Videos by Dr. K. R A M A R A O
The quality seed is a fundamental pre-requisite for sustainable and successful aquaculture. Seed ... more The quality seed is a fundamental pre-requisite for sustainable and successful aquaculture. Seed which are active, healthy, clean appearance, uniform sized fry, fingerlings or juveniles, potential for high survival, better growth, no disease usually fit the definition of good quality seed, irrespective of the species. 3 views
Papers by Dr. K. R A M A R A O
CIBTech Journal of Zoology, 2024
In the present investigation twenty two water quality parameters were estimated to calculate the ... more In the present investigation twenty two water quality parameters were estimated to calculate the Water Quality Index (WQI) in Kalingapatnam estuary. The results revealed that the Kalingapatnam estuary has excellent water quality during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons (˂ 50), in pre-monsoon, the WQI is somewhat higher than 50 at the S2 and S3 sample stations. The seasonal variations of WQI were reported post-monsoon (50.38), monsoon (31.34), pre-monsoon (37.41), and total period (39.71). The Kalingapatnam estuary had outstanding water quality throughout the year. The Piper diagram compares the cations and anions plots of water quality in the Kalingapatnam estuary. In the pre-monsoon period, the water chemistry is calcium chloride type, where cations are Mg2+ type and anions are chloride type. The results of the Pearson correlation indicated that there is a significant large positive relationship between total period (X) with Pre-monsoon, Monsoon and Post-monsoon seasons and it was exhibited that (Y), (r(20) = .998, 0.96 and 0.99 p < .001). The p-value equals 0, P(x≤69.44) = 1). It means that the chance of type I error (rejecting a correct H0) is small: 0 (0%). The smaller the p-value the more it supports H1. The study of One Way ANOVA test, using F distribution, the difference between the sample averages of all groups is not big enough to be statistically significant at 0.05 levels. The p-value equals 0.847, the bigger the p-value the stronger it supports H0. The test statistic F equals 0.166, which is in the 95% region of acceptance to the present study. The aforesaid findings, when compared to other statistical expressions, shown good water quality in the Kalingapatnam estuary.
CIBTech Journal of Zoology, 2024
The Penaeus monodon shrimps were maintained in a salinity of 32 ppt at room temperature (28°C) an... more The Penaeus monodon shrimps were maintained in a salinity of 32 ppt at room temperature (28°C) and fed with artificial feed. The selected seven shrimp have lengths of 7.8 cm, 8.5 cm, 9.0 cm, 9.8 cm, 10.2 cm, 11.6 cm, and 12.3 cm. The weights of the shrimp are 4.65 gr, 5.3 gr, 5.85 gr, 6.1 gr, 7.72 gr, 12.5 gr, and 16.0 gr. The experimental results of oxygen consumption and metabolic rates were correlated at various body weights. The Pearson correlation coefficients between two variables are r = 0.981-0.999 it shows a perfect positive correlation. The observed ANOVA results effect size f is large (1.01), which indicates that the magnitude of the difference between the averages is large. When the η2 equals 0.51, it signifies that the group accounts for 50.6% of the variation from the mean. The smaller the p-value, the stronger it supports H1. The test statistic F equals 17.51, which is not in the 95% region of acceptance. The observed effect size f is large (1.61), which indicates that the magnitude of the difference between the averages is large.
Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 2024
The present study found 60 fish species belonging to 20 orders, 38 families, and 54 genera in the... more The present study found 60 fish species belonging to 20 orders, 38 families, and 54 genera in the Gosthani estuary between May 2023 and April 2024. The fishes were brought to the lab and placed in glass jars before being preserved in a 9-10% formalin solution. The fish were identified at the species level using keys specific to the Indian subcontinent fish. Perciformes accounted for 35% of highest was observed in the total population. The recorded piscine species was met by the following orders: Clupeiformes (10%), Siluriformes (83.3%), Beloniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Cypriniformes (each with 5.00%). Anguilliformes, Carangiformes, Mugiliformes, Cichiliformes, and Scombriformes each had 3.33%, while Anabantiformes, Moroniformes, Acanthuriformes,
International Journal of Zoological Investigations , 2024
Abstract: Penaeus monodon shrimps were collected by cast nets, put into large buckets and immedia... more Abstract: Penaeus monodon shrimps were collected by cast nets, put into large buckets and immediately brought to
the laboratory, and kept in aquaria. The shrimps were fed with artificial and formulated feed and kept at a salinity of
25 ppt at room temperature (27-28°C). The shrimps were acclimatized for about 7 days. Experiments were
conducted, when the shrimp were kept in 1 ppt to 45 ppt. The shrimp were transferred from the aquaria to the
respiratory chamber, which was kept in the B.O.D. incubator at ambient temperature (28°C). The shrimp were kept
in higher saline waters, especially at 40 ppt and 45 ppt, the antennal scales, the branchiostegite region of the
carapace, and the uropods got swollen. A cross section of this swollen region has shown hemolymph agglutination
and coagulation inside the body. This is certainly due to an osmotic imbalance, which has an impact on the sudden
changes of salinities in the shrimps. Pearson's correlation coefficient compares the strength and direction of an
association between body weight and consumed oxygen at various salinities to the R value strong +ve (0.98-0.99)
and <0.00001 significant level at p <0.05. One Way ANOVA test, the difference between the averages oxygen
consumption of some groups are big enough to be statistically significant.
Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 2024
The results of the present investigation revealed that the occurrence of 13 species belonging to ... more The results of the present investigation revealed that the occurrence of 13 species belonging to class bivalvia were dominant taxa in the Gosthani estuary. Out of 13 species 6 orders, 8 families, and 11 genera were observed from April 2023 to March 2024. The samples were obtained by
handpicking, digging, and trawling with bare feet by fisher community. A field survey was conducted to collect data on mollusc species, stocks, distribution, and marketing. The bivalves were collected from the bycatch for identification, mostly based on shell morphology, hinge, interlocking dentition, etc., with reference to the standard literature In this present study data was collected and analysed from fishermen community and traders. The Crassostrea madrasensis was more dominant availability species, its contributes to highest collection 5.867 T/ year and 2.78T in Apr-23, followed by Meretrix casta 2.78 T Meretrix meretrix 1.18 T, Anadara rhombea 0.87, Tegillarca granosa 0.759 and followed by other species. According to IUCN status 13 species contributed to 53.84% are not evaluated (NE), followed by data deficient (DD) with 30.76%, and least concerned 15.38%. The monthly available bivalves at Gosthani estuary the data was comparison for abundance. The difference between the sample averages of all groups is not big enough to be statistically significant. The results of ANOVA for p-value of 0.97 indicate significant support for H0. The p-value equals to 0.231 indicates a greater support for H0.
Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 2024
The ichthyofaunal investigation revealed that the occurrence of 59 fish species belonging to 11 o... more The ichthyofaunal investigation revealed that the occurrence of 59 fish species belonging to 11 orders, 23 families, and 39 genera observed Feb 2022 to Jan 2023 at Hiramandalam Reservoir. These fish were transferred to the lab, fixed in glass jars, and then preserved in a 9-10% formalin solution. The fish were identified based on morphometric traits, meristic counts, and descriptive attributes. The fish were identified to the species level using keys for Indian subcontinent fishes. Five of the 59 species are alien. Order cypriniformes was dominant with 24 species which contributed to 40.67% of the total species followed by Siluriformes 12 (20.33%), Anabantiformes 6 (10.16%), Cichliformes with 4 (6.77%), Synbranchiformes 3 (5.08), Anguilliformes. Beloiniformes, Gobiiformes, and Perciformes each with 02 (3.38%), Osteoglossiforme and Cyprinodontiformes each with 1 (1.69%). Recorded families out of 23, Siluriformes 06 (26.08%), Cypriniformes 05
Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 2024
Meghadrigedda reservoir is located in the Gajuwaka municipality of Visakhapatam district in Andhr... more Meghadrigedda reservoir is located in the Gajuwaka municipality of Visakhapatam district in Andhra Pradesh, India. The research was conducted at six distinct sites in the reservoir catchment region from April 2023 to March 2024, throughout pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods. The current analysis indicated the presence of 52 weed species belonging to twenty orders, 33 families, and four classes. The present investigation compiled a list of hydrophytes, including their
class, order, family, genus, species, and common name. The mentioned species under free floating, submerged species, and emergent weeds were found mostly around the mouths of the reservoir's main tributaries, in shallow areas with depths of about 7 feet. Among the 21 orders of aquatic weeds recorded, emergent weeds accounted for 52.38% (11 species), followed by submerged weeds 42.85% (09) and free floating weeds 21.81%. In 30 families, emergent weeds accounted for the most (66.66%), followed by submerged weeds (30.00%) and free floating weeds (20.00%).
Emergent weeds dominate with 36 species, accounting for 69.23% of the total species, followed by submerged weeds with 10 (19.23%) and free floating weeds with 6 (11.53%). According to the IUCN (2014), there are 52 different species of hydrophytes. The status of these 42 aquatic weed species is least worried; 9 are not evaluated (NE), and one species is vulnerable (VU). The common name,
Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 2024
The study was designed to examine the taxonomy and assortment of fish species in the Gosthani Riv... more The study was designed to examine the taxonomy and assortment of fish species in the Gosthani River in Andhra Pradesh from April 2023 to March 2024. A total of 47 fish species were documented at the two landing sites of Gosthani River. The fish samples were carefully cleansed, and photos were taken on location. These fish were fixed in glass jars and kept in a 10% formalin solution. Following that, the samples were identified up to the species level using classical taxonomic techniques. Order Cypriniformes was observed to have the highest contribution to the species diversity: 15.78% families, 38.23% genera, and 40.42% species, followed by Siluriformes (26.31% families, 17.64% genera, and 21.73% species); Beloiniformes (10.52% family, 5.88% genera, and 4.25% species); Cichliformes (1 family, 3 genera and 3 species); Perciformes and Synbranchiformes (1 family, 2 genera and 2 species); Anguilliformes (1 family, 1 genera and 2
Journal of Advanced Zoology, 2023
The present study elucidates the ichthyofaunal diversity of Kalingapatnam estuary in the North- e... more The present study elucidates the ichthyofaunal diversity of Kalingapatnam estuary in the North- east coast of Andhra Pradesh, India. A detailed analysis of piscine diversity revealed a total of 97 species of fresh water, estuary and marine fish belonging to 26 orders, 53 families, and 85 genera, collected three landing locations for the first time. In the present investigation, recorded genera out of 85, the homogeneous percentage was observed of Perciformes and Siluriformes had the highest with 11.76%, followed by Acanthuriformes, Cypriniformes 9.41%, Clupeiformes 8.23%, Carangiformes 4.70%, Beloniformes, Canthuriformes, Cichliformes, Spariformes, Tetraodontiformes 3.52%, Carcharhiniformes, Anabantiformes, Centrarchiformes, Gobiiformes, Mugiliformes, Mulliformes, Scombriformes, Synbranchiformes each with 2.35%. Anguilliformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Elopiformes, Gonorynchiformes, Istiophoriformes, Kurtiformes and Osteoglossiformes each with 1.17%. The habitation of fishes were primarily benthic/ demersal, with contributing to 40.20%, followed by benthopelagic 28.86%, pelagic and reef-associated fish 15.46% in this estuary. The omnivores have a highest percentage of 50.98%, followed by the carnivorous 25.49%, and the herbivorous18.36%. According to IUCN (2023) status the ichthyofaunal diversity were recorded in the current investigation.
International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 2022
The Study of Ichthyofaunal Diversity observed in Peddagadda Reservoir from June 2021 to May 2022.... more The Study of Ichthyofaunal Diversity observed in Peddagadda Reservoir from June 2021 to May 2022. The study results revealed that the occurrence of forty one species belongs to seven orders, 17 families, and 27 genera, including three exotic species. The order Cypriniformes accounted for 46.34% of all species, followed by Siluriformes (21.95%), Perciformes (17.07%), Channiformes (7.31%), Osteoglossiformes (2.43%), and Anguilliformes (2.43%). According to the IUCN, 82.93% of species are classified as least concern (LC), while 9.75% are classified as near threatened (NT), not evaluated (NE), data deficient (DD), and vulnerable (VU). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of fish species in Peddagadda Reservoir was higher in the post-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The number and composition of population status and CAMP status have been thoroughly studied. Derelict fishing is being observed and raised awareness among fisher flocks.
UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, 2023
Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of salinity on the oxygen consumption and ... more Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of salinity on the oxygen consumption and metabolic rate of Penaeus monodon of varying body mass. In the present study, the shrimps were exposed to salinities from 0 to 45 ppt. The adults were not very comfortable with sudden increasing salinities at all the temperatures studied. The percentage increase in the metabolic rate of juvenile shrimp is about 37% at 25°C and 12% at 30°C with increasing salinity from 1 to 45 ppt. In the subadults, the percentage increase in metabolic rate further decreased with increasing salinity. The significant observation made at temperatures (15-20°C) is that there is not much variation in the oxygen consumption and metabolic rate with increasing salinities (10 ppt) and that the variation in
Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 2023
The current study identified the presence of 51 fish species, including six exotic species from 1... more The current study identified the presence of 51 fish species, including six exotic species from 12 orders, 18 families, and 28 genera, collected four landing locations from October 2021 to September 2023 in the Madduvalasa reservoir. Order Cypriniformes was dominant with 23 species, which contributed to 45.09% of the total species, followed by Siluriformes 11 (27.77%), Channiformes 3 (7.84%), Anguilliformes, Synbranchiformes and Cichliformes each with 2 (3.92%), Osteoglossiformes, Cyprinodontiformes, Beloiniformes, Gobiiformes, Anabantiformes, and Ovalentaria each with 01 (1.96%). The fish species in the current study, the omnivores have a highest with 50.98%, followed by the carnivorous 25.49%, and the herbivorous 18.36%. The
Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 2023
The samples of wild fish seeds collected from the Kalingapatnam estuary throughout the study peri... more The samples of wild fish seeds collected from the Kalingapatnam estuary throughout the study period from February 2022 to August 2023. In the present study the samples collected various seasons and measured the average minimum length ranged from 1.4±0.14 cm to 1.9±0.25 cm, the maximum length range was 2.4±0.14 cm to 3.5±0.27 cm and the mean value is 2.1-2.9 cms for Mugil spp. The average minimum length ranged from 1.2±0.09 cm to 1.6±0.12 cm, the maximum length range was 1.8±0.07 cms to 3.0±0.117 cms and the mean value is 1.5-2.8 cms for Liza spp.
International Journal of Zoology Studies, 2023
The ichthyofaunal results of the present study revealed that the occurrence of 41 fish species be... more The ichthyofaunal results of the present study revealed that the occurrence of 41 fish species belonging to 11 orders, 18 families, and 30 genera observed June 2021 to May 2023 at various landing stations. During the study period order cypriniformes was dominant with 17 species which contributed to 41.46% of the total species followed by Siluriformes 10 (24.39%), Channiformes 3 (7.31%), Anabantiformes, Synbranchiformes and Perciformes each 2 (4.87%), Anguilliformes, Osteoglossiforme, Cyprinodontiformes, Gobiiformes, and Cichliformes each with 01 (2.43%). In the present investigation omnivores fishes were highest to 48.78%, followed by carnivorous 31.71% and herbivorous represents to 19.51%. The number and Percentage composition of Population Status is 22 species were common which contributed to 53.65%, 12 species were Abundant which contributed to 29.26%, 3 species are moderate which contributed to 7.31% and 4 species were moderate which contributed to 9.75% in the total catch. IUCN-2023 status 35 species contributed to highest with 85.36% are least concern (LC) were observed the Jhanjhavathi Rubber Dam.
Assessment, Accreditation and Ranking Methods for Higher Education Institutes in India: Current Findings and Future Challenges
A great deal has been spoken and debated about the characteristics of effective teaching and lear... more A great deal has been spoken and debated about the characteristics of effective teaching and learning at college or universities. Much more focus has been paid to attributes of a good teacher than to the leaner today. Though there are many conferences and seminars deliberating on this important issue which affected thousands of learners across the globe in terms of diversity, need and adequacy, yet it is still less. Many approaches like cooperative learning, self directed learning, student centric learning and teacher’s style have to be worked upon in depth to offer the advantage to the learner. It is undoubtedly a complicated matter, there is no indication of one best way to demand holistic understanding of the context and the learner’s needs and challenges.
Kalinga Dal reservoir fish faunal diversity was studied two consequent years from February-2016 t... more Kalinga Dal reservoir fish faunal diversity was studied two consequent years from February-2016 to January-2018. Samples were collected bimonthly with help of local fishermen by using fishing craft and gear. A total of 57 species of fishes belonging to seven orders such as Cypriniformes dominated with 47.37% followed by Perciformes 21.05%, Siluriformes 17.54%, Channiformes 7.02%, Angulliformes 3.51%, Cyprinodontiformes and Osteoglossiformes each contributed with 1.75%. The number and percentage composition of population status were calculated to 31.58% common, 24.56% moderate, 22.81% abundant and 20.34% rare species were identified in the Kalinga Dal reservoir. According to IUCN (2017-3) 82.47% species of fish were least concerned (LC), 7.02% near threatened, 5.26% not evaluate (NE), 1.75% data deficient (DD), endangered (ED) and vulnerable (VU).
BSTRACT
To understand the overall changes in spawning, fecundity, length at first maturity and se... more BSTRACT
To understand the overall changes in spawning, fecundity, length at first maturity and sex ratio of the species Saurida tumbil and Saurida undosquamis inhabiting along North West coast of Indian EEZ were studied during 2010 to 2014. In both the species, the spawning season is single but prolonged, extending from June to March in case of Saurida tumbil whereas in S. undosquamis, it is observed during September to May. Length at first maturity in S. tumbil was between 29-31 cm and in S. undosquamis, 25-27 cm. Male to female sex ratio was found to be 1:0.7 in both the species. Maximum fecundity of 85,359 ova was observed in S. tumbil at the length of 44.6 cm and of S. undosquamis 11,395 ova in 41 cm fish. The peak GSI values were obtained in the month of November (3.83) for S. tumbil and for S. undosquamis in October (4.38).
Key words: Spawning, Fecundity, Length at first maturity, Sex ratio, Gonado-somatic Index
(GSI)
Fish faunal diversity in the four larger freshwater tanks at Jammikunta mandal was studied from O... more Fish faunal diversity in the four larger freshwater tanks at Jammikunta mandal was studied from October-2016 to September-2017. A total of 56 species of fishes belonging to 9 orders such as Cypriniformes (27 species) Siluriformes (13species), Perciformes (14 species), Channiformes (4 species) Beloniformes(2 species), Angulliformes (2 species) Osteoglossiformes (one species) and Mogiliformes(one species). The number and percentage composition of population status was calculated to 32.81% common, 29.69% abundant, 21.86% moderate, and 15.63% rare species were identified in the freshwater tanks. According to IUCN (2017-2) status 82.14% species are least concerned (LC), 3.57% are data deficient (DD), not evaluate (NE) and endangered (EN), and 1.78% species of fish is vulnerable (VU). CAMP (1998) status revealed that 35.71% not evaluate (NE) and Lower risk near threatened (LRnt), 14.29% vulnerable (VU), 8.93% data deficient (DD), 3.57% endangered (EN), 1.78% Lower risk least concern (LRlc).
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Videos by Dr. K. R A M A R A O
Papers by Dr. K. R A M A R A O
the laboratory, and kept in aquaria. The shrimps were fed with artificial and formulated feed and kept at a salinity of
25 ppt at room temperature (27-28°C). The shrimps were acclimatized for about 7 days. Experiments were
conducted, when the shrimp were kept in 1 ppt to 45 ppt. The shrimp were transferred from the aquaria to the
respiratory chamber, which was kept in the B.O.D. incubator at ambient temperature (28°C). The shrimp were kept
in higher saline waters, especially at 40 ppt and 45 ppt, the antennal scales, the branchiostegite region of the
carapace, and the uropods got swollen. A cross section of this swollen region has shown hemolymph agglutination
and coagulation inside the body. This is certainly due to an osmotic imbalance, which has an impact on the sudden
changes of salinities in the shrimps. Pearson's correlation coefficient compares the strength and direction of an
association between body weight and consumed oxygen at various salinities to the R value strong +ve (0.98-0.99)
and <0.00001 significant level at p <0.05. One Way ANOVA test, the difference between the averages oxygen
consumption of some groups are big enough to be statistically significant.
handpicking, digging, and trawling with bare feet by fisher community. A field survey was conducted to collect data on mollusc species, stocks, distribution, and marketing. The bivalves were collected from the bycatch for identification, mostly based on shell morphology, hinge, interlocking dentition, etc., with reference to the standard literature In this present study data was collected and analysed from fishermen community and traders. The Crassostrea madrasensis was more dominant availability species, its contributes to highest collection 5.867 T/ year and 2.78T in Apr-23, followed by Meretrix casta 2.78 T Meretrix meretrix 1.18 T, Anadara rhombea 0.87, Tegillarca granosa 0.759 and followed by other species. According to IUCN status 13 species contributed to 53.84% are not evaluated (NE), followed by data deficient (DD) with 30.76%, and least concerned 15.38%. The monthly available bivalves at Gosthani estuary the data was comparison for abundance. The difference between the sample averages of all groups is not big enough to be statistically significant. The results of ANOVA for p-value of 0.97 indicate significant support for H0. The p-value equals to 0.231 indicates a greater support for H0.
class, order, family, genus, species, and common name. The mentioned species under free floating, submerged species, and emergent weeds were found mostly around the mouths of the reservoir's main tributaries, in shallow areas with depths of about 7 feet. Among the 21 orders of aquatic weeds recorded, emergent weeds accounted for 52.38% (11 species), followed by submerged weeds 42.85% (09) and free floating weeds 21.81%. In 30 families, emergent weeds accounted for the most (66.66%), followed by submerged weeds (30.00%) and free floating weeds (20.00%).
Emergent weeds dominate with 36 species, accounting for 69.23% of the total species, followed by submerged weeds with 10 (19.23%) and free floating weeds with 6 (11.53%). According to the IUCN (2014), there are 52 different species of hydrophytes. The status of these 42 aquatic weed species is least worried; 9 are not evaluated (NE), and one species is vulnerable (VU). The common name,
To understand the overall changes in spawning, fecundity, length at first maturity and sex ratio of the species Saurida tumbil and Saurida undosquamis inhabiting along North West coast of Indian EEZ were studied during 2010 to 2014. In both the species, the spawning season is single but prolonged, extending from June to March in case of Saurida tumbil whereas in S. undosquamis, it is observed during September to May. Length at first maturity in S. tumbil was between 29-31 cm and in S. undosquamis, 25-27 cm. Male to female sex ratio was found to be 1:0.7 in both the species. Maximum fecundity of 85,359 ova was observed in S. tumbil at the length of 44.6 cm and of S. undosquamis 11,395 ova in 41 cm fish. The peak GSI values were obtained in the month of November (3.83) for S. tumbil and for S. undosquamis in October (4.38).
Key words: Spawning, Fecundity, Length at first maturity, Sex ratio, Gonado-somatic Index
(GSI)
the laboratory, and kept in aquaria. The shrimps were fed with artificial and formulated feed and kept at a salinity of
25 ppt at room temperature (27-28°C). The shrimps were acclimatized for about 7 days. Experiments were
conducted, when the shrimp were kept in 1 ppt to 45 ppt. The shrimp were transferred from the aquaria to the
respiratory chamber, which was kept in the B.O.D. incubator at ambient temperature (28°C). The shrimp were kept
in higher saline waters, especially at 40 ppt and 45 ppt, the antennal scales, the branchiostegite region of the
carapace, and the uropods got swollen. A cross section of this swollen region has shown hemolymph agglutination
and coagulation inside the body. This is certainly due to an osmotic imbalance, which has an impact on the sudden
changes of salinities in the shrimps. Pearson's correlation coefficient compares the strength and direction of an
association between body weight and consumed oxygen at various salinities to the R value strong +ve (0.98-0.99)
and <0.00001 significant level at p <0.05. One Way ANOVA test, the difference between the averages oxygen
consumption of some groups are big enough to be statistically significant.
handpicking, digging, and trawling with bare feet by fisher community. A field survey was conducted to collect data on mollusc species, stocks, distribution, and marketing. The bivalves were collected from the bycatch for identification, mostly based on shell morphology, hinge, interlocking dentition, etc., with reference to the standard literature In this present study data was collected and analysed from fishermen community and traders. The Crassostrea madrasensis was more dominant availability species, its contributes to highest collection 5.867 T/ year and 2.78T in Apr-23, followed by Meretrix casta 2.78 T Meretrix meretrix 1.18 T, Anadara rhombea 0.87, Tegillarca granosa 0.759 and followed by other species. According to IUCN status 13 species contributed to 53.84% are not evaluated (NE), followed by data deficient (DD) with 30.76%, and least concerned 15.38%. The monthly available bivalves at Gosthani estuary the data was comparison for abundance. The difference between the sample averages of all groups is not big enough to be statistically significant. The results of ANOVA for p-value of 0.97 indicate significant support for H0. The p-value equals to 0.231 indicates a greater support for H0.
class, order, family, genus, species, and common name. The mentioned species under free floating, submerged species, and emergent weeds were found mostly around the mouths of the reservoir's main tributaries, in shallow areas with depths of about 7 feet. Among the 21 orders of aquatic weeds recorded, emergent weeds accounted for 52.38% (11 species), followed by submerged weeds 42.85% (09) and free floating weeds 21.81%. In 30 families, emergent weeds accounted for the most (66.66%), followed by submerged weeds (30.00%) and free floating weeds (20.00%).
Emergent weeds dominate with 36 species, accounting for 69.23% of the total species, followed by submerged weeds with 10 (19.23%) and free floating weeds with 6 (11.53%). According to the IUCN (2014), there are 52 different species of hydrophytes. The status of these 42 aquatic weed species is least worried; 9 are not evaluated (NE), and one species is vulnerable (VU). The common name,
To understand the overall changes in spawning, fecundity, length at first maturity and sex ratio of the species Saurida tumbil and Saurida undosquamis inhabiting along North West coast of Indian EEZ were studied during 2010 to 2014. In both the species, the spawning season is single but prolonged, extending from June to March in case of Saurida tumbil whereas in S. undosquamis, it is observed during September to May. Length at first maturity in S. tumbil was between 29-31 cm and in S. undosquamis, 25-27 cm. Male to female sex ratio was found to be 1:0.7 in both the species. Maximum fecundity of 85,359 ova was observed in S. tumbil at the length of 44.6 cm and of S. undosquamis 11,395 ova in 41 cm fish. The peak GSI values were obtained in the month of November (3.83) for S. tumbil and for S. undosquamis in October (4.38).
Key words: Spawning, Fecundity, Length at first maturity, Sex ratio, Gonado-somatic Index
(GSI)
Environmental, nutritional, genetic, morphological, toxicological, endocrine, and neoplastic diseases that is important or just starting to appear in finfish.
A disease is frequently initiated by uncomfortable environmental variables (stressors). Overcrowding of a fish increases the possibility of an initial encounter between a parasite and a fish, as well as the infection spreading quickly throughout a group of fish. Stress is a major factor in the spread of many protozoan infections.
…. Dr. Karri Rama Rao
Character or trait refers to any property of an individual showing heritable variation. It includes morphological, physiological, biochemical and behavioural properties. Some characters are governed by one or few genes. Such traits are referred to as qualitative characters or oligogenic characters.
Changing food habits, globalization, industrialization, rising income and urbanization have created a favorable atmosphere for development of poultry sector.
Techniques of management involve (i) Manipulation of pond ecology, while maintaining the water quality parameters and (ii) The fish stock manipulation, supplementary feeding and health care.
Induced breeding is. a technique whereby ripe fish breeders are stimulated by pituitary hormone or any other synthetic hormone introduction to breed in captive condition. Then the carps being excited lay eggs in the pond water and the process is called induced breeding. This process of breeding is also known as hypophysation.
Fishery can be categorized into
a) Fin fish f fisheries b) Shell fish fisheries and C) Other aquatic resources
Fin fish fisheries are true fishes (Vertebrates) and Shell fish fisheries are non- fin fisheries (Invertebrates). Fin fisheries caught only fin like fishes, where fish which bear fins i.e true fish. Shell fisheries caught only shell like fishes such as Prawns, Crab,Llobster, Oyster, Muscles etc.,
Other aquatic resources such as sponges, jelly fishes, sea cucumbers, algae, sea grass etc.,
for fish. They also generate oxygen and provide food for some fish and other
animals. They thrive in nutrient-rich water. In the natural environment,
herbivorous and omnivorous fish might find edible plants for consumption.
Aquatic plants can provide nutritious food for fish in aquariums or backyard
ponds. Ipomoea aquatica, an aquatic weed, might be managed in an
environmentally benign way by including it in a fish diet. Fish feed is critical to the
long-term viability of aquaculture production. However, fish nutrition is crucial
since feed is the costliest component of the aquaculture system, accounting for
around 60% of total production costs. The young grass carp prefer duckweeds
such as Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffia, and Azolla until they reach a greater size and
can consume macrophytes. Aquatic weeds are potential fish and animal feed
components that are extensively spread across Indian water bodies. The higher
nutritional content of aquatic weeds has lately enabled fish meal to be largely or
entirely substituted. Aquatic weed meal has 11 to 32% crude protein, 2.9 to
16.81% crude fat, 8 to 31% crude ash, and a very high amino acid, mineral, and
vitamin content, depending on the components employed. Phytoremediation is a
sustainable, cost-effective technology that uses plants to convert and stabilize
pollutants in soil and water bodies. Aquatic plant species, primarily a broad group the ways in which aquatic macrophytes can be used in the food production
process, including as human food, livestock fodder, fertilizer (mulch and manure,
ash, green manure, compost, biogas slurry), and food for aquatic herbivores like
adults and larval forms of fish, crab, and prawns.
Keywords: Macrophytes; aquatic ecosystems; phytoremediation; duckweed.
In the light of this, there is an urgent need to collect real-time information about the diversity of plants and animals existing in the marine mangrove ecosystems and document them in an appropriate manner. To this endeavour, the authors have put their best efforts in bringing out this publication entitled “Mangroves-ecosystems” and their efforts are highly appreciated. The information enshrined in this publication will be greatly beneficial to the readers, researchers and stimulate the end-users to understand the importance and usefulness of mangrove ecosystems and its diversity.