The possibility of detecting ripeness of raw fruit by measuring sugar content with an A-200 Fouri... more The possibility of detecting ripeness of raw fruit by measuring sugar content with an A-200 Fourier Transform (FT) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was investigated. Then, the samples of sugar-water mixtures and real fruit were tested with the NMR and the correlations of sugar contents to NMR spectra were obtained. Sugar content (or ripeness level) was linearly correlated to the intensity
A model LL-4 magnetic resonance low level unit designed to operate at 5.35 MHz was used to perfor... more A model LL-4 magnetic resonance low level unit designed to operate at 5.35 MHz was used to perform proton magnetic resonance ([sup 1]H-MR) tests on sugar solutions. The magnet console was designed and built by Agricultural Engineering Department personnel. The homogeneity of the magnetic field is critical to achievement of a good signal and to good performance of the device.
A forwarder-based prehauler to service a mobile, wholetree chip harvester was designed. The vacuu... more A forwarder-based prehauler to service a mobile, wholetree chip harvester was designed. The vacuum pneumatic conveyor uses airflow to load and unload chips, chips being fed into the airflow by rotating pipes with feed scoops and internal augers. Initial tests measured main parameters and confirmed concept feasibility. 12 references.
A technique to estimate sugar content of intact fruit using 10 MHz pulsed proton magnetic resonan... more A technique to estimate sugar content of intact fruit using 10 MHz pulsed proton magnetic resonance ([sup 1]H-MR) was investigated. The values of spin-spin relaxation times (T[sub 2]) were calculated from the data. A correlation model between T[sub 2] values and sugar contents was developed from the principle of chemical exchange between sugar and water protons. The chemical exchange between
More than 80 kinds of fruits and vegetables are available in the United States. But only about 6 ... more More than 80 kinds of fruits and vegetables are available in the United States. But only about 6 of them have their quality standards (Dull, 1986). In the 1990 Fresh Trends survey (Zind, 1990), consumers were asked to rate 16 characteristics important to their decision to purchase fresh produce. The four top ranking factors were ripeness/freshness, taste/flavor, appearance/condition and nutritional
The application of herbicides to target plants by using contact method such as wicks or absorbent... more The application of herbicides to target plants by using contact method such as wicks or absorbent wipers has several advantages over spraying in many circumstances. Elimination of herbicide drift, conservation of herbicide material, and plant height selectivity are characteristic of most contact application methods. An analysis of the most suitable method of applying translocatable herbicides to woody brush was carried
Conventional electro-hydraulic precision motion control systems are controlled by either servo va... more Conventional electro-hydraulic precision motion control systems are controlled by either servo valves or proportional directional control valves. Neither of the valves are able to control the pressures at the two cylinder chambers independently or to use the regeneration flow. The result is that while precision motion control is possible, significant energy saving is not. In order to save energy while
The feasibility investigation of using machine vision technology to locate corn plants is an impo... more The feasibility investigation of using machine vision technology to locate corn plants is an important issue for field production automation in the agricultural industry. This paper presents an approach which was developed to locate the center of a corn plant using image processing techniques. Corn plants were first identified using a main vein detection algorithm by detecting a local feature of corn leaves leaf main veins based on the spectral difference between mains and leaves then the center of the plant could be located using a center locating algorithm by tracing and extending each detected vein line and evaluating the center of the plant from intersection points of those lines. The experimental results show the usefulness of the algorithm for machine vision applications related to corn plant identification. Such a technique can be used for pre. cisc spraying of pesticides or biotech chemicals. 1.
Color is an important factor in Agricultural and the Food Industry. Agricultural or prepared food... more Color is an important factor in Agricultural and the Food Industry. Agricultural or prepared food products are often grade by producers and consumers using color parameters. Color is used to estimate maturity, sort produce for defects, but also perform genetic screenings or make an aesthetic judgement. The task of sorting produce following a color scale is very complex, requires special
ABSTRACT A method for monitoring a component formed of a polymer material, and the polymer compon... more ABSTRACT A method for monitoring a component formed of a polymer material, and the polymer component. The component includes an electrically-conductive polymer sensing element integrally incorporated into the component. An electric potential is applied to the polymer sensing element, and an electric signal generated by the polymer sensing element is sensed in response to the polymer sensing element physically responding to a transitory or permanent distortion of the component. A signal can then be generated if the electric signal exceeds a predetermined threshold value for the component.
ABSTRACT The two position solenoid operated cartridge valve is widely used in the applications, s... more ABSTRACT The two position solenoid operated cartridge valve is widely used in the applications, such as process control systems, pavers, agricultural machinery, where response and installed costs are more important than precise control through electronic position feedback. In recent years, the combination of multiple cartridge valves, so called ‘smart valve’ or ‘programmable valve’, which is able to break the mechanical linkage between the meter-in and meter-out orifices and enables high precision control as well as optimal usage of energy, is gaining engineering interests. But the control of such combination is far from trivial. It demands good knowledge of the valve dynamics and nonlinear flow properties. Unlike servo valve or proportional directional control valve, a mathematic model of solenoid operated cartridge valve, or even a thorough understanding of the dynamics and nonlinear performance, are not available. This paper presents an EASY 5 model for the two position solenoid operated cartridge valve. The model, which includes the solenoid force, spring force, damping force, flow force and nonlinear mass flow rate, can be used to analyze cartridge valve as well as simulate system or controller performance. It is also able to connect with Matlab for more complicated simulation.
2010 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, 2010
Capacitive sensors have a wide field of applications for measuring a parameter that results in di... more Capacitive sensors have a wide field of applications for measuring a parameter that results in displacement of parallel capacitor plates, displacement of the sandwiched dielectric material, or a change in the dielectric's material properties. This theory of parallel plate capacitance can be used in a layered polymer structure to allow continuous whole structure health monitoring. The sensor itself is created
abstract The feasibility investigation of using machine vision technology to locate corn plants i... more abstract The feasibility investigation of using machine vision technology to locate corn plants is an important issue for field production automation in the agricultural industry. This paper presents an approach which was developed to locate the center of a corn plant using image processing techniques. Corn plants were first identified using a main vein detection algorithm by detecting a local feature of corn leaves leaf main veins based on the spectral difference between mains and leaves then the center of the plant could be located using a ...
[1993] Digests of International Magnetics Conference, 1993
PERMANENT MAGNET DESIGN FOR LOW FIELD 'H-MR Y. Li, JA Nyenhuis*, HE Pietscht, FJ Friedlaende... more PERMANENT MAGNET DESIGN FOR LOW FIELD 'H-MR Y. Li, JA Nyenhuis*, HE Pietscht, FJ Friedlaendere, RL Stroshine, WK Wai, and GW KNtz Agricultural Engineering Department ... Ceramic materials (fer-rites) were excluded because of their large temperature sensitivity. ...
ABSTRACT Many rubber or other polymer components are susceptible to catastrophic failure or are c... more ABSTRACT Many rubber or other polymer components are susceptible to catastrophic failure or are critical to the performance of the products that they make up. Because of this it is beneficial to be able to monitor or sense structural failures or a performance drop in these components, In the past this has been difficult to accomplish as polymer components often have complex shapes or are assembled in places that are difficult to access with a typical sensor. Current sensor technologies are often too expensive or are impractical to manufacture.
... Authors Cho, Stroshine and Krutz are affiliated with the Ami-cultural Engiieering Dept., Purd... more ... Authors Cho, Stroshine and Krutz are affiliated with the Ami-cultural Engiieering Dept., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907. ... peak suppression were reviewed (Bellon et al., 1989) and two simple techniques, selective saturation and inver-sion recovery Fourier transform (IRFI ...
Documented incidents have occurred in which failure or unintentional disengagement of agricultura... more Documented incidents have occurred in which failure or unintentional disengagement of agricultural hitch pins has contributed to property damage and personal injury. An examination of current hitch pin use on a convenience sample of farm operations in Indiana revealed a variety of non-standard, worn and damaged, and inappropriately sized hitch pins in use. Informal interviews with the farm operators confirmed that hitch pin misuse, failure, or disengagement is a relatively widespread problem that remains largely unaddressed. On-site observations also suggested a low use of hitch pin retaining devices or safety chains. A review of prior research revealed that little attention has been given to this problem, and currently no documentation allows for an estimate of the frequency or severity of losses associated with hitch pin misuse, failure, or disengagement. No specific engineering standards were found that directly applied to the design, appropriate selection, or loading capacity of agricultural hitch pins. Major suppliers of replacement hitch pins currently provide little or no information on matching hitch pin size to intended applications, and most replacement hitch pins examined were of foreign origin, with the overwhelming majority imported from China or India. These replacement hitch pins provided no specifications other than diameter, length, and, in some cases, labeling that indicated that the pins had been "heat treated. " Testing of a sample of 11 commercially available replacement hitch pins found variation along the length of the pin shaft and between individual pins in surface hardness, a potential predictor of pin failure. Examination of 17 commercially available replacement pins also revealed a variety of identifiers used to describe pin composition and fabrication methods, e.g., "heat treated." None of the pins examined provided any specifications on loading capacity. It was therefore concluded that there is a need to develop an agricultural hitch pin engineering standard that would reflect current agricultural applications and practices and that would be promoted to both original equipment manufacturers and manufacturers and suppliers of replacement hitch pins. The standard should address the design of composite pins, heat treating, surface hardening, loading capacity and labeling of such, incorporation of unintentional disengagement prevention devices, indicators of the need for replacement due to wear, and safety information that should be included in operator instructions. ASABE is the most appropriate organization to develop such a standard. It was also concluded that agricultural safety and health programs and professionals need to raise the awareness of farmers concerning the appropriate selection and use of agricultural hitch pins, including the need to replace non-standard pins with pins less likely to fail or disengage during use, the need to replace hitch pins with indications of potential failure, and the importance of using appropriate safety chains, especially during transport of equipment behind tractors and trucks on public roads.
ABSTRACT A mobile vehicle powered by water was engineered and built by the Agricultural and Biolo... more ABSTRACT A mobile vehicle powered by water was engineered and built by the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department at Purdue University. This pressurised water system was designed to operate on a modified greens mower. All existing oil hydraulic components were replaced by current industrial water hydraulic components. Water hydraulic pressure compensated flow control components of the individual systems had to be inserted for performance as a variable displacement pump was not available. Water power was used to power all circuits including; steering, propulsion, reel drives and reel lifts. Testing has shown that the machine is fully functional and operates with similar characteristics at approximately 4.8 km/h.
The possibility of detecting ripeness of raw fruit by measuring sugar content with an A-200 Fouri... more The possibility of detecting ripeness of raw fruit by measuring sugar content with an A-200 Fourier Transform (FT) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was investigated. Then, the samples of sugar-water mixtures and real fruit were tested with the NMR and the correlations of sugar contents to NMR spectra were obtained. Sugar content (or ripeness level) was linearly correlated to the intensity
A model LL-4 magnetic resonance low level unit designed to operate at 5.35 MHz was used to perfor... more A model LL-4 magnetic resonance low level unit designed to operate at 5.35 MHz was used to perform proton magnetic resonance ([sup 1]H-MR) tests on sugar solutions. The magnet console was designed and built by Agricultural Engineering Department personnel. The homogeneity of the magnetic field is critical to achievement of a good signal and to good performance of the device.
A forwarder-based prehauler to service a mobile, wholetree chip harvester was designed. The vacuu... more A forwarder-based prehauler to service a mobile, wholetree chip harvester was designed. The vacuum pneumatic conveyor uses airflow to load and unload chips, chips being fed into the airflow by rotating pipes with feed scoops and internal augers. Initial tests measured main parameters and confirmed concept feasibility. 12 references.
A technique to estimate sugar content of intact fruit using 10 MHz pulsed proton magnetic resonan... more A technique to estimate sugar content of intact fruit using 10 MHz pulsed proton magnetic resonance ([sup 1]H-MR) was investigated. The values of spin-spin relaxation times (T[sub 2]) were calculated from the data. A correlation model between T[sub 2] values and sugar contents was developed from the principle of chemical exchange between sugar and water protons. The chemical exchange between
More than 80 kinds of fruits and vegetables are available in the United States. But only about 6 ... more More than 80 kinds of fruits and vegetables are available in the United States. But only about 6 of them have their quality standards (Dull, 1986). In the 1990 Fresh Trends survey (Zind, 1990), consumers were asked to rate 16 characteristics important to their decision to purchase fresh produce. The four top ranking factors were ripeness/freshness, taste/flavor, appearance/condition and nutritional
The application of herbicides to target plants by using contact method such as wicks or absorbent... more The application of herbicides to target plants by using contact method such as wicks or absorbent wipers has several advantages over spraying in many circumstances. Elimination of herbicide drift, conservation of herbicide material, and plant height selectivity are characteristic of most contact application methods. An analysis of the most suitable method of applying translocatable herbicides to woody brush was carried
Conventional electro-hydraulic precision motion control systems are controlled by either servo va... more Conventional electro-hydraulic precision motion control systems are controlled by either servo valves or proportional directional control valves. Neither of the valves are able to control the pressures at the two cylinder chambers independently or to use the regeneration flow. The result is that while precision motion control is possible, significant energy saving is not. In order to save energy while
The feasibility investigation of using machine vision technology to locate corn plants is an impo... more The feasibility investigation of using machine vision technology to locate corn plants is an important issue for field production automation in the agricultural industry. This paper presents an approach which was developed to locate the center of a corn plant using image processing techniques. Corn plants were first identified using a main vein detection algorithm by detecting a local feature of corn leaves leaf main veins based on the spectral difference between mains and leaves then the center of the plant could be located using a center locating algorithm by tracing and extending each detected vein line and evaluating the center of the plant from intersection points of those lines. The experimental results show the usefulness of the algorithm for machine vision applications related to corn plant identification. Such a technique can be used for pre. cisc spraying of pesticides or biotech chemicals. 1.
Color is an important factor in Agricultural and the Food Industry. Agricultural or prepared food... more Color is an important factor in Agricultural and the Food Industry. Agricultural or prepared food products are often grade by producers and consumers using color parameters. Color is used to estimate maturity, sort produce for defects, but also perform genetic screenings or make an aesthetic judgement. The task of sorting produce following a color scale is very complex, requires special
ABSTRACT A method for monitoring a component formed of a polymer material, and the polymer compon... more ABSTRACT A method for monitoring a component formed of a polymer material, and the polymer component. The component includes an electrically-conductive polymer sensing element integrally incorporated into the component. An electric potential is applied to the polymer sensing element, and an electric signal generated by the polymer sensing element is sensed in response to the polymer sensing element physically responding to a transitory or permanent distortion of the component. A signal can then be generated if the electric signal exceeds a predetermined threshold value for the component.
ABSTRACT The two position solenoid operated cartridge valve is widely used in the applications, s... more ABSTRACT The two position solenoid operated cartridge valve is widely used in the applications, such as process control systems, pavers, agricultural machinery, where response and installed costs are more important than precise control through electronic position feedback. In recent years, the combination of multiple cartridge valves, so called ‘smart valve’ or ‘programmable valve’, which is able to break the mechanical linkage between the meter-in and meter-out orifices and enables high precision control as well as optimal usage of energy, is gaining engineering interests. But the control of such combination is far from trivial. It demands good knowledge of the valve dynamics and nonlinear flow properties. Unlike servo valve or proportional directional control valve, a mathematic model of solenoid operated cartridge valve, or even a thorough understanding of the dynamics and nonlinear performance, are not available. This paper presents an EASY 5 model for the two position solenoid operated cartridge valve. The model, which includes the solenoid force, spring force, damping force, flow force and nonlinear mass flow rate, can be used to analyze cartridge valve as well as simulate system or controller performance. It is also able to connect with Matlab for more complicated simulation.
2010 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, 2010
Capacitive sensors have a wide field of applications for measuring a parameter that results in di... more Capacitive sensors have a wide field of applications for measuring a parameter that results in displacement of parallel capacitor plates, displacement of the sandwiched dielectric material, or a change in the dielectric's material properties. This theory of parallel plate capacitance can be used in a layered polymer structure to allow continuous whole structure health monitoring. The sensor itself is created
abstract The feasibility investigation of using machine vision technology to locate corn plants i... more abstract The feasibility investigation of using machine vision technology to locate corn plants is an important issue for field production automation in the agricultural industry. This paper presents an approach which was developed to locate the center of a corn plant using image processing techniques. Corn plants were first identified using a main vein detection algorithm by detecting a local feature of corn leaves leaf main veins based on the spectral difference between mains and leaves then the center of the plant could be located using a ...
[1993] Digests of International Magnetics Conference, 1993
PERMANENT MAGNET DESIGN FOR LOW FIELD 'H-MR Y. Li, JA Nyenhuis*, HE Pietscht, FJ Friedlaende... more PERMANENT MAGNET DESIGN FOR LOW FIELD 'H-MR Y. Li, JA Nyenhuis*, HE Pietscht, FJ Friedlaendere, RL Stroshine, WK Wai, and GW KNtz Agricultural Engineering Department ... Ceramic materials (fer-rites) were excluded because of their large temperature sensitivity. ...
ABSTRACT Many rubber or other polymer components are susceptible to catastrophic failure or are c... more ABSTRACT Many rubber or other polymer components are susceptible to catastrophic failure or are critical to the performance of the products that they make up. Because of this it is beneficial to be able to monitor or sense structural failures or a performance drop in these components, In the past this has been difficult to accomplish as polymer components often have complex shapes or are assembled in places that are difficult to access with a typical sensor. Current sensor technologies are often too expensive or are impractical to manufacture.
... Authors Cho, Stroshine and Krutz are affiliated with the Ami-cultural Engiieering Dept., Purd... more ... Authors Cho, Stroshine and Krutz are affiliated with the Ami-cultural Engiieering Dept., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907. ... peak suppression were reviewed (Bellon et al., 1989) and two simple techniques, selective saturation and inver-sion recovery Fourier transform (IRFI ...
Documented incidents have occurred in which failure or unintentional disengagement of agricultura... more Documented incidents have occurred in which failure or unintentional disengagement of agricultural hitch pins has contributed to property damage and personal injury. An examination of current hitch pin use on a convenience sample of farm operations in Indiana revealed a variety of non-standard, worn and damaged, and inappropriately sized hitch pins in use. Informal interviews with the farm operators confirmed that hitch pin misuse, failure, or disengagement is a relatively widespread problem that remains largely unaddressed. On-site observations also suggested a low use of hitch pin retaining devices or safety chains. A review of prior research revealed that little attention has been given to this problem, and currently no documentation allows for an estimate of the frequency or severity of losses associated with hitch pin misuse, failure, or disengagement. No specific engineering standards were found that directly applied to the design, appropriate selection, or loading capacity of agricultural hitch pins. Major suppliers of replacement hitch pins currently provide little or no information on matching hitch pin size to intended applications, and most replacement hitch pins examined were of foreign origin, with the overwhelming majority imported from China or India. These replacement hitch pins provided no specifications other than diameter, length, and, in some cases, labeling that indicated that the pins had been "heat treated. " Testing of a sample of 11 commercially available replacement hitch pins found variation along the length of the pin shaft and between individual pins in surface hardness, a potential predictor of pin failure. Examination of 17 commercially available replacement pins also revealed a variety of identifiers used to describe pin composition and fabrication methods, e.g., "heat treated." None of the pins examined provided any specifications on loading capacity. It was therefore concluded that there is a need to develop an agricultural hitch pin engineering standard that would reflect current agricultural applications and practices and that would be promoted to both original equipment manufacturers and manufacturers and suppliers of replacement hitch pins. The standard should address the design of composite pins, heat treating, surface hardening, loading capacity and labeling of such, incorporation of unintentional disengagement prevention devices, indicators of the need for replacement due to wear, and safety information that should be included in operator instructions. ASABE is the most appropriate organization to develop such a standard. It was also concluded that agricultural safety and health programs and professionals need to raise the awareness of farmers concerning the appropriate selection and use of agricultural hitch pins, including the need to replace non-standard pins with pins less likely to fail or disengage during use, the need to replace hitch pins with indications of potential failure, and the importance of using appropriate safety chains, especially during transport of equipment behind tractors and trucks on public roads.
ABSTRACT A mobile vehicle powered by water was engineered and built by the Agricultural and Biolo... more ABSTRACT A mobile vehicle powered by water was engineered and built by the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department at Purdue University. This pressurised water system was designed to operate on a modified greens mower. All existing oil hydraulic components were replaced by current industrial water hydraulic components. Water hydraulic pressure compensated flow control components of the individual systems had to be inserted for performance as a variable displacement pump was not available. Water power was used to power all circuits including; steering, propulsion, reel drives and reel lifts. Testing has shown that the machine is fully functional and operates with similar characteristics at approximately 4.8 km/h.
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Papers by Gary Krutz