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This study aimed to establish if there is any evidence that soil mineralogical and/or chemical composition influence the composition and quality of wine grapes. In the initial phase of the study, soils and grapes were sampled in two... more
This study aimed to establish if there is any evidence that soil mineralogical and/or chemical composition influence the composition and quality of wine grapes. In the initial phase of the study, soils and grapes were sampled in two riesling vineyards in South Australia. Soils were analysed for a wide range of total major and trace elements; soil cation extracts and grape juices were analysed for 27 trace elements by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. The results show that grape juice properties such as Baumé and titratable acidity (TA) are clearly correlated with several plant-available trace elements in the soil. Most notable of these are Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb and Si. Soil clay content also plays a (lesser) role. The cations Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb are closely similar to one another in their relationships to Baumé and TA, strongly indicating that the correlations are real. It is evident from our results that soil cation chemistry does indeed have an influence on wine grape composition. Such knowledge has the...
Research Interests: Chemistry, Soil, Agriculture, Soil Chemistry, Medicine, and 13 moreMultidisciplinary, Water Science, Quality Control, Wine, South Australia, Trace Elements, Water Science and Technology, Soil management, Vitis, Trace element, Conservation of Natural Resources, Chemical Composition, and Titratable acidity
Relative to its extremely low abundance in the Earth's crust, tellurium is the most mineralogically diverse chemical element, with over 160 mineral species known that contain essential Te, many of them with unique crystal structures.... more
Relative to its extremely low abundance in the Earth's crust, tellurium is the most mineralogically diverse chemical element, with over 160 mineral species known that contain essential Te, many of them with unique crystal structures. We review the crystal structures of 703 tellurium oxysalts for which good refinements exist, including 55 that are known to occur as minerals. The dataset is restricted to compounds where oxygen is the only ligand that is strongly bound to Te, but most of the Periodic Table is represented in the compounds that are reviewed. The dataset contains 375 structures that contain only Te4+ cations and 302 with only Te6+, with 26 of the compounds containing Te in both valence states. Te6+ was almost exclusively in rather regular octahedral coordination by oxygen ligands, with only two instances each of 4- and 5-coordination. Conversely, the lone-pair cation Te4+ displayed irregular coordination, with a broad range of coordination numbers and bond distances. ...
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A new superstructure of the mineral camerolaite, Cu6Al3(OH)18(H2O)2[Sb(OH)6](SO4), has been refined in space group P\bar 1 with unit-cell parameters aP = 7.7660 (16), bP = 8.759 (4), cP = 11.306 (2) Å, αP = 108.67 (4), βP = 83.41 (3), γP... more
A new superstructure of the mineral camerolaite, Cu6Al3(OH)18(H2O)2[Sb(OH)6](SO4), has been refined in space group P\bar 1 with unit-cell parameters aP = 7.7660 (16), bP = 8.759 (4), cP = 11.306 (2) Å, αP = 108.67 (4), βP = 83.41 (3), γP = 126.64 (2)°, V = 581.6 (3) Å(3) and Z = 1, with R1 = 0.0951 (all data). This is the first refined example of a cyanotrichite-group mineral in which long-range order of interlayer anions produces a superstructure along b, although diffuse scattering has previously been reported that corresponds to short-range order. Though the structure shares with other members of the cyanotrichite group a structural unit in which ribbons of edge-sharing Cu and Al octahedra form layers || (001), the superstructure arises from regular alternation of [SO4] and [Sb(OH)6] polyhedra along rods that lie between the layers, and phase coupling between rods that maximizes the distance between [SO4] groups of adjacent rods along a and c directions. This arrangement suggests...
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Research Interests: Geology and Geochemistry
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A new hydrated yttrium copper tellurite nitrate, yttrium(III) copper(II) bis[trioxidotellurate(IV)] nitrate trihydrate, has been synthesized hydrothermally in a Teflon-lined autoclave and structurally determined using synchrotron... more
A new hydrated yttrium copper tellurite nitrate, yttrium(III) copper(II) bis[trioxidotellurate(IV)] nitrate trihydrate, has been synthesized hydrothermally in a Teflon-lined autoclave and structurally determined using synchrotron radiation. The new phase is the first example containing yttrium, copper and tellurium in one structure. Its crystal structure is unique, with relatively strongly bound layers extending parallel to (020), defined by YO8, CuO4and TeO3polyhedra, while the NO3−anions and one third of the water molecules lie between those layers. The structural unit consists of [Cu2(TeO3)4]4−loop-branched chains of {Cu...Te...Cu...Te} squares running parallel to [001], which are linked further into layers only through Y(O,H2O)8polyhedra. Weak `secondary' Te bonds and O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions, involving water molecules and layer O atoms, link the layers and interlayer species. IR spectroscopic data are also presented.
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To explore the diagnostic accuracy of acute appendicitis among different patient groups and evaluate the statistical diagnostic values of common pathology and imaging tests for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Proportions of... more
To explore the diagnostic accuracy of acute appendicitis among different patient groups and evaluate the statistical diagnostic values of common pathology and imaging tests for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Proportions of histology-proven appendicitis in different patient groups. Statistical parameters including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (+LR), negative likelihood ratio (-LR) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) between the histology-proven appendicitis and abnormal results of U/S, CT, WCC, CRP, bilirubin, pancreatic, and combined test results of WCC and CRP. Our data showed that up to 25.7% of patients underwent appendectomy has normal appendix. Appendicitis is often accurately diagnosed among male patients, up to 90.3% of the time, while misdiagnosis of appendicitis among young females (<40 years old) is significantly high, up to 30.9%. CT has high diagnostic performance index for appendicitis, sensitivity > 90%, and no individual pathology test out of those examined can rival the sensitivity of CT. Nevertheless, by examining the combined results of WCC and CRP, we found that abnormal results in one or both these yields sensitivity similar to CT scans in detecting acute appendicitis, up to 95%. Young female patients have highest risk of being falsely diagnosed with acute appendicitis and hence unnecessary surgery. Bilirubin and lipase exhibit no correlations with acute appendicitis. Combined interpretation of WCC or CRP abnormal results yields competitive sensitivity as CT. Hencewe would suggest that, under the appropriate clinical context, one can use both WCC and CRP as a simple tool to support the diagnosis of appendicitis. If both tests show normal results, we would highly recommend considering alternative diagnosis.
Research Interests: Medicine, Humans, Postgraduate medical education, Female, Male, and 15 moreBilirubin, Middle Aged, C reactive protein, Adult, Odds ratio, Retrospective Studies, Age Factors, Appendectomy, Sensitivity and Specificity, Lipase, Predictive value of tests, Appendicitis, Medical and Health Sciences, leukocyte Count, and Diagnostic errors
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An unusually diverse array of 25 secondary Te oxysalt minerals has been documented from Otto Mountain, California, and 18 of these from the Bird Nest drift sublocality. A paragenetic sequence for these minerals is proposed, using observed... more
An unusually diverse array of 25 secondary Te oxysalt minerals has been documented from Otto Mountain, California, and 18 of these from the Bird Nest drift sublocality. A paragenetic sequence for these minerals is proposed, using observed overgrowth relationships plus spatial association data and data from other localities. Apart from Te and O, the components Pb, Cu and H are essential in the majority of the minerals. The atomic Cu/Te ratio decreases through the paragenetic sequence. This, and the occurrence of minerals with additional components such as Cl–, CO32–, SO42– and Fe3+ at an intermediate stage, suggests nonmonotonic evolution of the parent fluids, reflecting differing access to or spatial distribution of various components. For the minerals with known crystal structures, two alternative 'structural units' were identified, one consisting only of the Te4+ or Te6+ oxyanion, while the other also included small, strongly-bound cations such as Cu2+. The degree of polym...
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When crustal abundance (A, measured in atomic parts per million) of a chemical element is plotted vs. number of mineral species in which that element is an essential constituent (S), a significantly positive correlation is obtained, but... more
When crustal abundance (A, measured in atomic parts per million) of a chemical element is plotted vs. number of mineral species in which that element is an essential constituent (S), a significantly positive correlation is obtained, but with considerable scatter. Repeated exclusion of outliers at the 90% confidence level and re-fitting leads, after the sixth iteration, to a steady state in which 40 of the 70 elements initially considered define a trend with log S = 1.828 + 0.255 log a (r = 0.96), significantly steeper than the original. Three other methods for reducing the effect of outliers independently reproduce this steeper trend. The 'diversity index' D of an element is defined as the ratio of observed mineral species to those predicted from this trend. D separates elements into three groups. More than half of the elements (40 of 70) have D = 0.5–2.0. Apart from these 'typical' elements, a group of 15 elements (Sc, Cr, Ga, Br, Rb, In, Cs, La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Yb, Hf,...
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We present Raman data for camerolaite, cyanotrichite and carbonatecyanotrichite, and using synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction have solved the structure of camerolaite from the Tistoulet Mine, Padern, Aude Department, France.... more
We present Raman data for camerolaite, cyanotrichite and carbonatecyanotrichite, and using synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction have solved the structure of camerolaite from the Tistoulet Mine, Padern, Aude Department, France. Camerolaite crystallizes in space group P1 with the unit-cell parameters: a = 6.3310(13) Å, b = 2.9130(6) Å, c = 10.727(2) Å, α = 93.77(3)°, β = 96.34(3)°, γ =79.03(3)º, V = 192.82(7) Å3 and Z = ⅓, with respect to the ideal formula from the refinement, Cu6Al3(OH)18(H2O)2[Sb(OH)6](SO4). The crystal structure was solved to R 1 = 0.0890 for all 1875 observed reflections [F o > 4σFo] and 0.0946 for all 2019 unique reflections. The P cell has been transformed into a C-centred cell that aids comparison with that of the structurally related khaidarkanite by a C = 2a P – b P, giving parameters a = 12.441(3), b = 2.9130(6), c = 10.727(2) Å, α = 93.77(3), β = 95.57(3), γ = 92.32(3)º and Z = ⅔ in C1. Edge-sharing octahedral ribbons Cu2Al(O,OH,H2O)8 form hydrog...
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Tellurium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. Nevertheless, there are about 160 Te mineral species described to date. This is an anomalous diversity, given that such a number of species is more typical of much more... more
Tellurium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. Nevertheless, there are about 160 Te mineral species described to date. This is an anomalous diversity, given that such a number of species is more typical of much more abundant elements such as Ce or Ni, present in the crust at the tens of ppm level. We are investigating why this is so, as part of a broader study of tellurium mineralogy and geochemistry. We surveyed the coordination behaviour of Te, while refining bond-valence parameters for Te‒O bonds (Mills and Christy [1]). Te VI coordination was almost always 6 (rarely 4 or 5). Conversely, Te VI could have any number of oxygens from 3‒12 within our cutoff distance of 3.5 Å. The Te IV cation typically has a stereochemically active lone pair, so its polyhedra are asymmetric. Te IV
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Lake Preston, one of the Yalgorup Lakes, lies on the western edge of the 25-30 km wide Swan Coastal Plain in the south west of Western Australia between Mandurah and Bunbury. It is a linear, interdunal, saline lake 27.5 km long and a... more
Lake Preston, one of the Yalgorup Lakes, lies on the western edge of the 25-30 km wide Swan Coastal Plain in the south west of Western Australia between Mandurah and Bunbury. It is a linear, interdunal, saline lake 27.5 km long and a width of up to 2 km (Moore and Burne 1989). It is separated from the ocean by an unbroken dune system about 1 km wide and 25 – 52 m high. The Lake receives little runoff and is maintained by groundwater flow and direct accession of rainwater. Evaporation concentrates salts in the Lake, which remains hypersaline throughout the year with salinity ranging from 42 to 78gL-1 (Moore 1987). Ephemeral microbial mats with a pinnacle surface morphology have been observed from time to time in an embayment on the southwestern shore of the lake. (Figures 1 & 2a) When examined in 1992 the pinnacles were subcylindical, erect. 1 to 5 cm high, 1 – 2 cm diameter, spaced about 1 – 2 cm apart, are more or less contiguous and had sub circular transverse sections. They were ...
We report the single-crystal average structure of cyanotrichite, Cu4Al2[SO4](OH)12(H2O)2, from the Maid of Sunshine mine, Arizona, USA. Cyanotrichite crystallizes in space group C2/m, with the unit-cell parameters a = 12.625(3), b =... more
We report the single-crystal average structure of cyanotrichite, Cu4Al2[SO4](OH)12(H2O)2, from the Maid of Sunshine mine, Arizona, USA. Cyanotrichite crystallizes in space group C2/m, with the unit-cell parameters a = 12.625(3), b = 2.8950(6), c = 10.153(2) Å and β = 92.17(3)o. All non-hydrogen atoms were located and refined to R1 = 0.0394 for all 584 observed reflections [Fo > 4σFo] and 0.0424 for all 622 unique reflections. The cyanotrichite structure consists of a principal building unit of a three-wide [Cu2Al(OH)6] ribbon of edge-sharing Cu and Al polyhedra || b, similar to that found for camerolaite. The ribbons lie in layers || (001) and between these layers, while SO4 tetrahedra and H2O molecules form rods running || b. A hydrogen-bonding scheme is also proposed.A sample of cyanotrichite from the Cap Garonne mine, Le Pradet, France, showed a 4b superstructure with the following unit cell: space group P2/m, a = 12.611(2) Å, b = 11.584(16) = 4 × 2.896(4) Å, c = 10.190(1) Å a...
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Estrogenicity of sewage effluents, and related ecotoxicological effects in effluent-receiving environments, has been widely reported over the last two decades. However, relatively little attention has been given to other endocrine... more
Estrogenicity of sewage effluents, and related ecotoxicological effects in effluent-receiving environments, has been widely reported over the last two decades. However, relatively little attention has been given to other endocrine pathways that may be similarly disrupted by a growing list of 'contaminants of concern'. Further, the Australian evidence base is limited compared to Europe and North America. During a low dilution period in summer, we investigated multiple endocrine potencies in Australia's largest inland sewage treatment plant (STP) and the Lower Molonglo/Upper Murrumbidgee effluent-receiving environment. This STP receives 900 L/s of mostly domestic wastewater from a population of 350 000, and contributes a high proportion of total flow in the lower catchment during dry periods. A panel of in vitro receptor-driven transactivation assays were used to detect (anti)estrogenic, (anti)androgenic, (anti)progestagenic, glucocorticoid and peroxisome-proliferator acti...
Research Interests: Geography, Environmental Science, Carbon, Water Purification, Australia, and 12 moreMedicine, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Humans, Endocrine disruptors, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Sewage, Endocrine Disruptors, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Assay, Environment, and Geologic Sediments
ABSTRACT We analyze zircon and rutile U-Pb ages and trace elements using LA-ICP-MS and SIMS of eclogites from the North Qaidam ultra-high-pressure metamorphic belt in NW China. Zr-in-rutile and Ti-in-zircon thermometries give consistent... more
ABSTRACT We analyze zircon and rutile U-Pb ages and trace elements using LA-ICP-MS and SIMS of eclogites from the North Qaidam ultra-high-pressure metamorphic belt in NW China. Zr-in-rutile and Ti-in-zircon thermometries give consistent peak metamorphic temperatures for two fresh eclogite samples. Zircon and rutile U-Pb dating from the Yuka eclogite yielded ages of 430.2 ± 3.7 Ma and 407 ± 16 Ma respectively. Zircons from North Dulan eclogite record two distinct eclogite-facies metamorphic events at 446.6 ± 4.1 and 430.5 ± 4.7 Ma, with TTi-in-zircon = 684 ± 16 °C and 649 ± 26 °C respectively, while rutile U-Pb dating for the same North Dulan eclogite sample yielded an age of 416 ± 10 Ma. These rutile U-Pb ages are interpreted to record the time when these rocks cooled down to the closure temperature of Pb in rutile (here, taken to be ca. 570 °C). Thus, we obtain a slow cooling rate of ~ 3-4 °C/Ma for Yuka and North Dulan terranes. For one granulite-facies overprinted South Dulan eclogite sample, rutile U-Pb dating gave a younger age of 383 ± 10 Ma. Combined with literature chronological and temperature data for South Dulan, the data imply later exhumation than the other samples with a faster cooling rate of ~ 6.6 °C/Ma, after the granulite-facies event. The T-t paths obtained show that the North Qaidam eclogites experienced considerably slower cooling history than previously assumed, but also that while the thermal histories of the Yuka and North Dulan eclogites resemble one another, the South Dulan eclogite is quite distinct. So, a differential exhumation and emplacement of UHP metamorphic rocks occurred in the North Qaidam.
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ABSTRACTCarbon nanoclusters produced by high-repetition-rate laser ablation of graphite and glassy carbon in Ar exhibits para- and ferromagnetic behaviour at low temperature. The results show that the degree of remanent order is strongly... more
ABSTRACTCarbon nanoclusters produced by high-repetition-rate laser ablation of graphite and glassy carbon in Ar exhibits para- and ferromagnetic behaviour at low temperature. The results show that the degree of remanent order is strongly dependent on the magnetic history, i.e. whether the samples were cooled under zero-field or field conditions. Such behaviour is typical for a spin glass structure where the system can exist in many different roughly equivalent spin configurations. The spin-freezing temperature is unusually high (50–300 K) compared with ≤ 15 K for typical spin glasses. The maximum in the zero-field magnetic susceptibility experiments and their field dependence indicate that there is competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange pathways, accounting for the spin glass behavior and/or a low-dimensionality of the system.
Research Interests: Materials Science and MRS
... FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MICROFOSSILS ANNA M. CARNERUP1, STEPHEN T. HYDE1, ANN-KRISTIN LARSSON1, ANDREW G. CHRISTY12 ... temper-ature and concentration of the reacting molecular species (Baird et al., 1992; Garcfa-Ruiz and Moreno, 1997;... more
... FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MICROFOSSILS ANNA M. CARNERUP1, STEPHEN T. HYDE1, ANN-KRISTIN LARSSON1, ANDREW G. CHRISTY12 ... temper-ature and concentration of the reacting molecular species (Baird et al., 1992; Garcfa-Ruiz and Moreno, 1997; Garcfa ...
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... high-pressure phase of GaAsO4: Implications for shape-memory materials SM Clark and AGChristy Science and Engineering Research Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom R. Jones Department of Chemistry,... more
... high-pressure phase of GaAsO4: Implications for shape-memory materials SM Clark and AGChristy Science and Engineering Research Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom R. Jones Department of Chemistry, University of Keele, Staffs., ST5 ...
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Hydrogen-bond formation in sodium and potassium hydrosulfides at high pressure. Julian Haines and Andrew G. Christy Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, England. Received 10 April 1992 ...
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... Spectroscopic Studyt David M. Adam,* Andrew G. Christy, and Julian Haines Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH, England (Received: February 28, 1992; In Final Form: May 5, 1992) Lithium ...
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Research Interests: Geology and Phosphorus
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We have synthesized inorganic micron-sized filaments, whose microstucture consists of silica-coated nanometer-sized carbonate crystals, arranged with strong orientational order. They exhibit noncrystallographic, curved, helical... more
We have synthesized inorganic micron-sized filaments, whose microstucture consists of silica-coated nanometer-sized carbonate crystals, arranged with strong orientational order. They exhibit noncrystallographic, curved, helical morphologies, reminiscent of biological forms. The filaments are similar to supposed cyanobacterial microfossils from the Precambrian Warrawoona chert formation in Western Australia, reputed to be the oldest terrestrial microfossils. Simple organic hydrocarbons, whose sources may also be abiotic and indeed inorganic, readily condense onto these filaments and subsequently polymerize under gentle heating to yield kerogenous products. Our results demonstrate that abiotic and morphologically complex microstructures that are identical to currently accepted biogenic materials can be synthesized inorganically.
Research Interests: Chemistry, Electron Microscopy, Australia, Science, Cyanobacteria, and 15 moreScanning Electron Microscopy, Crystallization, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, Exobiology, Carbonates, Life, Fossils, Phenol, HYDROCARBONS, Barium, Microstructures, Molecular Conformation, Formaldehyde, and Geologic Sediments
ABSTRACT Complexly deformed gneisses in the Larsemann Hills, southern Prydz Bay, are customarily divided into a basement igneous complex (Søstrene Orthogneiss) and overlying metasediments (Brattstrand Paragneiss). New ion microprobe U–Pb... more
ABSTRACT Complexly deformed gneisses in the Larsemann Hills, southern Prydz Bay, are customarily divided into a basement igneous complex (Søstrene Orthogneiss) and overlying metasediments (Brattstrand Paragneiss). New ion microprobe U–Pb zircon ages support this geological model and provide further age constraints for sediment deposition at ca. 1000 Ma and high-grade metamorphism at ca. 900 Ma. U–Pb zircon data for the Søstrene Orthogneiss, a prominent unit of the basement complex, indicate an igneous protolith age of 1126 ± 11 Ma. The igneous protolith of the Blundell Orthogneiss was emplaced at 968 ± 13 Ma. The Tassie Tarn Metaquartzite, a unit of the Brattstrand Paragneiss, has an estimated maximum depositional age of 1023 ± 19 Ma based on the weighted mean 207Pb*/206Pb* age of 1023 ± 19 Ma for the three youngest recognized detrital zircons, whereas the oldest inheritance is 2.54 Ga. Metamorphic rims on the detrital zircons define a broad discordia array between ca. 900 Ma and ca. 530 Ma which is interpreted to reflect metamorphic zircon growth or resetting at these times. Magmatic zircons in the Søstrene orthogneisses have narrow ranges of initial ɛHf (−2.8 to +3.6) and Hf model ages (TDM2 1.53–1.93 Ga), compared with much wider ranges (ɛHf = −16.4 to +6.6, TDM2 1.44–2.91 Ga) recorded in detrital zircons of similar age in the Tassie Tarn Metaquartzite. This allows a partial provenance link between Søstrene-type basement and overlying metasediments but suggests additional sedimentary contributions to the metaquartzite from older crustal sources. Such contributions may be represented in the metaquartzite by the older detrital zircons, which have significantly older Hf model ages (TDM2 2.45–2.91 Ga). A contribution from older crust is consistent with Nd isotope evidence for the Tassie Tarn Metaquartzite which has Nd model ages (TDM2) near 2.0 Ga, similar to Brattstrand Paragneiss in general, and older than Nd model ages in Søstrene Orthogneiss (TDM2 ca. 1.7 Ga). Relative age relationships between the Blundell Orthogneiss and Tassie Tarn Metaquartzite have been obscured by deformation, but our U–Pb zircon results permit Blundell Orthogneiss to be younger than the Brattstrand Paragneiss. Zircon Hf (ɛHf −1.0 to −3.7, TDM2 1.83–1.95 Ga) and whole rock Nd (ɛNd = −3.0 and −5.9; TDM2 1.77–1.98 Ga) isotopic data for the former allow the igneous protolith for this orthogneiss to be derived by partial melting or assimilation of both Søstrene Orthogneiss and Brattstrand Paragneiss.The rocks exposed in southern Prydz Bay bear similarities with those exposed the northern Prince Charles Mountains and we argue these regions probably represent a contiguous terrane, albeit with differing degrees of early Cambrian overprinting. We suggest that precursors of the Brattstrand Paragneiss were deposited in a back-arc basin located inboard of a ca. 1000 Ma continental arc that was active along the leading edge of the Indo-Antarctic craton. Collision with the Australo-Antarctic craton (ca. 530 Ma) merged these rocks into Gondwana and sutured them into their present position in Antarctica.
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Page 1. Phys Chem Minerals (1988) 15:548-558 PHYSICS CHEMISTRY NMINERALS © Springer-Verlag 1988 Planar and Line Defects in the Sapphirine Polytypes Andrew G. Christy and Andrew Putnis Department of Earth ...
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We evolve a physical picture of the defect structure of wüstite, presenting a step by step description of how the complex diffuse diffraction patterns arise and are influenced by various possible real-space variables such as defect... more
We evolve a physical picture of the defect structure of wüstite, presenting a step by step description of how the complex diffuse diffraction patterns arise and are influenced by various possible real-space variables such as defect distribution, defect cluster size, number of interstitials and lattice strain. A motif of diffuse incommensurate superlattice peaks around each main Bragg peak position is