Neil deGrasse Tyson is one of the most famous scientists in the United States. In particular, Tyson has expertise as an astrophysicist and hehas written several books and received extraordinary awards as an Astrophysician. Tyson is not... more
Neil deGrasse Tyson is one of the most famous scientists in the United States. In particular, Tyson has expertise as an astrophysicist and hehas written several books and received extraordinary awards as an Astrophysician. Tyson is not only a scientist, he also recognizes himself as an agnostic. Tyson’s disbelief in the existence of God by seeing various event such as volcanoes, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, pestilences, and birth defects that produce suffering is totally against the Nature of Almighty God. Tyson considers God's intelligent Design as a philosophy of ignorance or neglect. The subject raised by Tyson that rejects God’s omnipotence and His Intelligent Design is categorized as a Problem of Evil. This article rejects Neil deGrasse Tyson's opinion built on God's teleological and theodicy philosophy as a form of defense of God's intelligent design and God's omnipotence. It is evident that a plan is needed for the existence of every creature by loo...
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The doctrine of salvation will have implications in the life of the believer. The implications are not only concerning each individual believer but also fellow believers. The doctrine of salvation should make a person have a biblical... more
The doctrine of salvation will have implications in the life of the believer. The implications are not only concerning each individual believer but also fellow believers. The doctrine of salvation should make a person have a biblical practical life. Not only that, the Biblical concept of salvation will also help lead every believer intothe world of evangelism and have a relationship between unbelievers that is in harmony with Bible truth. Abstrak Indonesia Ajaran keselamatan yang benar akan ada implikasinya di dalam kehidupan orang percaya. Implikasi tersebut bukan hanya berkenaan dengan masing-masing pribadi orang percaya itu sendiri tetapi juga sesama orang percaya. Ajaran tentang keselamatan yang benar, seharusnya membuat seseorang memiliki kehidupan praktis yang Alkitabiah. Tidak hanya itu, konsep keselamatan yang Alkitabiah juga akan membantu mengarahkan setiap orang percaya ke dalam dunia penginjilan serta memiliki hubungan antar orang yang tidak percaya yang selaras dengan k...
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The purposes of this research are to argue that the Gospel of Matthew uses the term ekklēsia with spiritual and physical meanings and that this term is based on God’s invitation through Jesus to all people to come into this assembly. The... more
The purposes of this research are to argue that the Gospel of Matthew uses the term ekklēsia with spiritual and physical meanings and that this term is based on God’s invitation through Jesus to all people to come into this assembly. The implication is that this ekklēsia will be filled with all people with different ethnicities, nations, languages, sexes, level of piousness and educations. I will employ word studies, historical background studies, and the literary structure of Matthew as my methodology to reach these goals.
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The Hebrew word שׂרקים in Zechariah 1:8 is a mysterious word. The disappearance of the Hebrew word שׂרקים in Zechariah 1:8 from the rest of the Book of Zechariah and the unknown meaning of שׂרקים itself are the reasons for this mystery.... more
The Hebrew word שׂרקים in Zechariah 1:8 is a mysterious word. The disappearance of the Hebrew word שׂרקים in Zechariah 1:8 from the rest of the Book of Zechariah and the unknown meaning of שׂרקים itself are the reasons for this mystery. Zechariah 1:8 does not only abandon two colours: the black horses and the spotted (dappled) horses but also this verse adds שׂרקים or the sorrel ones, which are not recorded in Zechariah 6:2–3 and 6:6–7. The appearance of שׂרקים in Zechariah 1:8, therefore, creates disagreement colours with Zechariah 6:2–3 and 6:6–7. In addition, Gelston states that the Hebrew word שׂרקים is probably unknown to the ancient translators. This unknown meaning causes different translations of שׂרקים in ancient texts. This article, thus, attempts to unveil this mystery with textual criticism as its methodology.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This research emphasises on the importance of textual criticism to unveil the unknown meaning of קים in Zec...
The Bible is the word of God that needs to be understood by all those who already have Jesus as their personal Lord and Savior. This is called a Christian. It is different from people who are Christians as a 'religion'. Christians... more
The Bible is the word of God that needs to be understood by all those who already have Jesus as their personal Lord and Savior. This is called a Christian. It is different from people who are Christians as a 'religion'. Christians are obliged to study the Bible as a basic truth in order to know God's will from time to time. On the other hand, Bible learners often experience confusion problems, when understanding the continuity of the contents from Genesis to Revelation. Are there interrelations? Or it is just a fragmented story with different intentions.There are appropriate methods in avoiding confusion when doing this learning process. This method has been understood since the beginning of the century which then became popular throughout the world in the 19th century, with the term Dispensationalism.Dispensation is a period of time during which humans are tested in the perspective of obedience to a specific revelation of…
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There are various choices in understanding the Bible to become dogma in a church. Whether it was built based on a guide from the Bible and the traditions of the apostles or church fathers, to those who only focus on the Bible. Those based... more
There are various choices in understanding the Bible to become dogma in a church. Whether it was built based on a guide from the Bible and the traditions of the apostles or church fathers, to those who only focus on the Bible. Those based only on the Bible also have their own uniqueness. Amillennialism believes that the church is in the entire Old Testament. Paul, for example, uses the church that leads to Israel (Gal. 6:16). In addition, the remnants of the Israelites in the OT were said to be the church (Acts 7:38). The church is already in the OT with the election of the nation of Israel to be God's people. Even further, followers of amillennialism believe that the church existed in the garden of Eden. Covenant theology bases its theological understanding and the study of the Bible is based on three covenants namely the work agreement, redemption and grace. Covenant theology can be said to be a new theology, not even in the days of the church fathers. Even so, Augustine did m...
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Business ethics is part of special ethics (applied), which initially developed in the United States, where it highlights various moral aspects of human behavior that have professions in business and management. Studying business ethics... more
Business ethics is part of special ethics (applied), which initially developed in the United States, where it highlights various moral aspects of human behavior that have professions in business and management. Studying business ethics can help people who are in the business world to be able to formulate and apply ethical principles in the economics and business world among each other. It is expected that ethical principles can help determining the right attitude in dealing with conflicts (both interests and conscience) that arise when doing business. Of course, the Bible will be a foundation (reference) in formulating ethical principles in business. Thus, this paper limits business ethics that only based on biblical truth, so that it does not open a space for business ethics based on the secular world. In addition, the writer will discuss the relationship between ethics and business, definition, various presuppositions in doing business, some examples of violations of business ethi...
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Business ethics is part of special ethics (applied), which initially developed in the United States, where it highlights various moral aspects of human behavior that have professions in business and management. Studying business ethics... more
Business ethics is part of special ethics (applied), which initially developed in the United States, where it highlights various moral aspects of human behavior that have professions in business and management. Studying business ethics can help people who are in the business world to be able to formulate and apply ethical principles in the economics and business world among each other. It is expected that ethical principles can help determining the right attitude in dealing with conflicts (both interests and conscience) that arise when doing business. Of course, the Bible will be a foundation (reference) in formulating ethical principles in business. Thus, this paper limits business ethics that only based on biblical truth, so that it does not open a space for business ethics based on the secular world. In addition, the writer will discuss the relationship between ethics and business, definition, various presuppositions in doing business, some examples of violations of business ethi...
Throughout history, the holy scripture has been translated into different languages. One of the purposes of Bible translation is to give readers who do not have knowledge of Hebrew or Greek access to the biblical text. Translators of the... more
Throughout history, the holy scripture has been translated into different languages. One of the purposes of Bible translation is to give readers who do not have knowledge of Hebrew or Greek access to the biblical text. Translators of the Bible are often faced with problems of interpretation, especially when there are Hebrew words that are used only once. Ancient translations of the Hebrew text can assist translators in understanding how their translators understood a problematic word. The ancient translations, however, leave some challenges, especially when they render problematic words differently. These variants may derive from different purposes while translating or a different vorlage. This article argues that the different translations of ‘אמצים’ in Zechariah 6:3 and 6:7 among ancient texts – LXX, Peshitta, Targum and Vulgate – are because of different purposes.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This research is a combination of textual criticism with tran...
Research Interests: Psychology and Cognition
This article has a few goals. The first goal is to discover the development of Semitic pointing systems such as Babylonian Hebrew (both simple and complex), Tiberian Hebrew, Palestinian Hebrew, Samaritan Hebrew, Syriac (both Western... more
This article has a few goals. The first goal is to discover the development of Semitic pointing systems such as Babylonian Hebrew (both simple and complex), Tiberian Hebrew, Palestinian Hebrew, Samaritan Hebrew, Syriac (both Western [Jacobite] and Eastern [Nestorian]) and Arabic. The second goal is to propose the possible development because of the interaction between those languages in the past. In this article, the comparative method will be used as the methodology. A general observation of these signs and a proposition regarding the possible development amongst those languages will be presented.Contribution: This article traces the synchronic and diachronic development of Semitic languages’ vocalisation systems and proposes a possible development between them.
Research Interests: Transformation and SAGE
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Two major views attempt to solve the problem of predestination and human free will: a ‘predestinarian view’ and a ‘deterministic perspective’. The first view emphasizes on God’s direct intervention in the creation of existents. The second... more
Two major views attempt to solve the problem of predestination and human free will: a ‘predestinarian view’ and a ‘deterministic perspective’. The first view emphasizes on God’s direct intervention in the creation of existents. The second view is based on Aristotelian idea which states that destiny (qadar) and the determination of all existents are basically due to their inherent natures rather than being dependent on the occasionalistic inference of the deity. This article, however, will limit its discussion to a determinism of Avicenna only. This paper will also provide major works of Avicenna, then the explanation and evaluation of Avicenna’s view of God’s knowledge.
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There are many discussions, OT exposition and Hebrew exegesis about marriage based on Genesis 2:21-24. It is interesting, however, to analyze how Latin Vulgate interprets and translates Genesis 2:21-24. Latin Vulgate seems to follow the... more
There are many discussions, OT exposition and Hebrew exegesis about marriage based on Genesis 2:21-24. It is interesting, however, to analyze how Latin Vulgate interprets and translates Genesis 2:21-24. Latin Vulgate seems to follow the word order of the Hebrew Bible and employ the literal translation of the Hebrew Bible. Although the translator uses the literal translation, he still has the freedom in his translation to accomplish his specific purposes such as the usage of ergo, cumque, replevit, virago and other words that will be discussed in this article. This research will be interpreted from the theme of unity, both man and woman.
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This paper has a few goals. First is to discover if the Greek translator of Leviticus uses literal (consistent) and / or free (inconsistent) translation technique. Then, this paper will list and group the evidences of the consistency of... more
This paper has a few goals. First is to discover if the Greek translator of Leviticus uses literal (consistent) and / or free (inconsistent) translation technique. Then, this paper will list and group the evidences of the consistency of the Greek translator in this book. If there are any examples that show the inconsistency to the MT or looseness of the translator, then this paper will study every example carefully and it will categorize into a group. This group will be created based on the examples that share the same pattern or the similarities. The comparison of MT and LXX will be used as the methodology of this paper. Every verse will be analyzed and presented in comparison format until chapter five to have a basic knowledge of the patterns and the characteristics of the Greek Translator. The patterns, however, will be scrutinized in the whole book of Leviticus. In depth and a detailed analysis of this comparison will be put on the appendices. This methodology will be employed t...
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There are some ancient sacred texts for Christianity such as Hebrew Bible, Syriac Peshitta, Septuagint, Aramaic Targum and Latin Vulgate. However, the translation of these ancient texts is not always having the same nuance or literal... more
There are some ancient sacred texts for Christianity such as Hebrew Bible, Syriac Peshitta, Septuagint, Aramaic Targum and Latin Vulgate. However, the translation of these ancient texts is not always having the same nuance or literal meaning. Zechariah 6:3 and 6:7 are one example. The word “אֲמֻצִּים” or strong has been translated diversely in our ancient sacred texts. Therefore, this paper will attempt to discuss multiple translations for the word “אֲמֻצִּים” or strong. The discussion will cover the purpose of these various translations. The possible reason behind the selection of the meaning will also be discussed in this paper.
Research Interests: Philosophy and Theology
The syntax of 2 John 1: 5 is problematic. Six manuscripts, Ψ 5. 81. 642*. 1852 l, try to solve this difficulty by emending the participle ‘γράφων’ to the indicative verb ‘γράφω’. Culy and Leedy on Greek NT diagrams, on the other hand,... more
The syntax of 2 John 1: 5 is problematic. Six manuscripts, Ψ 5. 81. 642*. 1852 l, try to solve this difficulty by emending the participle ‘γράφων’ to the indicative verb ‘γράφω’. Culy and Leedy on Greek NT diagrams, on the other hand, understand the participle ‘γράφων’ to modify ‘ἐρωτάω’. In the latter approach, the participle ‘γράφων’ serves to modify ‘εἴχομεν’. This last approach, however, is divided into two possibilities: either it functions as a participle of condition or of attendant circumstance. Three English Bibles use a participle of condition (Holman Christian Standard Bible, NET Bible, and Christian Standard Bible). The other English translations, however, employ the function of attendant circumstance participle. Despite these syntactical discrepancies, this research offers a fresh reading of the puzzled syntax of 2 John 1: 5.
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Abstract Many doubt the effectiveness of Jesus’ teaching that was intended to be preserved in his disciples’ memory. The Gospels were written long after the Resurrection, and humans are prone to forgetfulness. These reasons alone suffice... more
Abstract Many doubt the effectiveness of Jesus’ teaching that was intended to be preserved in his disciples’ memory. The Gospels were written long after the Resurrection, and humans are prone to forgetfulness. These reasons alone suffice to arouse suspicion about the reliability of the disciples’ memory and the record of Jesus’ teaching in modern scholarship. To rebut this perception, this study argues that Jesus’ teaching in parables guarantees the retention of his messages in his disciples’ memory by using the research methodology of cognitive psychology. This study also presents and compares Jesus’ parables in the Synoptic Gospels.