... 2sc rukst hellest 3SG rfikt hellet PL ruke helje PAST ISG rukte helle 2SG ruktest hellest 3SG... more ... 2sc rukst hellest 3SG rfikt hellet PL ruke helje PAST ISG rukte helle 2SG ruktest hellest 3SG ruktehelle PL rukten hellen PAST PARTICIPLE rukt helle Interestingly, neither ... to the verb gean'go' Ik gean sitten/stean/lizzen/oan'e rekstok hingjen I go sit/stand/lie/on the bar hang " I'll ...
... in touch with the advances that are made in the disciplines of phonology, morphology, syntax ... more ... in touch with the advances that are made in the disciplines of phonology, morphology, syntax and ... After all, dictionaries also don't contain fine-grained phonetic or syntactic information. ... It is not the case that adding grammatical information in dictionaries will automatically lead to ...
... natoer oan ûndergeskikt makke is, is nammentlik in lib-bensfrage yn 'e ynderlike wrâ... more ... natoer oan ûndergeskikt makke is, is nammentlik in lib-bensfrage yn 'e ynderlike wrâld fan 'e beskôgjende ik-persoan: zoe 'k hir al-linne loes leeg stiean ... Dat wie yn 'e njog-gentjinde ieu krekt ek it stribjen fan Van der Meulen en Dykstra: net eks-plisyt moralisearje, mar ymplisyt. ...
... In dezelfde lijn spreekt Van Alphen (2006) van 'quotatiemarker' en eerder Van Mulke... more ... In dezelfde lijn spreekt Van Alphen (2006) van 'quotatiemarker' en eerder Van Mulken (1999)van een markeerder van 'sloppy'-citaten. ... Ook Peter van Ingen, een van de presentatoren van het televisieprogramma Buitenhof, maakt er veel gebruik van, terwijl zijn collega Paul ...
... 2sc rukst hellest 3SG rfikt hellet PL ruke helje PAST ISG rukte helle 2SG ruktest hellest 3SG... more ... 2sc rukst hellest 3SG rfikt hellet PL ruke helje PAST ISG rukte helle 2SG ruktest hellest 3SG ruktehelle PL rukten hellen PAST PARTICIPLE rukt helle Interestingly, neither ... to the verb gean'go' Ik gean sitten/stean/lizzen/oan'e rekstok hingjen I go sit/stand/lie/on the bar hang " I'll ...
... in touch with the advances that are made in the disciplines of phonology, morphology, syntax ... more ... in touch with the advances that are made in the disciplines of phonology, morphology, syntax and ... After all, dictionaries also don't contain fine-grained phonetic or syntactic information. ... It is not the case that adding grammatical information in dictionaries will automatically lead to ...
... natoer oan ûndergeskikt makke is, is nammentlik in lib-bensfrage yn 'e ynderlike wrâ... more ... natoer oan ûndergeskikt makke is, is nammentlik in lib-bensfrage yn 'e ynderlike wrâld fan 'e beskôgjende ik-persoan: zoe 'k hir al-linne loes leeg stiean ... Dat wie yn 'e njog-gentjinde ieu krekt ek it stribjen fan Van der Meulen en Dykstra: net eks-plisyt moralisearje, mar ymplisyt. ...
... In dezelfde lijn spreekt Van Alphen (2006) van 'quotatiemarker' en eerder Van Mulke... more ... In dezelfde lijn spreekt Van Alphen (2006) van 'quotatiemarker' en eerder Van Mulken (1999)van een markeerder van 'sloppy'-citaten. ... Ook Peter van Ingen, een van de presentatoren van het televisieprogramma Buitenhof, maakt er veel gebruik van, terwijl zijn collega Paul ...
Bilingual speakers store cognates from related languages close together in their mental lexicon... more Bilingual speakers store cognates from related languages close together in their mental lexicon. In the case of minority languages, words from the dominant language often exert influence on their cognates in the minority language. In this article, we present a model describing that influence as a function of frequency and of (dis)similarity (representational distance). More specifically, it is claimed that the strength of the influence of one word upon another is (among others) a function of their frequencies divided by their formal dissimilarity. The model is applied to the distribution of nouns derived from adjectives in Frisian, where the suffix -ens competes with -heid. Of these two suffixes, Frisian -heid is similar to Dutch -heid, whereas Frisian -ens does not have a similar counterpart in Dutch. The model predicts that Frisian derived nouns of which the adjectival bases are similar in form and meaning to Dutch will occur more often with -heid and less often with -ens. It also predicts that this effect will be stronger as the words involved are more frequent. Our findings make it possible to verify the model's quantification of the influence of Dutch words on their cognates.
Keywords: bilingualism, representational convergence, language modelling, word storage, analogy, blocking
Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5:3, pp. 357-379, 2015
In standard Dutch, the plural suffix -en is homographic and homophonic with the linking suffix -e... more In standard Dutch, the plural suffix -en is homographic and homophonic with the linking suffix -en (boek+en “books”, boek+en+kast “bookcase”), both being pronounced as schwa. In Frisian, there is neither homography nor homophony (boek+en “books’, pronounced with syllabic nasal; boek+e+kast “bookcase”, pronounced with a linking schwa). Seeing that many areas of Frisian grammar are subject to interference from Dutch, we investigated whether Frisian-Dutch bilinguals exhibit interference from Dutch with respect to the linking suffix during Frisian speech production. Two types of Frisian-Dutch bilinguals emerged: Speakers who had Dutch as their first language tended to maintain the Dutch system of homophony between plural and linking suffixes when speaking Frisian, by using the Frisian plural as a linking morpheme. Speakers who had Frisian as their first language often maintained the Frisian system of no homophony when speaking Frisian. The implications for morphological theories are discussed.
Interference Frisian (IF) is a variety of Frisian, spoken by mostly younger speakers, which is he... more Interference Frisian (IF) is a variety of Frisian, spoken by mostly younger speakers, which is heavily influenced by Dutch. IF exhibits all six logically possible word orders in a cluster of three verbs. This phenomenon has been researched by Koeneman & Postma (2006), who argue for a parameter theory which leaves frequency differences between various orders unexplained. Rejecting K&P’s parameter theory but accepting their conclusion that Dutch (and Frisian) data are input for the grammar of IF, we will argue that the word order preferences of speakers of IF are determined by frequency and similarity. More specifically, 3-verb clusters in IF are sensitive to:
(i) their linear left-to-right similarity to 2-verb clusters and 3-verb clusters in Frisian and in Dutch
(ii) the (estimated) frequency of 2- and 3-verb clusters in Frisian and Dutch.
The model will be shown to work best if Dutch and Frisian, and 2- and 3-verb clusters have equal impact factors. If different impact factors are taken, the model’s predictions do not change substantially, testifying to its robustness. This analysis is in line with recent ideas that the sequential nature of human speech is more important to syntactic processes than commonly assumed, and that less burden need be put on the hierarchical dimension of syntactic structure.
Gearfetting It Biltsk is in Fryske streektaal mei sa'n 10.000 sprekkers as earste of twadde taal ... more Gearfetting It Biltsk is in Fryske streektaal mei sa'n 10.000 sprekkers as earste of twadde taal yn de provinsje Fryslân. It wurdt faak sjoen as in Hollânsk dialekt mei in soad Fryske ynfloed. It doel fan dizze presintaasje is om sjen te litten dat dizze klassifikaasje gjin rjocht docht oan de ferdieling fan Fryske en Hollânske eleminten yn it Biltsk. Op basis fan in taalkundige analyze wurdt it Biltsk ferlike mei syn boarnetalen: it Frysk oan de ien kant en Súdhollânsk dialekt oan de oare kant. It wurdt sjen litten dat it Bildtsk in leksikon hat dy't fierhinne basearre is op Súdhollânsk dialekt en in grammatika dy't foaral Frysk is. Lykwols hat it Bildtske leksikon doch wat Fryske wurden, en de grammatika is ta in hichte simplifisearre. De krekte miks kin net maklik beskreaun, lit stean, ferklearre wurde yn modellen fan taalkontakt. Us taalkundige oanpak wurdt kombinearre mei in sosjohistoaryske rekonstruksje om te bewizen dat it Biltsk as in mingtaal sjoen wurde moat. It Bildtsk is dêrom te ferlykjen mei bekende gefallen as it Ma'a, dat sprutsen wurdt yn Tanzania. De spesifike aard fan de miks is it gefolch fan wjersidige oanpassing fan twa groepen sprekkers: memmetaalsprekkers fan it Frysk dy't it Bildtsk as twadde taal learden en balansearre twataligen dy't sawol Biltsk as Frysk praten. (Abstract nei Van Sluis, Hoekstra en Van de Velde (2016))
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Papers by Eric Hoekstra
Keywords: bilingualism, representational convergence, language modelling, word storage, analogy, blocking
(i) their linear left-to-right similarity to 2-verb clusters and 3-verb clusters in Frisian and in Dutch
(ii) the (estimated) frequency of 2- and 3-verb clusters in Frisian and Dutch.
The model will be shown to work best if Dutch and Frisian, and 2- and 3-verb clusters have equal impact factors. If different impact factors are taken, the model’s predictions do not change substantially, testifying to its robustness. This analysis is in line with recent ideas that the sequential nature of human speech is more important to syntactic processes than commonly assumed, and that less burden need be put on the hierarchical dimension of syntactic structure.