Wind waves play a significant role in ocean and coastal activities. In this study, the performanc... more Wind waves play a significant role in ocean and coastal activities. In this study, the performance of decision trees classification for prediction of wave parameters was investigated. The data set used in this study comprises of wind and wave data gathered in Lake Ontario from October to November, 2004 and further from November to December, 2005. The data set was gathered by National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) in station 45012 at 43˚ 37� 09� N and 77˚ 24� 18��W. The data set was divided into two groups. The first one that comprises of 26 days (611 data points of year 2005) wind and wave measurements was used to train the models. The second one that comprises of 14 days (326 data points of year 2004) wind and wave measurements was used to verify the models. Training and testing data include wind speed, wind direction, fetch length and wind duration as input variables and significant wave height (Hs) and peak spectral period (Tp) as output variables. For building classification trees, C5...
Agricultural Nonpoint Sources (NPS) are widely believed to decrease pollution for a much lower un... more Agricultural Nonpoint Sources (NPS) are widely believed to decrease pollution for a much lower unit cost than Point Sources (PS) and they could be the main way of potential cost savings in a Water Quality Trading (WQT) program. However, their sporadic nature and inherent uncertainties make the trading challenging. This study focused on an assessment of involving regulated agricultural NPS into WQT market through the context of Agricultural Cooperatives (AC) for defining Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) limits in Gharesoo watershed in the west of Iran. Accordingly, a methodology was proposed to pinpoint location-based trading ratios as well as an environmental penalty cost to achieve a more well-designed market structure. Additionally, a trading algorithm was developed to create a detailed pattern benchmark based on which all potential trades among PS/NPS could be determined. Results showed that regulating NPS in the Gharesoo watershed Total Phosphorus (TP) trading market led to higher trading volume, participation rate, and total exchange value. Moreover, it could save the total cost of implementing the TP-TMDL in this watershed compared to the Command and Control approach and the time when merely PS are regulated. Finally, it was revealed that expanding the scale of farmers and farmlands through AC context can decrease the inherent uncertainties of NPS and make them easier to be regulated. Besides, larger credit packages could be created and the performance of trading market is enhanced. Abbreviations NPS = Non Point Sources; BMP = Best Management Practices; WQT = Water Quality; Trading; PS = Point Sources; TMDL = Total Maximum Daily Load; AC = Agricultural Cooperative; TP = Total Phosphorus; TN = Total Nitrogen; TV = Trading Volume; PR = Participation Rate; TEV = Total Exchanged Value; ME = Market Efficiency
Wind waves play a significant role in ocean and coastal activities. In this study, the performanc... more Wind waves play a significant role in ocean and coastal activities. In this study, the performance of decision trees classification for prediction of wave parameters was investigated. The data set used in this study comprises of wind and wave data gathered in Lake Ontario from October to November, 2004 and further from November to December, 2005. The data set was gathered by National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) in station 45012 at 43˚ 37� 09� N and 77˚ 24� 18��W. The data set was divided into two groups. The first one that comprises of 26 days (611 data points of year 2005) wind and wave measurements was used to train the models. The second one that comprises of 14 days (326 data points of year 2004) wind and wave measurements was used to verify the models. Training and testing data include wind speed, wind direction, fetch length and wind duration as input variables and significant wave height (Hs) and peak spectral period (Tp) as output variables. For building classification trees, C5...
Agricultural Nonpoint Sources (NPS) are widely believed to decrease pollution for a much lower un... more Agricultural Nonpoint Sources (NPS) are widely believed to decrease pollution for a much lower unit cost than Point Sources (PS) and they could be the main way of potential cost savings in a Water Quality Trading (WQT) program. However, their sporadic nature and inherent uncertainties make the trading challenging. This study focused on an assessment of involving regulated agricultural NPS into WQT market through the context of Agricultural Cooperatives (AC) for defining Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) limits in Gharesoo watershed in the west of Iran. Accordingly, a methodology was proposed to pinpoint location-based trading ratios as well as an environmental penalty cost to achieve a more well-designed market structure. Additionally, a trading algorithm was developed to create a detailed pattern benchmark based on which all potential trades among PS/NPS could be determined. Results showed that regulating NPS in the Gharesoo watershed Total Phosphorus (TP) trading market led to higher trading volume, participation rate, and total exchange value. Moreover, it could save the total cost of implementing the TP-TMDL in this watershed compared to the Command and Control approach and the time when merely PS are regulated. Finally, it was revealed that expanding the scale of farmers and farmlands through AC context can decrease the inherent uncertainties of NPS and make them easier to be regulated. Besides, larger credit packages could be created and the performance of trading market is enhanced. Abbreviations NPS = Non Point Sources; BMP = Best Management Practices; WQT = Water Quality; Trading; PS = Point Sources; TMDL = Total Maximum Daily Load; AC = Agricultural Cooperative; TP = Total Phosphorus; TN = Total Nitrogen; TV = Trading Volume; PR = Participation Rate; TEV = Total Exchanged Value; ME = Market Efficiency
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