Sensor

A sensor is a device which detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates or otherwise responds to it. Civionics is a special field of study which is a combination of Civil and Electronics. Hard Infrastructures corresponds to all types of infrastructures like-Buildings, Bridges, Industries, and Heritage Infrastructure etc. Some absolutes of structure defines as long as structures will keep on getting build, failures will keep occurring and it will keep the forensics busy for a long time. Some of primary causes of structural failure includes deferred maintenance, overloading, design flaws, material failures or combination of above. This fear of failure will put stakeholders to take action and one such action is application of sensor based civionics technologies.

The Lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) sensor produced by Siemens uses five infrared beams to detect targets up to a distance of approximately 250m. The paper describes the tests witch has been develop using our new software in order to visualize the detected targets. We used our program in the detection of different types of targets, placed at different distances and in different combinations. An important goal was to see how various meteorological conditions affect or do not affect the target detection. Other types of experiments were focused on low visibility conditions, different lighting conditions (natural, artificial, day, night).

Recently, a novel approach to a highly sensitive and quantitative detection of rare earth element (REE) ions including La3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, has been reported. The detection of REE ions is based on the catalytic nature of REE ions targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thus monitoring of the ions can be achieved by reading the level of intact DNA by PCR. Despite of its high sensitivity (at ppb to ppt levels), the conventional PCR-based REE detection protocol requires certain length of time (1-2 hours). In the present study, we modified the PCR-based REE detection protocols by employing the high-speed PCR, and performed the automated and rapid detection of La3+ in small-sized aqueous samples within 5min.

Nowadays road traffic in all urban and in national highways are increased and  which leads to the accidents. The road traffic is controlled by using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology [1][2]. The RFID sensor, sense the data about the vehicle which is near the signals and sends it to the controller. The controller receives the signal from the sensor to his/her smart phone and controls the traffic using his smart phone according to the emergency vehicles priority in the traffic. In this paper, the priority is given to the emergency vehicle to save the human life. This technology can be enhanced in big cities with huge traffic congestion. Furthermore, this paper can reduce the traffic congestion during the arrival of emergency vehicles to save the human life and to reach the appropriate destination. The algorithm which is used in this paper is Priority Based Control Algorithm to control the traffic in roads specifically for the emergency vehicles.

The concentration of free chlorine used for disinfecting drinking water, recreational water, and food processing water is critical for environmental and human health conditions, and should be controlled within stipulated ranges. This report, for the first time, describes a paper-based electrochemical free chlorine sensor fabricated by hand-drawing. The electrical resistivity of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) chemoresistor increases when it is exposed to free chlorine in water due to oxidation reactions. Because the relative change of the electrical resistance represents the sensor’s response, the sensor can be fabricated by hand-drawing with different shapes and dimensions. The fabrication steps are all at room temperature, require no instrumentation or equipment, and can be carried out by untrained personnel. The fabricated sensor is mechanically stable, reusable, has a wide sensing range, and can accurately measure free chlorine concentrations in real water samples. Therefore, the low-cost, hand-drawn free chlorine sensor is of great significance for water quality monitoring in less developed areas where fabrication facilities, analytical equipment, and trained personnel are limited, but the need for analytical devices is critical. In addition to the free chlorine sensor demonstrated in this study, other types of PEDOT:PSS-based sensors and electronic devices can be fabricated by the developed hand-drawing process.

This publication presents a method responsible for counting tracking and monitoring visitors inside a building. The site examined is Manos Hatzidakis' House, situated in Xanthi. Specifically, we have conducted a study, which provides recommendations, regarding the installation of sensors in the building. We also present the communication protocols of the computer network used in order to ensure the efficient communication between the space examined and the sensor network. Finally, we describe the process of creating a website, which is designed to store and view the data.

Data analytics in sports is crucial to evaluate the performance of single players and the whole team. The literature proposes a number of tools for both offence and defence scenarios. Data coming from tracking location of players, in this respect, may be used to enrich the amount of useful information. In basketball, however, actions are interleaved with inactive periods. This paper describes a methodological approach to automatically identify active periods during a game and to classify them as offensive or defensive. The method is based on the application of thresholds to players kinematic parameters, whose values undergo a tuning strategy similar to Receiver Operating Characteristic curves, using a ground truth extracted from the video of the games.

Overlapping is one of the topics in wireless sensor networks that is considered by researchers in the last decades. An appropriate overlapping management system can prolong network lifetime and decrease network recovery time. This paper proposes an intelligent and knowledge‐based overlapping clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks, called IKOCP. This protocol uses some of the intelligent and knowledge‐based systems to construct a robust overlapping strategy for sensor networks. The overall network is partitioned to several regions by a proposed multicriteria decision‐making controller to monitor both small‐scale and large‐scale areas. Each region is managed by a sink, where the whole network is managed by a base station. The sensor nodes are categorized by various clusters using the low‐energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH)‐improved protocol in a way that the value of p is defined by a proposed support vector machine–based mechanism. A proposed fuzzy system determines that noncluster heads associate with several clusters in order to manage overlapping conditions over the network. Cluster heads are changed into clusters in a period by a suggested utility function. Since network lifetime should be prolonged and network traffic should be alleviated, a data aggregation mechanism is proposed to transmit only crucial data packets from cluster heads to sinks. Cluster heads apply a weighted criteria matrix to perform an inner‐cluster routing for transmitting data packets to sinks. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol surpasses the existing methods in terms of the number of alive nodes, network lifetime, average time to recover, dead time of first node, and dead time of last node.

Simultaneous monitoring of soil moisture at different soil levels or near plant roots and relative humidity are crucial for optimizing the crop yield. In the present paper, we demonstrate a novel, compact and inexpensive polymer nano-composite piezoresistive microcantilever sensor platform for the measurement of relative humidity (% RH) and soil moisture. A piezoresistive microcantilever is realized using SU-8 and carbon black based nano-composite. Its surface is further modified by Poly-aniline (PANI) nanofibers as a sensing layer. The surface functionalization is confirmed by FTIR, SEM and contact angle measurements. The sensor exhibited a maximum response of 28 mV toward 93% RH with sensitivity of 64 μV/0.1% RH. Sensitivity values of 43.6, 275 and 78.6 μV/0.1% change in the moisture content for bentonite soil, white clay and sand, respectively, are achieved. Such high sensitivity values coupled with the low cost can be utilized further for the realization of rugged, portable and handheld devices with wireless networking facility.

A microcontroller based liquid crystal display (LCD) system has been designed and developed for digital message display. In the developed system a 20 x 4 alphanumeric with 5 x 7 dot matrix format liquid crystal display (LCD) was used. In this research work a microcontroller PIC16F84A was used for interfacing an alphanumeric dot matrix liquid crystal display. For initial display, an assembly language program was developed for a 3 lines single message display via LCD. By pressing the “ON” button of the system the LCD starts to show a three line still message at a time. The microcontroller has been programmed with assembly language program by using MPLAB IDE software.

This article describes in detail how to detect the effects of climate change through hybrid technology and give the solutions. In today's environment, climate change [1] is emerging as the biggest problem threatening the world. This study describes in detail the study of the detection and characteristics of various types of natural disasters caused by climate change such as heavy rains, floods, storms, and wildfires. This research is the combination of IOT, wireless sensor network, Big data analytics, Cloud computing and artificial Intelligence. The proposed system consists of wireless sensor which detect Environmental factor such as rain, flood, storm and wildfire. The sensor data are stored and it will be analyzed into already existing environment data. When there is a discrepancy between the information taken by the sensor and the existing information, the actuator in this system will start working automatically. For example, sensors that sense rain during heavy rains send information to a Database. If there is a discrepancy between the existing information and the information available, actuator will start working immediately. Immediately the information goes to the Central Control Room and from there the information goes to the Disaster Management Centre. So main aim of this project is to detect the climate change in environment, and it gives the solution to the problem.

Compression bandages are specially designed to apply pressure, helping to maintain blood flow and reduce discomfort and swelling. Compression bandages are a simple non-invasive treatment for varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency and lymph edema. The treatment compresses superficial veins to promote the flow of blood through the body veins. The main objective is to design pressure sensing bandage using suitable method and to measure different level of pressure intensity. Compression bandages come in a variety of sizes, length, and colors. They are also available with different strengths of compression. Stockings and compression bandages with successive sensors are available in the market but there provide least comfort and hence make them difficult to be worn. Further, these sensors often have contact with skin which makes them undesirable. In order to overcome this level we have to design the bandages with using compressed air concepts. The main objective is to design pressure sensing fabric using suitable method and to measure different level of pressure. These different readings of pressure will be sent through wireless Bluetooth device which connects the patients' device to the concerned.

This paper introduces novel sensors based on the combination of planar meander and interdigital electromagnetic sensors for monitoring the level of contamination in water sources. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the sensors characteristics.Two nitrates forms, namely sodium nitrates and ammonium nitrates, were mixed in several different ratios dissolved in 1 L of distilled water and were used to observe the response of the sensors. Initial results show that the sensors can detect very well the presence of nitrate added in distilled water. Furthermore, the contamination level of water samples which were taken from various sources and locations in New Zealand have been determined using the sensor, and the results was compared with the results obtained using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The outcomes show a very good correlation of contamination level with the output response of the sensor. The work and improvement for future consideration are discussed in this paper.

Sensor air yang digunakan pada rangkaian ini dapat dibuat menggunakan PCB yang dibuat jalur seperti yang ditunjukkan pada gambar dengan menyablon jalur berdekatan antara masukan dan keluaran. Masukan dihubungkan dengan pin ATMega8, sedangkan keluaran dihubungkan dengan ground. Prinsip penting dari sensor ini adalah ketika sensor terkena air hujan maka jalur antara masukan dan keluaran akan terhubung, sehingga nilai tegangan di pin ATMega8 akan bernilai nol karena langsung ter-ground-kan. sensor hujan adalah alat yang mudah untuk mendeteksi hujan. Sensor ini dapat digunakan sebagai saklar ketika hujan jatuh melalui papan hujan dan juga untuk mengukur intensitas curah hujan. Output analog digunakan dalam pendeteksi tetes hujan berbentuk jumlah curah hujan.

India's population is achieved 1.2 billion and the population rate is increasing day by day then following 25-30 years there will be not kidding issue of sustenance, so the improvement of farming is essential. Today, the agriculturists are experiencing the absence of rains and lack of water .In earlier system human participation were used in such condition lack of accuracy and even time consumption was also more so to overcome this system, The fundamental goal of this paper is to give a programmed watering system framework in this way sparing time, cash and force of the former and also implemented the TCP/IP client android application to know the sensor values and automaticall1the system will be on and off. At whatever point there is an adjustment in temperature and dampness of the surroundings these sensors detects the adjustment in temperature and moistness and gives an sign to the microcontroller, with the help of microcontroller the GSM module send a IP address to the mobile number of the owner after that with the help of IP address the android application shows the sensors values. The constant expanding interest of the food requires the fast change in sustenance generation innovation. In a nation like India, where the economy is for the most part taking into account agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic, still we are not ready to make full utilization of rural assets. The fundamental reason is the absence of rains and lack of area supply water. Another imperative reason of this is because of spontaneous utilization of water because of which a lot of water goes waste. In the advanced dribble watering system frameworks, the most critical point of interest is that water is supplied close to the root zone of the plants drop by drop because of which an extensive amount of water is spared. The innovation of this watering system will reduce the man power required.

Impaired driving is the cause for most of road accidents all over the world. In India alone around 80000 deaths happen every year due to driving under influence (DUI). While government regulations play an important role in ensuring driver and road safety, Alcohol sensors play an important role in detection of Blood Alcohol level (BAC). This paper provides an overview of detecting BAC through Breath Alcohol Level (BrAL). This paper will outline the approach being taken, and the significant challenges to overcome.

This paper presents an outdoor mobile robot that can be controlled remotely using an android phone. With the help of the sensors, the robot was programmed to navigate within the bounded field, detectthe motion in the surroundings and can also send an alarm. The robot was designed to be able to navigate to the flowerpots placed in the zone and dispense water to those pots.The robot has proved capable of watering a total of 600 ml to two different plants in a predefined area. The robot, if operating in a manual mode, can be used to remotely water plants in a radius of 9 meters. On top of this, it emits no carbon and produces no RoHS by-products and can thus be deemed 100% eco-friendly.

In this paper, we propose a method for a line follower robot based on the instantaneous computation of the radius of curvature of this line, using infrared line sensors. The number and layout of its sensors, as well as the method chosen, play an important role in the robot's response to the line, with the desired accuracy and speed. In addition, the robot must be equipped with an anti-collision system, using an ultrasonic distance sensor, to detect and avoid obstacles in several situations, especially at line crossovers, when other robots share a common complex line.

Sensor devices are an integral part of human movement analysis.  The use of sensors in sports performance and injury prevention is extremely useful.  Over the years wireless systems have become increasingly popular and the analysis of human movement has been therefore simplified.  Inertial measurement units are very popular in physical activity monitoring and have become readily available for consumers.  The use of more advanced sensors to measure electrical and mechanical muscle activity tend to be tethered devices, thus data collection on more complex movements is limited.  This paper looks at the need for wireless solutions to these sensors and the proposal for a multi-channel sensor which incorporates all the necessary sensors for complete human movement analysis.  Wireless systems have the advantage of allowing the participant or athlete to perform the movement in their ecologically valid environment while giving both reliable and accurate results to the practitioner.  In terms of human movement, to achieve accurate information about the position, kinematic and external forces of the segments of the body being studied, a single multi-channel sensor device is necessary.  The combination of sensors in one device can give accurate information on muscle activity, forces, directionality and acceleration.

A Smart scarecrow is used to scare the birds and to the animals to save the crop in the fields. A farmer put the smart scarecrow within the middle of the sector to save lots of his crop from the birds and animals. We have seen that smart scarecrow has no movement when the birds are available field. A smart scarecrow is a decoy or mannequin, often in the shape of a human. Humanoid scarecrows are usually wearing old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops. Scarecrows are used across the planet by farmers, and are a notable symbol of farms and therefore the countryside in popular culture. The common form of a smart scarecrow is a humanoid figure dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds such as crows or sparrows from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops. Machinery like windmills are employed as scarecrows, but the effectiveness lessens as animals become conversant in the structures. Farming contributes a major income to the Malaysian economy. It is an enormous concern to farmers once they are far away from their crops and exposing it to crops' threat like crow damaging the crops and theft. Farming has contributed to nearly up to 22% of a country's.

This publication presents a method responsible for counting tracking and monitoring visitors inside a building. The site examined is Manos Hatzidakis' House, situated in Xanthi. Specifically, we have conducted a study, which provides recommendations, regarding the installation of sensors in the building. We also present the communication protocols of the computer network used in order to ensure the efficient communication between the space examined and the sensor network. Finally, we describe the process of creating a website, which is designed to store and view the data.

Abstract: The paper reviews the background and methodology of the primary calibration of Acoustic Emission (AE) sensors. Two practically realised basic calibration methods are described and explained. The method of reciprocity calibration is based on the reciprocity theorem. The ...