John Paul Delos Santos

O propósito do presente ensaio é fazer uma resenha teórica acerca do processo de mudança econômica, resultante da interação das tra-jetórias tecnológicas e institucionais à luz da convergência entre as teorias evolucionária e neoinstitucional. Adicionalmente, ressalta-se o papel das mudanças tecnológicas e institucional no contexto da economia baseada em conhecimento. Essa interação ocorre por meio de complexos mecanis-mos de retroalimentação recíproca, onde o desenvolvimento tecnológico induz a mudanças institucionais que, por conseguinte, alteram o ambiente sobre o qual o processo inovativo se realiza. Embora o progresso técnico seja a principal fonte de crescimento econômico, sua maturação necessita da presença de certas qualidades de instituições, a saber, as instituições “contratuais” e as “instituições protetoras do direito de propriedade”. Portanto, estimulando a produção de novas tecnologias, os países podem obter uma trajetória econômica favorável ao crescimento, sem presci...

An autokinetic test was given to 76 female subjects who were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups of 19 subjects each. Two groups were retested after 1 and 6 wk., respectively. The other two groups were asked to recall their initial experience after 1 and 6 wk., respectively. Inter-trial correlations of the measures were generally higher for the recall conditions than for the retest conditions. The results were discussed in terms of the potential influence that recall may have on the test-retest reliability of autokinesis.

Identification of cellular factors involved in HIV-1 entry and transmission at mucosal surfaces is critical for understanding viral pathogenesis and development of effective prevention strategies. Here we describe the evaluation of HIV-1 entry inhibitors for their ability to prevent infection of, and dissemination from, human cervical tissue ex vivo. Blockade of CD4 alone or CCR5 and CXCR4 together inhibited localized mucosal infection. However, simultaneous blockade of CD4 and mannose-binding C-type lectin receptors including dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule–grabbing integrin was required to inhibit HIV-1 uptake and dissemination by migratory cells. In contrast, direct targeting of HIV-1 by neutralizing mAb b12 and CD4-IgG2 (PRO-542) blocked both localized infection and viral dissemination pathways. Flow cytometric analysis and immunostaining of migratory cells revealed two major populations, CD3+HLA-DR− and CD3−HLA-DR+ cells, with a significant proportion of...

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the spatial region in which autokinetic movement occurs can be altered by means of negative reinforcement operations.Three groups were employed. Control Group I was tested on autokinetic perception, and after a 4 min. delay was retested. Control Group II viewed and reported the location of a moving light with no negative reinforcement between the test and retest of autokinetic perception. The Experimental Group received the same training as Control Group II, but was negatively reinforced while viewing and reporting the location of a moving light. A reinforcement schedule provided 75 % of the reinforcements on the predominant side (left or right) of initial autokinetic movement and 25% of the reinforcements on the opposite side.The data supported the hypothesis that the spatial region of autokinetic movement can be altered by conditioning operations intervening between test and retest. An explanation of the results in terms of the c...