaluated for their normal aspects and changes. Six organ samples collected from each of 4 birds were pooled, respectively, and 24 pooled samples per flock totaled 528. Salmonella spp. were isolated in at least 2 samples from 7 of the 22 flocks (31.8%) sampled and in most of the productive birds (up to 71%). A total of 31 isolates were distributed in this way: 29.1% Salmonella Gallinarum, 19.3% Salmonella Heideberg, 16.1% Salmonella Enteritidis, 12.9% Salmonella Schwarzengrund; 9.7% Salmonella Cerro, 6.5% Salmonella Thiphimurium, 3.2% Salmonella Johannesburg, and 3.2% Salmonella Montevideo. It is concluded that individual phenotypic evaluations in laying hens over 76 wk of age can be used before birds are discarded related to end of production and phenotypic changes. The disposed, unproductive birds should not be sold to small breeders, follow‐up current legislation, because Salmonella serovars have been identified. There was no correlation between asymptomatic Salmonella spp. and phenotypic alterations evaluated for disposal.

Eggs are used as food industry ingredients due to their functional properties. Eggs from different bird species are used in industrial processing; therefore, rheological experiments were carried out at steady state to obtain the flow curves and also at a dynamic state to study the rheological properties of greater rhea eggs. The viscoelastic behavior of the fluids as a function of the coagulation temperatures for albumen and yolk and of the oscillatory shear frequency was studied. Fifteen rhea eggs stored for up to 28 days at 10 °C were analyzed at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The albumen and yolk fractions showed pseudoplastic rheological behavior with small initial flow shear and dependence on shear time, with albumen demonstrating thixotropy and the yolk showing rheopexy. In low shear rheological tests, thermal gelation of albumen was observed, presenting a first change in the elastic modulus around 56 °C, and a second from 78 °C. In the yolk, a change was observed from 66 °C, with...

Resumo Os ovos são usados como ingredientes da indústria alimentícia devido às suas propriedades funcionais. Ovos de diferentes espécies de aves podem ser usados no processamento industrial. Foram realizados experimentos reológicos em estado estacionário para obtenção das curvas de fluxo e também em estado dinâmico para estudar as propriedades reológicas dos ovos de emas Rhea americana. O comportamento viscoelástico dos fluidos em função das temperaturas de coagulação para albúmen e gema e da frequência oscilatória foi estudado. Foram analisados 15 ovos de rhea armazenados por até 28 dias a 10 °C em 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. As frações de albumina e gema mostraram comportamento reológico pseudoplástico com pequeno cisalhamento de fluxo inicial e dependência do tempo de cisalhamento, com albúmen demonstrando tixotropia e a gema mostrando reopexia. Em testes reológicos de cisalhamento baixo, observou-se gelificação térmica de albúmen, apresentando uma primeira mudança no módulo elástico...

SUMMARY At the end of the production cycle, laying hens are intended for industrial slaughter; however, they may be also being sold to small farmers and thereby transmit pathogens under uncontrolled production practices. This study was developed with the objective of evaluating the physical characteristics of laying birds in the final cycle and investigating Salmonella presence. A total of 22 flocks of commercial laying hens over 76 wk of age were evaluated. For each flock, 20 birds were randomly selected. A total of 440 birds underwent visual evaluation of the comb, wattle, leg spur, beak, and cloaca appearance and distance measurement between the pubic bones and between the pubis and keeled sternum. After euthanasia and necropsy, ovarian follicles, liver fragment, spleen, heart, colon content, and oviduct swabs were evaluated for their normal aspects and changes. Six organ samples collected from each of 4 birds were pooled, respectively, and 24 pooled samples per flock totaled 528. Salmonella spp. were isolated in at least 2 samples from 7 of the 22 flocks (31.8%) sampled and in most of the productive birds (up to 71%). A total of 31 isolates were distributed in this way: 29.1% Salmonella Gallinarum, 19.3% Salmonella Heideberg, 16.1% Salmonella Enteritidis, 12.9% Salmonella Schwarzengrund; 9.7% Salmonella Cerro, 6.5% Salmonella Thiphimurium, 3.2% Salmonella Johannesburg, and 3.2% Salmonella Montevideo. It is concluded that individual phenotypic evaluations in laying hens over 76 wk of age can be used before birds are discarded related to end of production and phenotypic changes. The disposed, unproductive birds should not be sold to small breeders, follow‐up current legislation, because Salmonella serovars have been identified. There was no correlation between asymptomatic Salmonella spp. and phenotypic alterations evaluated for disposal.

Captive Psittaciformes may harbor Gram-negative bacteria in their digestive tract, mainly due to poor hygienic conditions and confinement. The present study was carried out with the objective of isolating and identifying Escherichia coli in samples collected from Psittaciformes cages in 50 commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Goiania, with subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of virulence genes. A total of 141 samples of excreta and swab samples from feeders and water bowls were collected, totaling 423 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from 9.7% (41/423) samples: 12% (17/141) in excreta, 8.5% (12/141) in feed, and 8.5% (12 /141) in waterers. To determine the susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin 4.9% (2/41), gentamicin 17.0% (7/41), doxycycline 34.1% (14/41), florfenicol 34.1% (14/41), trimethoprim 39.0% (16/41), tetracycline 41.5% (17/41), enrofloxacin 43.9% (18/41), amoxicillin 48.8% (20/41), neomyc...

Eggs have protective structures against possible contamination by bacteria and fungi. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. are therefore rarely found in adequate sanitary conditions. Few studies about the contamination of ratite eggs have been reported, and although some studies have focused on ostrich eggs, there is no information about Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) eggs. The microorganisms that contaminate ratite eggs do not differ from those that affect other bird species. The purpose of this study was to characterise contamination in 16 eggs, supplied by a commercial breeding facility, by Enterobacteriaceae contamination and to assess the in vitro resistance to experimental contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis using analytical tests following the guidelines of the Georgia Poultry Laboratory. These elements are critical to the storage period, quality and physicochemical parameters. The results revealed the presence of the genera Proteus, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Ente...

Captive Psittaciformes may harbor Gram-negative bacteria in their digestive tract, mainly due to poor hygienic conditions and confinement. The present study was carried out with the objective of isolating and identifying Escherichia coli in samples collected from Psittaciformes cages in 50 commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Goiania, with subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of virulence genes. A total of 141 samples of excreta and swab samples from feeders and water bowls were collected, totaling 423 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from 9.7% (41/423) samples: 12% (17/141) in excreta, 8.5% (12/141) in feed, and 8.5% (12 /141) in waterers. To determine the susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin 4.9% (2/41), gentamicin 17.0% (7/41), doxycycline 34.1% (14/41), florfenicol 34.1% (14/41), trimethoprim 39.0% (16/41), tetracycline 41.5% (17/41), enrofloxacin 43.9% (18/41), amoxicillin 48.8% (20/41), neomyc...

The Greater Rhea ( Rhea americana) is a member of Brazilian fauna with potential for the production of eggs with a unique nutritional composition that differs from the eggs of other species. The present study aimed to gather information regarding the centesimal composition of Greater Rhea eggs and the storage time for the preservation of egg quality for human consumption. Twenty-five Greater Rhea eggs (albumen and yolk fractions), distributed into five groups of eggs stored for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days at 10 °C, were analysed. For the determinations of the percentage composition, total protein was quantified by the Kjeldahl method and total lipids by the Soxhlet method. To assess egg quality, the Haugh unit (HU), pH, and protein degradation (by SDS PAGE electrophoresis) were determined. Based on the results, the albumen protein fraction quality was maintained for 21 days, while the yolk proteins began to denature on the 14th day. The total lipids of the albumen and yolk fractions d...

A producao comercial de aves de grande porte no Brasil comecou a se tornar expressiva na decada de 80. O desenvolvimento de criatorios de emas com finalidade de producao de ovos representa uma alternativa para a diversificacao das atividades agropecuarias, entrando em consonância com os projetos estabelecidos pela FAO para a Gestao sustentavel dos recursos naturais, que estabelece a introducao de uma matriz de producao agroecologica para a sustentabilidade social e ambiental. Com o crescente interesse na criacao de especies de aves silvestres, surge a oportunidade de utilizacao de seus ovos para consumo em alimentos e processamento industrial. Comparado com os ovos de poedeiras comerciais, o conhecimento das propriedades fisico-quimicas e microbiologicas dos ovos de ratitas sao escassos, e como consequencia, os parâmetros dos ovos de aves domesticas sao frequentemente utilizados como modelo para descrever os ovos de avestruzes, emus e emas. Com o objetivo de agregar conhecimentos so...