The effect of mixing ratio of cattle and piggery du ng on biogas generation was investigated. Fif... more The effect of mixing ratio of cattle and piggery du ng on biogas generation was investigated. Fifteen anaerobic batch digesters wer e constructed and used for the experiment. Three replicates of 10% total solids ea ch dung and their mixtures in the ratios of 1:0; 1:1, 3:2; 4:1 and 0:1 were anaerobically di gested for a 40-day detention period. Gas yield was measured by the method of water displacement. Ambient temperature was measured by a maximum and minimum thermometer. Anaerobic digestion of the slurries was undertaken in the mesophilic temperature range (20-40 o C). Carbon was determined using the walkley-Black method and nitrogen by the macro-Kjiedhal method. The pH was measured every 5 days during the period of digestio n using a digital pH meter. The result obtained showed mean biogas yield in the order of mixture ratio of 4:1 of cattle and piggery dung > cattle > mixture ratio of 3:2 of cat tle and piggery dung > piggery dung > mixture ratio of 1:1 of cattle and ...
The simulation and optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/biomass stand-alone system for a residen... more The simulation and optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/biomass stand-alone system for a residential building in Makurdi was carried out using HOMER software model 2.81. The lifetime of the project is 25 years and a real interest rate of 6% per annum was assumed. The average hourly electrical load demand/consumption data for a three bedroom residential building in Makurdi was measured for a week using digital Owl metre model CM199 and the values inputted into HOMER in order to simulate the power consumption for a twelve month (12) period. The solar resource data with an annual average insolation of 4.48kWh/m2/d for Makurdi location was obtained from the NASA Langley Research Centre website in order to calculate daily radiation and monthly average values of clearness index. The sizes of the different components were determined to make sure their sizes suit the load demand. The optimal system obtained from the simulation is the configuration consisting of 2kW PV array, 1kW biomass generator, 1kW converter and 12 LP16trojan. Its NPC is $20,184 with initial capital requirement of $8,990, annual operation cost of $873. The system has a yearly excess electricity of 3.36 kWh/yr (0.074%) and unmet load of 0.256 kWh/yr (0.0063%). The results obtained show that the PV/biomass hybrid system is technically and economically feasible for the location of choice.
The assessment of cooking energy cost and efficiency of improved woodfuel clay cookstove... more The assessment of cooking energy cost and efficiency of improved woodfuel clay cookstoves in Nigeria have been considered in this study. Two improved wood burning clay cookstove models were compared to the 3-stone fire stove using the water boiling test and controlled cooking test. The following parameters: specific fuel consumption (SFC), thermal efficiency, ebulution time and cooking energy cost were considere as key indicators for comparison. The results show that the fire power for the cold starts phases were 7.72KW, 8.59KW and 9.78KW for the stove with grate, modified stove without grate and the 3-stone open fire (TFS) respectively. The thermal efficiencies ranges between 19-35%, 13.826.8% and 11.7-22.8% for the cold start, hot start and simmer phases for mud stove with grate (MSWG), mud stove no grate (MSNG) and three stone open fire (TFS) respectively. MSWG, showed the highest savings potential on wood fuel consumption with the lowest total wood cost of N127.80 and sfc of 1.632Kg of fuel/kg of food cooked. While MSNG and TFS, have a total wood fuel cost and SFC of N207.70 , N269.20, and 2.141, 1.632kg of fuel/kg of food cooked respectively.
Investigation of the performance of cashew-nut seed oil biodiesel and its blends with petroleum d... more Investigation of the performance of cashew-nut seed oil biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel in an internal combustion (I.C.) engine was undertaken. The seeds of cashew-nut were grounded using a grinding engine and pressurized mechanically using manual method to extract the oil. The oil was then transesterified to biodiesel using 1% potassium hydroxide (KOH), as catalyst with 102.2g of ethanol and 282g of oil at 60 o C with stirring over water bath maintained for 10 minutes. The biodiesel produced was further blended with diesel fuel in the ratios of 10%-100% cashew-nut oil biodiesel to petroleum diesel (designated as B10 – B100). Thereafter, chemo-physical analysis of the diesels was undertaken. The results of the chemo-physical properties were within the specifications set by the American System for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The biodiesel, petroleum diesel and their blends were further subjected to engine performance tests under a constant speed of 3200rpm and varying loads of between 10% and 80%. The results showed that engine torque increased with load, engine power increased and break specific fuel consumption decreased with load while they both increased with increase in biodiesel in the blends; break thermal efficiency increased with load but decreased with biodiesel concentration in blends. For the engine exhaust emissions, carbon monoxide concentration in the exhaust was found to decrease with increase in load and with increase in biodiesel concentration in the blends; nitrogen oxides (NOx) and exhaust gas temperature increased with load and with biodiesel concentration. Generally, it was concluded that the performance of the CI engine fuelled with the cashew nut seed biodiesel blends, B10-B40, was satisfactory and comparable to petroleum diesel.
The effect of mixing ratio of cattle and piggery du ng on biogas generation was investigated. Fif... more The effect of mixing ratio of cattle and piggery du ng on biogas generation was investigated. Fifteen anaerobic batch digesters wer e constructed and used for the experiment. Three replicates of 10% total solids ea ch dung and their mixtures in the ratios of 1:0; 1:1, 3:2; 4:1 and 0:1 were anaerobically di gested for a 40-day detention period. Gas yield was measured by the method of water displacement. Ambient temperature was measured by a maximum and minimum thermometer. Anaerobic digestion of the slurries was undertaken in the mesophilic temperature range (20-40 o C). Carbon was determined using the walkley-Black method and nitrogen by the macro-Kjiedhal method. The pH was measured every 5 days during the period of digestio n using a digital pH meter. The result obtained showed mean biogas yield in the order of mixture ratio of 4:1 of cattle and piggery dung > cattle > mixture ratio of 3:2 of cat tle and piggery dung > piggery dung > mixture ratio of 1:1 of cattle and ...
The simulation and optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/biomass stand-alone system for a residen... more The simulation and optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/biomass stand-alone system for a residential building in Makurdi was carried out using HOMER software model 2.81. The lifetime of the project is 25 years and a real interest rate of 6% per annum was assumed. The average hourly electrical load demand/consumption data for a three bedroom residential building in Makurdi was measured for a week using digital Owl metre model CM199 and the values inputted into HOMER in order to simulate the power consumption for a twelve month (12) period. The solar resource data with an annual average insolation of 4.48kWh/m2/d for Makurdi location was obtained from the NASA Langley Research Centre website in order to calculate daily radiation and monthly average values of clearness index. The sizes of the different components were determined to make sure their sizes suit the load demand. The optimal system obtained from the simulation is the configuration consisting of 2kW PV array, 1kW biomass generator, 1kW converter and 12 LP16trojan. Its NPC is $20,184 with initial capital requirement of $8,990, annual operation cost of $873. The system has a yearly excess electricity of 3.36 kWh/yr (0.074%) and unmet load of 0.256 kWh/yr (0.0063%). The results obtained show that the PV/biomass hybrid system is technically and economically feasible for the location of choice.
The assessment of cooking energy cost and efficiency of improved woodfuel clay cookstove... more The assessment of cooking energy cost and efficiency of improved woodfuel clay cookstoves in Nigeria have been considered in this study. Two improved wood burning clay cookstove models were compared to the 3-stone fire stove using the water boiling test and controlled cooking test. The following parameters: specific fuel consumption (SFC), thermal efficiency, ebulution time and cooking energy cost were considere as key indicators for comparison. The results show that the fire power for the cold starts phases were 7.72KW, 8.59KW and 9.78KW for the stove with grate, modified stove without grate and the 3-stone open fire (TFS) respectively. The thermal efficiencies ranges between 19-35%, 13.826.8% and 11.7-22.8% for the cold start, hot start and simmer phases for mud stove with grate (MSWG), mud stove no grate (MSNG) and three stone open fire (TFS) respectively. MSWG, showed the highest savings potential on wood fuel consumption with the lowest total wood cost of N127.80 and sfc of 1.632Kg of fuel/kg of food cooked. While MSNG and TFS, have a total wood fuel cost and SFC of N207.70 , N269.20, and 2.141, 1.632kg of fuel/kg of food cooked respectively.
Investigation of the performance of cashew-nut seed oil biodiesel and its blends with petroleum d... more Investigation of the performance of cashew-nut seed oil biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel in an internal combustion (I.C.) engine was undertaken. The seeds of cashew-nut were grounded using a grinding engine and pressurized mechanically using manual method to extract the oil. The oil was then transesterified to biodiesel using 1% potassium hydroxide (KOH), as catalyst with 102.2g of ethanol and 282g of oil at 60 o C with stirring over water bath maintained for 10 minutes. The biodiesel produced was further blended with diesel fuel in the ratios of 10%-100% cashew-nut oil biodiesel to petroleum diesel (designated as B10 – B100). Thereafter, chemo-physical analysis of the diesels was undertaken. The results of the chemo-physical properties were within the specifications set by the American System for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The biodiesel, petroleum diesel and their blends were further subjected to engine performance tests under a constant speed of 3200rpm and varying loads of between 10% and 80%. The results showed that engine torque increased with load, engine power increased and break specific fuel consumption decreased with load while they both increased with increase in biodiesel in the blends; break thermal efficiency increased with load but decreased with biodiesel concentration in blends. For the engine exhaust emissions, carbon monoxide concentration in the exhaust was found to decrease with increase in load and with increase in biodiesel concentration in the blends; nitrogen oxides (NOx) and exhaust gas temperature increased with load and with biodiesel concentration. Generally, it was concluded that the performance of the CI engine fuelled with the cashew nut seed biodiesel blends, B10-B40, was satisfactory and comparable to petroleum diesel.
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