Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self organizing, infrastructureless and multi-hop packet forwarding networks. There is no concept of fixed base station. So, each node in the network acts as a router to forward the packets to the next... more
Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self organizing, infrastructureless and multi-hop packet
forwarding networks. There is no concept of fixed base station. So, each node in the network acts as a router to
forward the packets to the next node. Ad-hoc networks are capable of handling of topology changes and
malfunctions in nodes. Routing is one of the most important aspect of ad hoc networks. All operations and
applications built around as hoc networks, utilize the routing services of ad hoc networks in some way or the
other. Considering the importance of routing techniques and their efficiency, in this paper we have taken a
literature survey of different routing methods, their strengths and weaknesses. For this study we have classified
different routing methods into some heads based on the characteristics they display. All methods under a given
head display some common behavior and similarities in their functionalities. This paper helps to identify and
understand different research areas in mobile ad hoc networks.
forwarding networks. There is no concept of fixed base station. So, each node in the network acts as a router to
forward the packets to the next node. Ad-hoc networks are capable of handling of topology changes and
malfunctions in nodes. Routing is one of the most important aspect of ad hoc networks. All operations and
applications built around as hoc networks, utilize the routing services of ad hoc networks in some way or the
other. Considering the importance of routing techniques and their efficiency, in this paper we have taken a
literature survey of different routing methods, their strengths and weaknesses. For this study we have classified
different routing methods into some heads based on the characteristics they display. All methods under a given
head display some common behavior and similarities in their functionalities. This paper helps to identify and
understand different research areas in mobile ad hoc networks.
: Today, wireless networks are widely used in our day to day operations. A few years back, wireless networks existed only in labs, as they were typically expensive. However recently, there has been mass proliferation of inexpensive... more
: Today, wireless networks are widely used in our day to day operations. A few years back, wireless
networks existed only in labs, as they were typically expensive. However recently, there has been mass
proliferation of inexpensive wireless devices. This has made wireless networks immensely popular and
attractive. One such wireless network, where a lot of interest has generated, over last few years, is ad hoc
networks. Ad hoc networks are self configuring, infrastructureless mobile networks, which are established on
the fly. They are multi-hop in nature. This paper is an attempt to document major aspects concerning ad hoc
networks and their suitability to become the preferred networks of the future. We bring to focus, potential
applications of ad hoc networks and the benefits accrued from them. Implementation details of ad hoc networks,
alongwith the underlying technology and various concerns of ad hoc networks, such as routing and security, are
also discussed. There are several challenges concerning successful implementation of these networks
commercially, which are highlighted. Despite these challenges, the importance of ad hoc networks in pervasive,
ubiquitous computing is imminent and supported in this paper.
networks existed only in labs, as they were typically expensive. However recently, there has been mass
proliferation of inexpensive wireless devices. This has made wireless networks immensely popular and
attractive. One such wireless network, where a lot of interest has generated, over last few years, is ad hoc
networks. Ad hoc networks are self configuring, infrastructureless mobile networks, which are established on
the fly. They are multi-hop in nature. This paper is an attempt to document major aspects concerning ad hoc
networks and their suitability to become the preferred networks of the future. We bring to focus, potential
applications of ad hoc networks and the benefits accrued from them. Implementation details of ad hoc networks,
alongwith the underlying technology and various concerns of ad hoc networks, such as routing and security, are
also discussed. There are several challenges concerning successful implementation of these networks
commercially, which are highlighted. Despite these challenges, the importance of ad hoc networks in pervasive,
ubiquitous computing is imminent and supported in this paper.
An ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any existing infrastructure or centralized administration. Routing is the process of communication established for... more
An ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary
network without the use of any existing infrastructure or centralized administration. Routing is the process
of communication established for exchange of messages. The process of routing is central to any
application for ad hoc networks. This paper brings about a performance comparison between three existing
reactive routing protocols: AODV, DSR and LAR1. These three protocols exhibit different levels of
processing requirements and overheads. Our study is different from existing studies as we are concentrating
only on reactive routing methods, while most other studies compare reactive with proactive methods. Also,
we are comparing the behavior of protocols vis-à-vis different mobility patterns, which we define as a
combination of varying three parameters: pause time, minimum speed and maximum speed of movement.
High mobility is marked by rapid movement and constantly changing topology, which has its own
challenges. The goal of this study is to bring out adaptability of existing routing solutions with respect to
varying network characteristics and see their suitability.
network without the use of any existing infrastructure or centralized administration. Routing is the process
of communication established for exchange of messages. The process of routing is central to any
application for ad hoc networks. This paper brings about a performance comparison between three existing
reactive routing protocols: AODV, DSR and LAR1. These three protocols exhibit different levels of
processing requirements and overheads. Our study is different from existing studies as we are concentrating
only on reactive routing methods, while most other studies compare reactive with proactive methods. Also,
we are comparing the behavior of protocols vis-à-vis different mobility patterns, which we define as a
combination of varying three parameters: pause time, minimum speed and maximum speed of movement.
High mobility is marked by rapid movement and constantly changing topology, which has its own
challenges. The goal of this study is to bring out adaptability of existing routing solutions with respect to
varying network characteristics and see their suitability.
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most important non communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting people of the developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 17.5 million mortality from CVD in 2012 that increased to... more
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most important non communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting people of the developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 17.5 million mortality from CVD in 2012 that increased to 17.9 million in 2017. The Register General of India (RGI) estimated occurrence of 29% of death due to CVD in 2013 which was far greater than 15%-20% in 1980s and 1990s.CHD, the most popular form of CVD are suffered by most of the people without considering their age, sex and socioeconomic background. Region wise distribution of CVD in India signifies higher proportionate CVD mortality rate in western and southern region when compared with eastern and north eastern region. The Global Burden of diseases, injuries and risk factor study and Million death study clearly indicates that there is an increasing trend in proportionate CVD mortality over the years. Years of life lost (YLLs) have also been studied by the Million Death study group. KEY WORDS:cardiovascular disease (CVD), developing countries, years of life lost (YLLs), coronary heart disease (CHD).
I. Introduction Nanoparticles are experiencing rapid development in recent years due to their known and potential applications in various areas. In the nanoscience and nanotechnology, the size of materials has reduced at the very low... more
I. Introduction Nanoparticles are experiencing rapid development in recent years due to their known and potential applications in various areas. In the nanoscience and nanotechnology, the size of materials has reduced at the very low scale nanometer at least one dimension. In this size range, the surface-to-volume ratio is much increased and correspondingly the thermal, physical, chemical and mechanical properties are changed [1,2]. The properties of materials at nanoscale are different from the corresponding bulk material. The properties of nanomaterials change drastically as the particle size reduces below 30 nanometers. A sample of gold appears red at 10 nanometers. Its melting temperature decreases rapidly as their size is reduced up to the level of nanoscale [3]. A bulk material has specific value of melting temperature. This is due to well defined arrangement of atoms while for nanomaterials arrangement of atom, number of surface atom and bonding between atoms changes and edge effect comes into play and as a result, these properties vary with shape and size. Melting of a material is a very common and one of the important phase transformations. In recent decades, the researchers have paid more attention to the melting of nanosolids because the melting temperatures of nanosolids are different from that of the corresponding bulk materials [4]. The experimental and theoretical studies of melting temperature of nanoparticles have been conducted by many researchers. Eckert et al. [5] have performed an experiment for studying the melting temperature of Al nanoparticle and observed a reduction in melting temperature with decrease in particle size. Li et al. [6] carried out many experiments for the study of variation of melting temperature of Al metallic nanoparticle with particle size and observed a decrease in melting temperature with decrease in particle size. Buffat et al. [7] studied the melting temperature of Au nanoparticle experimentally and observed that the melting temperature of Au nanoparticle decreases with decrease in particle size. There are some theoretical studies on melting temperature of metallic nanoparticles. Mirjalili et al [4] developed a model based on the cluster mean coordination number calculations and predicted a depression in melting temperatures of Al, Ag and Au nanoparticles with decrease in particle size. Recently, Pandey et al. [8] studied the size dependence of melting temperature of Cu, Pd, Pt, Al nanoparticles and reported the decrement in melting temperature of these nanoparticles with their size. Recently, Arora and Joshi [9] discussed a thermodynamic analytic model to study the size effect on melting temperature of nanometals and found that the melting temperature of nanomaterial shows decreasing trend with decrement in particle size. The melting is initiated from the surface which is a consequence of poor stability of the surface. In this work, we have modified a theoretical model to predict the size-dependent melting temperature of metallic nanoparticles by considering the surface-to-volume atomic ratio. For this purpose, we have considered Al, Ag and Au spherical nanoparticles. We have compared our theoretical results on melting temperature with available experimental and other theoretical data.
1 1 D De ep pa ar rt tm me en nt t o of f P Ph hy ys si ic cs s, , V Vo oo or rh he ee es s C Co ol ll le eg ge e, , V Ve el ll lo or re e 6 63 32 20 00 01 1, , T TN N, , I In nd di ia a 2 2 D De ep pt t. .o of f. .R R& &D D, , E Ed da ay... more
1 1 D De ep pa ar rt tm me en nt t o of f P Ph hy ys si ic cs s, , V Vo oo or rh he ee es s C Co ol ll le eg ge e, , V Ve el ll lo or re e 6 63 32 20 00 01 1, , T TN N, , I In nd di ia a 2 2 D De ep pt t. .o of f. .R R& &D D, , E Ed da ay ya at th ha an ng gu ud dy y G G S S P Pi il ll la ay y A Ar rt ts s a an nd d S Sc ci ie en nc ce e C Co ol ll le eg ge e N Na ag ga ap pa at tt ti in na am m 6 61 11 10 00 02 2 T TN N I In nd di ia a.. 3 3 D De ep pa ar rt tm me en nt t o of f P Ph hy ys si ic cs s, , T Th hi ir ru um ma al la ai i E En ng gi in ne ee er ri in ng g C Co ol ll le eg ge e, , K Ka an nc ch hi ip pu ur ra am m T TN N I In nd di ia a 4 4 D De ep pa ar rt tm me en nt t o of f P Ph hy ys si ic cs s, , A Ar ri ig gn na ar r A An nn na a G Go ov ve er rn nm me en nt t A Ar rt ts s C Co ol ll le eg ge e, , C Ch he ey yy ya ar r, , 6 60 04 4 4 40 07 7, , I In nd di ia a.. 5 5 D De ep pa ar rt tm me en nt t o of f P Ph hy ys si ic cs s, , S S S S G Go ov ve er rn nm me en nt t A Ar rt ts s C Co ol ll le eg ge e, , T Ti ir ru ut tt ta an ni i 6 63 31 12 20 09 9.. 6 6 I Id dh ha ay ya a C Co ol ll le eg ge e f fo or r W Wo om me en n, , K Ku um mb ba ak ko on na am m-6 61 12 2 0 00 01 1.. 7 7 M MS SA AJ J g gr ro ou up p o of f c co ol ll le eg ge es s C Ch he en nn na ai i, , T TN N I In nd di ia a.. * *C Co or rr re es sp po on nd di in ng g A Au ut th ho or r: : m ms sc cg go ol ld dm me ed da al li is st t@ @y ya ah ho oo o. .i in n & & s sm mr ra av vi i7 78 8@ @r re ed di if ff fm ma ai il l. .c co om m A Ad dd dr re es ss s f fo or r C Co on nt ta ac ct t: : D Dr r. .K K. .S Se en nt th hi il lK Ka an nn na an n D De ea an n & & D Di ir re ec ct to or r R Re es se ea ar rc ch h, , V Vi ic ce e P Pr ri in nc ci ip pa al l a an nd d R Re es se ea ar rc ch h S Sc ci ie en nt ti is st t, , E Ed da ay ya at th ha an ng gu ud dy y G G S S P Pi il ll la ay y A Ar rt ts s & & S Sc ci ie en nc ce e C Co ol ll le eg ge e N Na ag ga ap pa at tt ti in na am m, , 6 61 11 10 00 02 2.. A Ab bs st tr ra ac ct t: : L L A Al la an ni in ni iu um m F Fu um ma ar ra at te e-L LA AF F c cr ry ys st ta al ls s h ha av ve e e ex xc ce el ll le en nt t a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on ns s i in n o op pt ti ic ca al l, , o op pt to o-e el le ec ct tr ro on ni ic cs s a an nd d f fr re eq qu ue en nc cy y r re es sp po on ns se e, , p ph ha as se e m ma at tc ch hi in ng g a an nd d o ot th he er r a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on ns s… … T Th he e X XR RD D d da at ta a d de en no ot te es s t th ha at t c cr ry ys st ta al l s sy ys st te em m i is s o or rt th ho or rh ho om mb bi ic c a an nd d p pa ar ra am me et te er rs s a ar re e a a, , b b, , c c i in n Å Å a as s 5 5. .7 78 83 3, , 6 6. .0 02 28 8, , 1 12 2. .3 33 38 8 a an nd d α α= =β β= =γ γ i is s 9 90 0 o o. . T Th he e C CH HN NS SO O a an na al ly ys si is s r re ef fe er rs s t th he e e el le em me en nt ta al l a an nd d c cr ry ys st ta al ll li in ne e p pa ar ra am me et te er rs s a an nd d a an na al ly ys si is s f fo or r t th he e t ti it tl le ed d s sa am mp pl le e, , t th he e b be ea am m d di is sp pl la ac ce em me en nt t f fo or r t th he e n na at tu ur re e o of f t th he e c cr ry ys st ta al l s sp pe ec ci if fi ic ca at ti io on ns s a an nd d t th he e f fl lu uo or re es sc ce en nc ce e s st tu ud dy y r re ev ve ea al ls s t th ha at t t th he e e ex xc ci it ta at ti io on n i is s i in n v vi io ol le et t s sp pe ec ct tr ru um m r ra an ng ge e.. T Th he e m ma as ss s s sp pe ec ct tr ra al l d da at ta a r re ef fe er rs s t th he e t ti it tl le ed d c co om mp po ou un nd d i is s o of f M M r r a as s 2 20 05 5 a an nd d L LD DT T g gi iv ve es s t th he e r ra at ti in ng g o of f L LA AF F w wi it th h l la as se er r p pa ar ra am me et te er rs s.. K Ke ey y w wo or rd ds s: : X XR RD D, , C CH HN NS SO O, , b be ea am m d di is sp pl la ac ce em me en nt t I I.. I In nt tr ro od du uc ct ti io on n T Th he e c cr ry ys st ta al l m ma at te er ri ia al ls s [ [1 1-7 7] ] a ar re e p pr re ed do om mi in na an nt t o ov ve er r t th he ei ir r c co ou un nt te er r p pa ar rt ts s b by y m me ea an ns s o of f t th he ei ir r a ap pp pl li ic ca at ti io on ns s i in n a ac ca ad de em mi ia a, , r re es se ea ar rc
I. Introduction Now a day CMOS technology has played a major role in development of nano-science and nanotechnology with increased integration of VLSI and ULSI systems [1,2]. Due to large fan-out capability, low power dissipation, very... more
I. Introduction Now a day CMOS technology has played a major role in development of nano-science and nanotechnology with increased integration of VLSI and ULSI systems [1,2]. Due to large fan-out capability, low power dissipation, very high noise immunity, higher operating speed than NMOS which is compatible to TTL. Thus one can get benefit of high speed of TTL with high density of CMOS with suitable compromise between these two as per applications area [3-5]. Thus CMOS is very useful for rapid development of portable system as laptops; digital wrist watches, pace maker, ECG and high frequency cell phones in coming future which required low power consumption and high density of integrated circuits together with suitable speed. As a result there is need of innovations and development in low power devices and design techniques. In most cases the requirement for low power consumption is demanding goal with high chip density. Hence low power digital design, digital ICs and their simulation is very important field for research and development [6-10]. Seeing above merits of CMOS circuits and devices to achieve ultra low power and very high frequencies, we utilise RKTG pair amplifier recently developed by us to design high frequency oscillator with very low power loss and good temperature stability.