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Background: As cats undergo stress at the time of presentation before surgery and therefore sedation is required often. It is very difficult to choose a balanced anaesthetic protocol during the surgical intervention in the case of a cat.... more
Background: As cats undergo stress at the time of presentation before surgery and therefore sedation is required often. It is very difficult to choose a balanced anaesthetic protocol during the surgical intervention in the case of a cat. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ketamine hydrochloride in combination with midazolam, dexmedetomidine and butorphanol as balanced anaesthesia on clinico-physiological, haematological, serum biochemical profile in the surgical management of cats undergoing neutering. Methods: The study was performed on 18 clinical cases of cats which were brought to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (CVSc and AH), Central Agricultural University (CAU), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram for elective surgery such as neutering. Cats were randomly divided into 3 equal groups, i.e. Gr. A, Gr. B and Gr. C. Animals were premedicated with glycopyrrolate @ 0.01 mg/kg, i/m. After 10 minute...
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Background: The non-availability of the sophisticated anaesthetic machine and the necessary equipment to administer inhalant anaesthetic in the field hospitals make their use practically unfeasible for the field veterinarians. Therefore,... more
Background: The non-availability of the sophisticated anaesthetic machine and the necessary equipment to administer inhalant anaesthetic in the field hospitals make their use practically unfeasible for the field veterinarians. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of propofol, ketamine and their combination ‘Ketofol’ as a TIVA on certain haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal profiles in atropine and xylazine premedicated dogs. Methods: The study was conducted in eighteen clinical cases of dogs of either sex. The animals were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each group. All the three groups were premedicated with Atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg/kg body weight and xylazine HCl @ 0.5mg/kg body weight intramuscularly. In group-I, propofol @ 5mg/kg body weight, in group-II, ketamine @ 5mg/kg body weight and in group-III, ketofol @ 4mg/kg body weight was administered intravenously for induction after 15 minutes of pre-anesthetic admin...
Research Interests: Medicine, Blood Pressure, Ketamine, Anesthesia, Heart rate, and 4 morePropofol, Xylazine, Atropine, and Respiratory Rate
An eight (8) months old mixed breed queen was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University with a history of difficulty in parturition. As per the report... more
An eight (8) months old mixed breed queen was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University with a history of difficulty in parturition. As per the report of the owner the queen has delivered one live fetus one day ago. On clinical examination the tail of one fetus was seen hanging from the vulva of the queen. The queen was dull, depressed, severely dehydrated and exhausted due to straining for long. Then on the basis of clinical symptoms it was diagnosed as dystocia due to secondary uterine inertia. The queen was stabilised with fluid therapy and was relieved from dystocia with forced traction by enough lubrication with Carboxy Methyl Cellulose. Antibiotic and vitamin injection was prescribed as a therapeutic management and it was recovered uneventfully.
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Background: There is no gold standard to evaluate postoperative pain in animals. The study was conducted to evaluate haematobiochemical changes following intraperitoneal bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in dogs. Methods:... more
Background: There is no gold standard to evaluate postoperative pain in animals. The study was conducted to evaluate haematobiochemical changes following intraperitoneal bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in dogs. Methods: Eighteen clinical cases of dogs requiring laparotomy were randomly divided into three groups viz. Group-B, BD and N comprising of six dogs in each. The animals were premedicated with glycopyrrolate, meloxicam and diazepam. Anaesthetic induction and maintenance was done by using propofol. Intraperitoneally bupivacaine, bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine and normal saline were infused in the three groups. The blood samples were collected prior to pre-medication at 0 min (base line), 30 min (after induction), 2 hrs and 24 hrs interval after intraperitoneal administration of drugs for estimation of haematobiochemical parameters. Result: The bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine combination reduces the serum glucose and cortisol level which might be indicative of lowered p...
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Background: Pyometra is a pathological state of the compromised uterus of grown-up to old, diestrum bitches. Pyometra is easy to identify but can be more challenging when there is no vaginal discharge. In the present study, an attempt was... more
Background: Pyometra is a pathological state of the compromised uterus of grown-up to old, diestrum bitches. Pyometra is easy to identify but can be more challenging when there is no vaginal discharge. In the present study, an attempt was made to find out the pathogen involvement and clinico-haemato-biochemical alteration in bitches affected with Pyometra. Methods: Twelve bitches with a history of inappetence, polydipsia, dirty vaginal discharge, occasional vomition irrespective of breeds and age groups were clinically examined and diagnosed as pyometra. The presumptive clinical diagnosis was based on case history, clinical signs, vaginal cytology, abdominal ultrasonography or radiography, gross examination of a pus-filled uterus after the ovariohysterectomy. Result: Vaginal examination revealed brown chocolate malodorous vaginal discharge with discolouration of the perivulval tissue. Abdominal ultrasound showed hyperplasia with echogenic material in the uterine wall along with dist...
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Background: Development and persistence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is considered to be one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. Development of new antimicrobial agents and alternatives to the conventional... more
Background: Development and persistence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is considered to be one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. Development of new antimicrobial agents and alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents to control the menace of AMR is the need of the hour. Plants based products can be effectively explored as potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing agents against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. This present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of Melastoma malabathricum against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem of M. malabathricum were collected from Mizoram and extracted by meth...
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Figure S4. Scanning electron microscopy of a S. lupi female from Hungary showing the eggs in a uterus cross-section. (TIF 2174 kb)
Figure S3. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) scatter plot showing Neiâ s genetic distances of the ITS1 sequences of S. lupi (a) and Spirocerca spp. (b) according to the sampling locations. The percentage of total variation attributed... more
Figure S3. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) scatter plot showing Neiâ s genetic distances of the ITS1 sequences of S. lupi (a) and Spirocerca spp. (b) according to the sampling locations. The percentage of total variation attributed to each axis is indicated next to each coordinate. Each specimen is represented as a color-coded circle according to the geographical origin. (TIF 385 kb)
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Background: Management of ever growing multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria becomes one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. The situation is worsening due to lack of new generation antimicrobials in the arsenal of the... more
Background: Management of ever growing multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria becomes one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. The situation is worsening due to lack of new generation antimicrobials in the arsenal of the clinicians. Development of new alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents is the need of the hour to control the menace of AMR. Plants based products are attractive alternatives with proven efficacy but needs scientific investigation to explore their potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activities against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. The present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of the Himalayan yellow raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs...
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A seven-year-old bitch weighing 10.5 kg body weight was presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, with a history of urinary incontinence since 3 months with dysuria, haematuria, dribbling of urine at the end of urination.... more
A seven-year-old bitch weighing 10.5 kg body weight was presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, with a history of urinary incontinence since 3 months with dysuria, haematuria, dribbling of urine at the end of urination. Ultrasound examination of urinary bladder showed the presence of hyperechoic mass with distal acoustic shadow indicative of calculi. Further, lateral and ventro-dorsal radiography examination confirmed the presence of four large-sized bladder calculi. Haematological examination revealed marked lymphocytosis. Urinalysis revealed specific gravity of 1.015, pH 7.9 with the presence of glucose, leukocytes, erythrocytes and trace protein. The microscopic examination of urinary sediment confirmed the presence of ammonium urate crystals. The culture of the urine revealed the presence of Staphylococcus species as the predominant organism. The case was diagnosed as ammonium urate cystolithiasis with cystitis based on history, clinical examination, laboratory evalua...
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A three years old mongrel bitch was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih with a history of the dog was naturally matted 70 days before and the bitch was not... more
A three years old mongrel bitch was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih with a history of the dog was naturally matted 70 days before and the bitch was not showing any sign of whelping nor uterine discharge. The body temperature and pulsation were normal with no signs of septicemia or toxemia. Animal having decrease appetite, the mucous membrane having normal color, and haematology revealed mark increase of lymphocytes and monocytes. The USG examination revealed distended uterus with hypoechoic structure but no viable fetus. Radiographic examination revealed four numbers of distorted foetal skeletons in the uterus. The case was successfully managed through surgical intervention.
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A four-month-old male mixed breed dog was presented with a complaint of continuous vomition, bloody diarrhea, anorexia since last five days. Physical examination revealed hypothermia, pale conjunctival mucus membrane, tachycardia, eupnea... more
A four-month-old male mixed breed dog was presented with a complaint of continuous vomition, bloody diarrhea, anorexia since last five days. Physical examination revealed hypothermia, pale conjunctival mucus membrane, tachycardia, eupnea and poor body condition on the day of presentation. Fecal sample examination using commercial kit confirmed the presence of canine parvovirus-2. Viral DNA was isolated from fecal sample followed by PCR confirmation, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis which revealed it as CPV-2a variant. Hematology revealed anemia, leukopenia, decreased segmented neutrophil counts with increase in the band neutrophil counts. Plasma biochemistry revealed hypercholesterolemia with increased activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase whereas decreased levels of amylase and chloride. In spite of aggressive therapy, the dog succumbed to its injuries on the day of presentation and hence, necropsy was performed with owne...
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Table S3.Pairwise nucleotide differences (%) between cox1 fragment B (807 to 1201 bp) haplotypes obtained from S. lupi and S. vulpis, and cox1 reference sequences of S. lupi and D. immitis available on GenBank. (DOCX 31 kb)
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Background: Bovine anaplasmosis is a haemolytic disease of cattle caused by an obligate intra-erythrocytic bacterium Anaplasma marginale and is characterized by high fever, dyspnoea, anaemia, icterus, decreased milk production and death.... more
Background: Bovine anaplasmosis is a haemolytic disease of cattle caused by an obligate intra-erythrocytic bacterium Anaplasma marginale and is characterized by high fever, dyspnoea, anaemia, icterus, decreased milk production and death. The present study was undertaken to study the gross and histopathological changes caused by naturally occurring A. marginale infection in cattle. Methods: History and clinical examination of animals revealed inappetance/anorexia, presence of tick infestation, high fever, pale or icteric mucous membranes, tachycardia, dyspnoea and lymphadenomegaly. The diagnosis of A. marginale infection was done by blood smear examination and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis. During the present study, two animals did not respond to treatment and were succumbed to A. marginale infection. A systematic post-mortem examination was performed on the animals and gross lesions were recorded. The tissue samples from various vital organs ...
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A 6years old male dog used for hunting was presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., CAU, Selesih, and Mizoram with the history of anorexia, retching and epistaxis from both the nostril. The... more
A 6years old male dog used for hunting was presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., CAU, Selesih, and Mizoram with the history of anorexia, retching and epistaxis from both the nostril. The case was diagnosed as Nasal hirudiniasis by the clinical examination. Haematological analysis revealed anaemia (normocytic, normochromic) with mild leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Red blood cell counts (RBCs) and haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were below the normal range, but the biochemical data were within the normal range. The aim of the case report is to present attachment of nasal leeches in a hunting dog that was successfully managed by using saltwater and removed with tissue forceps.
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Background: Endotracheal intubation for inhalation anaesthesia in pigs is not considered a good anaesthetic method as it is technically difficult because of oral anatomy and the presence of excess tissues in the oropharyngeal region.... more
Background: Endotracheal intubation for inhalation anaesthesia in pigs is not considered a good anaesthetic method as it is technically difficult because of oral anatomy and the presence of excess tissues in the oropharyngeal region. Moreover, the major limitation of inhalation anaesthesia is that it requires the use of a cumbersome and costly anaesthetic machine, including a suitable breathing system and vaporizer and is the exposure of operating-room personnel to the pollution in the ambient air. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of propofol, ketamine and their combination ‘Ketofol’ as a TIVA in pigs. Methods: The study was conducted in eighteen piglets of either sex. The piglets were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each group. All the three groups were premedicated with Atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg/kg body weight and Xylazine Hydrochloride @ 1mg/kg body weight I.M. and Medazolam @ 0.5mg/kg body weight I.M. with minimum forcibl...
Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in puppies despite aggressive treatment. Identification of reliable biomarkers of CPV enteritis is essential to determine the severity, duration of... more
Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in puppies despite aggressive treatment. Identification of reliable biomarkers of CPV enteritis is essential to determine the severity, duration of hospitalization, and predict the clinical outcome. Meanwhile, the biomarkers will assist in decision-making with clients about the further course of treatment or euthanasia. The present study was conducted to evaluate the changes of total leukocyte count (TLC) and neutrophil count and serum concentrations of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), intestinal fatty acid binding protein-2 (IFABP-2), albumin, ceruloplasmin (Cp), cortisol and free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) in survivors and non-survivors as a predictor of the clinical outcome. Marked leukopenia, neutropenia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated levels of CK-MB, IFABP-2, Cp, and cortisol were noticed in CPV-infected dogs than healthy dogs but, LDH, FT3 and FT4 concentrations did not differ significantly. The CPV-infected non-survivors had persistent leukopenia, neutropenia and elevated CK-MB, IFABP-2, Cp and cortisol concentrations at 72 h of commencement of treatment. In CPV-infected survivors, TLC and neutrophil count were significantly increased, and CK-MB, IFABP-2, Cp and cortisol concentrations were significantly decreased at 72 h of commencement of treatment. The positive predictive values (PPVs) for survival using cut-off value of TLC (>3.2 × 103/μL), neutrophil count (>1.65 × 103/μL), CK-MB (≤234.50 U/L), IFABP-2 (≤7.61 ng/mL), Cp (≤0.605 g/L) and cortisol (≤16.90 ng/mL) were determined as 89.47%, 88.88%, 94.73%, 93.33%, 94.44% and 89.47%, respectively with better area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve as well as sensitivity. The magnitude of decrease in TLC, neutrophil count, and increase in CK-MB, IFABP-2, Cp and cortisol concentrations at 72 h of initiation of treatment in dogs with parvoviral enteritis could be useful indicators for the prognosis of the disease. Based on sensitivity (%) and specificity (%) from ROC analysis and PPV (%), it is concluded that serum CK-MB concentration will serve as the most useful biomarker followed by Cp and absolute neutrophil count.
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Tick-borne infectious diseases constitute an emerging problem in Veterinary Medicine. The study was undertaken to find out the ultrasonographic changes of liver and spleen in 101 positive cases of tick borne intracellular haemoparasitic... more
Tick-borne infectious diseases constitute an emerging problem in Veterinary Medicine. The study was undertaken to find out the ultrasonographic changes of liver and spleen in 101 positive cases of tick borne intracellular haemoparasitic diseases in dogs. Abdominal survey of ultrasonography revealed hypo echogenicity of liver, gall bladder distension, splenomegaly, hepato-splenomegaly and ascites in various tick born intracellular diseases viz. ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, hepatozoonosis and in mixed infection. Correlating these USG finding with other laboratory examination will be very much useful to spot the diseases condition and organ involvement in tick born intracellular diseases of dog.
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A total of 100 normal burmes pigs were selected for haemato-biochemical. The mean values for different hematological parameters viz. Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) and Hemoglobin (Hb)... more
A total of 100 normal burmes pigs were selected for haemato-biochemical. The mean values for different hematological parameters viz. Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) and Hemoglobin (Hb) ranged from ...
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the urinary tract diseases of dogs by ultrasonography and to correlate that with other diagnostic procedures. A total of 800 cases presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex... more
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the urinary tract diseases of dogs by ultrasonography and to correlate that with other diagnostic procedures. A total of 800 cases presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex during the period from June 2017 to May 2018. Thirty-five dogs out of 800 were suspected for urinary tract diseases based on history and clinical signs. All the suspected animals were subjected to ultrasonography and other diagnostic procedures like radiography, haematobiochemical analysis and urinalysis. Cystitis (22.86%, 8/35) and urolithiasis (11.42%, 4/35) were the major findings noticed in the present study. In ultrasonography, the inflamed thickened wall was visible with the distinction of different layers of the urinary bladder wall in case of cystitis. The cystoliths were visible as hyperechoic structures with distal acoustic shadow and appeared as a bright echogenic area. Radiographic examination revealed mucosal irregularity decreased with i...
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PURPOSE The present research was taken to study the hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram. METHODS A 5-year prospective study on hospital-based... more
PURPOSE The present research was taken to study the hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram. METHODS A 5-year prospective study on hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram was carried out during the study period from April, 2015 to March, 2020. Trypanosoma evansi infection was confirmed by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Non-infected clinically healthy dogs (n = 6) served as control. Blood samples were collected to study the haemogram and serum samples were used for the evaluation of serum biochemical parameters and oxidant-antioxidant parameters. RESULTS During the study period, an overall incidence of 0.25% was recorded for trypanosomosis in dogs. The most consistent clinical findings noticed were anorexia/inappetence, pyrexia, depression/lethargy, pale mucous membrane, dehydration and lymphadenomegaly. Anaemia, granulocytopenia, lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia were the major findings noticed in trypanosomosis affected dogs. The profile of vital organ function revealed that the mean values of total protein, albumin and random blood glucose were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, whereas the mean values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dogs affected with trypanosomosis. The mean value of lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, whereas the mean values of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant activity (TAOA) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in trypanosomosis affected dogs. When total erythrocyte count (TEC) was correlated with LPO (r = - 0.631, P < 0.05), a negative correlation was found, while in case of GSH (r = 0.757, P < 0.05), SOD (r = 0.767, P < 0.05) and TAOA (r = 0.713, P < 0.05), it was positively correlated. CONCLUSION A negative correlation of TEC count with LPO, while a positive correlation with GSH, SOD and TAOA signify the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of anaemia induced by T. evansi infection in dogs. The present study findings might be helpful to clinicians when treating clinical cases of this kind. Incorporation of organ protective drugs and antioxidants in the treatment schedule may result in better prognosis.
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Background: It is usually accepted that some degree of post-surgical pain will be commonly present. There are different pain scales adopted in veterinary practice to assess these behavioural signs to measure pain. VAS had been used in... more
Background: It is usually accepted that some degree of post-surgical pain will be commonly present. There are different pain scales adopted in veterinary practice to assess these behavioural signs to measure pain. VAS had been used in human medicine for many years to measure pain and was found equally satisfactory in dogs. Pre-emptive analgesia (PEA) is grasping popularity in recent days, the concept of which originated during the time of growing appreciation of dynamic characteristics of pain pathway for obtaining effective analgesia prior to the surgical trauma. Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tramadol, pentazocine lactate and meloxicam as pre-emptive analgesics in dogs premedicated with glycopyrrolate, induction and maintenance with propofol continuous rate infusion (CRI) for certain clinical and physiological parameters. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups viz. Group-T, Group-P and Group-M comprising six animals in each g...
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Skin diseases can have an adverse impact on the production in a swine herd by causing decrease in growth rate and feed efficiency. Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis is one of the most common causes of mange in domestic and wild pigs. Keeping... more
Skin diseases can have an adverse impact on the production in a swine herd by causing decrease in growth rate and feed efficiency. Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis is one of the most common causes of mange in domestic and wild pigs. Keeping this point in view, a study on seroprevalence and dermatopathology of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in the pig population of Tripura has been undertaken. The presence of anti Sarcoptes antibodies (Immunoglobulin G) was detected by commercially available kit. In the present study, 189 pigs (11.81%) were found to be seropositive against Sarcoptes scabiei infestation out of 1600 screened pigs. Thirty one pigs out of 189 were found to be clinically positive and confirmed by microscopic examination. Examination of the skin scraping revealed various developmental stages viz., egg, larva, protonymph and adult of Sarcoptes mite. Occurrence of sarcoptic mange was found to be highest in young age group (67.72%, 128/189), male pigs (56.08%, 106/189) an...