The main aim of this research was to determine the influence of fundamental movement skills on th... more The main aim of this research was to determine the influence of fundamental movement skills on the performance of specific rhythmic gymnastics skills in different stages of motor learning in 6-year-old children. Seventy preschool children participated (30 girls and 40 boys; mean age 6±0.5y; height 122.5±5.0 cm, weight 24.49±3.78 kg). A battery of 20 rhythmic gymnastics skills tests (5 tests with each of the apparatus: rope, hoop, ball and ribbon) was constructed and evaluated by experienced judges. Fundamental movement skills were measured using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, second edition (short form). Children exercised for approximately 6 months, three times a week for 35 minutes. Three measurements of specific rhythmic gymnatics skills were carried out: initial (first week), transitive (ninth week) and final (nineteenth week). The level of fundamental movement skills was tested in the first week of the treatment. The results of multiple regression analyses i...
Various dance techniques and performances have different effects on the biomechanics of the body ... more Various dance techniques and performances have different effects on the biomechanics of the body and may lead to different injury profiles. Few studies have analyzed the risk of injury associated with particular types of dance, especially in adolescents when accelerated growth compounds the risk of injury. Ninety-six female dancers with international competitive dance experience from four Balkan European countries were selected from a population of 347 adolescent dancers for this study. Their average age was 13.8 yrs (range, 12 to 16). The subjects were divided into four groups according to their dance styles: cheerleading, dance show, disco dance, and standard and Latin dance. The first aim of the study was to identify differences between the various dance style groups in body mass index (BMI) and dance sport involvement. According to Wilks' test (oneway MANOVA), there was a significant multivariate effect (F = 13.8; p < 0.001) between the four dance groups. The dancers belo...
Gender differences in acquiring and retaining gymnastic skills in first graders were studied. For... more Gender differences in acquiring and retaining gymnastic skills in first graders were studied. Forty-four (44) girls and thirty-two (32) boys (mean age 6.5 years) participated as the experimental group. They were included in the 35-week-long program based on four gymnastic skills. Their performance was measured in three acquisition and two retention phases. The results showed that the girls performed better than the boys. The independent sample t-test showed significant gender differences in the majority of measurements. ANOVA for the retention phases revealed a positive learning transfer only in case of the candlestick element for the boys and in case of the cartwheel element for the girls. The differences found are not considered as a disturbing factor for the coeducational teaching method but just as the guidelines for the PE teachers when making their curricula more appropriate and individually approached.
The aim of the study was to analyze the relation between specific aesthetic motor skills and the ... more The aim of the study was to analyze the relation between specific aesthetic motor skills and the performance of rhythmic composition, separately by gender. Three groups of variables were used in a sample of 88 Physical Education University female (N=32) and male (N= 56) students: 4 specific basic aesthetic variables (leap, balance, pirouette and flexibility) performed on both body sides as the first and second battery of predictors, and the calculation of the coefficients of asymmetry for specific aesthetic motor skills as the third battery of predictors, were defined for their predictability for a rhythmic composition performance. Three independent judges evaluated the performances of basic aesthetic elements and rhythmic composition by watching the videotaped material. Coefficients of asymmetry were calculated on the basis of the differences of performance on the dominant and non dominant support leg. Regression analysis indicated the battery of variables for assessing the specifi...
This study was set to determine the existence of transfer of fundamental movement skills to the l... more This study was set to determine the existence of transfer of fundamental movement skills to the level of specialized gymnastics skills. 75 children (30 boys and 45 girls) represented the participants of the study. Fundamental movement skills were analyzed as well as twelve basic gymnastics skills according to the physical education curriculum that represent different apparatus in gymnastics all round competition. Significant influence of fundamental movement skills on all skills (criteria) is noticeable. According to the results of regression analysis, the participants who had better initial results in fundamental movement skills for surmounting obstacles also had better results of gymnastics skills in final measurement point. Highly structural connection of elements lies in the basis of high correlation of fundamental movement skills for surmounting obstacles and gymnastics skill springboard jump on the vault in sitting position which confirms Osgood’s theory of positive transfer o...
According to the Code of Points (FIG, 2009) the balance beam difficulty value is determined by th... more According to the Code of Points (FIG, 2009) the balance beam difficulty value is determined by the sum of maximum 8 most difficult elements (including the dismount), fulfilling 5 composition requirements and by the values that exceed from the connections between the acrobatic elements, turns and acro-rhythmic elements. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of performed dance elements on the balance beam and their influence on: difficulty value, execution value and final score. The sample consisted of 109 women top junior athletes, who participated in qualifications on the European Championships in Birmingham in 2010. The results obtained showed that the gymnasts in average perform 4.28 dance elements in their balance beam routines. The highest frequency was determined to a C difficulty jump ˝switch leap˝ (N=101), to two A difficulty jumps: “wolf hop or jump from cross or side position” (N=83) and to ˝Sissone˝ (leg separation 180°) take off from both legs (N=61); and t...
Inadequately adopted fundamental movement skills (FMS) in early childhood may have a negative imp... more Inadequately adopted fundamental movement skills (FMS) in early childhood may have a negative impact on the motor performance in later life (Gallahue and Ozmun, 2005). The need for an efficient FMS testing in Physical Education was recognized. The aim of this paper was to construct and validate a new FMS test for 8 year old children. Ninety-five 8 year old children were used for the testing. A total of 24 new FMS tasks were constructed and only the best representatives of movement areas entered into the final test product - FMS-POLYGON. The ICC showed high values for all 24 tasks (0.83-0.97) and the factorial analysis revealed the best representatives of each movement area that entered the FMS-POLYGON: tossing and catching the volleyball against a wall, running across obstacles, carrying the medicine balls, and straight running. The ICC for the FMS-POLYGON showed a very high result (0.98) and, therefore, confirmed the test's intra-rater reliability. Concurrent validity was teste...
The objectives of this study were: a) to examine the influence of an 18-week basic artistic gymna... more The objectives of this study were: a) to examine the influence of an 18-week basic artistic gymnastics program on fundamental movement skills (FMS) development in seven-year-old children; b) to determine correlations between children's daily activities and successful performance of FMS and basic artistic gymnastics skills. Seventy five first grade primary school children took part in this study. A physical education teacher specialized in artistic gymnastics conducted a gymnastics program for 18 weeks, three times a week. The level of gymnastics skills and FMS were identified at the beginning and at the end of the program. The level of gymnastics skills was evaluated by performance of eight artistic gymnastics skills, while FMS were evaluated by the use of FMS-polygon. Physical activity and inactivity was evaluated by using a proxy-questionnaire "Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire˝ (NPAQ). According to the dependent samples t test, significant differences were foun...
The aims of this study were to determine possible differences between the sexes in specific rhyth... more The aims of this study were to determine possible differences between the sexes in specific rhythmic gymnastics techniques, and to examine the influence of various aspects of technique on rhythmic composition performance. Seventy-five students aged 21 ± 2 years (45 males, 30 female) undertook four test sessions to determine: coefficients of asymmetry, stability, versatility, and the two rhythmic compositions (without apparatus and
The objectives of this study were: a) to examine the influence of an 18-week basic artistic gymna... more The objectives of this study were: a) to examine the influence of an 18-week basic artistic gymnastics program on fundamental movement skills (FMS) development in seven-year-old children; b) to determine correlations between children's daily activities and successful performance of FMS and basic artistic gymnastics skills. Seventy five first grade primary school children took part in this study. A physical education teacher specialized in artistic gymnastics conducted a gymnastics program for 18 weeks, three times a week. The level of gymnastics skills and FMS were identified at the beginning and at the end of the program. The level of gymnastics skills was evaluated by performance of eight artistic gymnastics skills, while FMS were evaluated by the use of FMS-polygon. Physical activity and inactivity was evaluated by using a proxy-questionnaire "Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire˝ (NPAQ). According to the dependent samples t test, significant differences were foun...
The main aim of this research was to determine the influence of fundamental movement skills on th... more The main aim of this research was to determine the influence of fundamental movement skills on the performance of specific rhythmic gymnastics skills in different stages of motor learning in 6-year-old children. Seventy preschool children participated (30 girls and 40 boys; mean age 6±0.5y; height 122.5±5.0 cm, weight 24.49±3.78 kg). A battery of 20 rhythmic gymnastics skills tests (5 tests with each of the apparatus: rope, hoop, ball and ribbon) was constructed and evaluated by experienced judges. Fundamental movement skills were measured using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, second edition (short form). Children exercised for approximately 6 months, three times a week for 35 minutes. Three measurements of specific rhythmic gymnatics skills were carried out: initial (first week), transitive (ninth week) and final (nineteenth week). The level of fundamental movement skills was tested in the first week of the treatment. The results of multiple regression analyses i...
Various dance techniques and performances have different effects on the biomechanics of the body ... more Various dance techniques and performances have different effects on the biomechanics of the body and may lead to different injury profiles. Few studies have analyzed the risk of injury associated with particular types of dance, especially in adolescents when accelerated growth compounds the risk of injury. Ninety-six female dancers with international competitive dance experience from four Balkan European countries were selected from a population of 347 adolescent dancers for this study. Their average age was 13.8 yrs (range, 12 to 16). The subjects were divided into four groups according to their dance styles: cheerleading, dance show, disco dance, and standard and Latin dance. The first aim of the study was to identify differences between the various dance style groups in body mass index (BMI) and dance sport involvement. According to Wilks' test (oneway MANOVA), there was a significant multivariate effect (F = 13.8; p < 0.001) between the four dance groups. The dancers belo...
Gender differences in acquiring and retaining gymnastic skills in first graders were studied. For... more Gender differences in acquiring and retaining gymnastic skills in first graders were studied. Forty-four (44) girls and thirty-two (32) boys (mean age 6.5 years) participated as the experimental group. They were included in the 35-week-long program based on four gymnastic skills. Their performance was measured in three acquisition and two retention phases. The results showed that the girls performed better than the boys. The independent sample t-test showed significant gender differences in the majority of measurements. ANOVA for the retention phases revealed a positive learning transfer only in case of the candlestick element for the boys and in case of the cartwheel element for the girls. The differences found are not considered as a disturbing factor for the coeducational teaching method but just as the guidelines for the PE teachers when making their curricula more appropriate and individually approached.
The aim of the study was to analyze the relation between specific aesthetic motor skills and the ... more The aim of the study was to analyze the relation between specific aesthetic motor skills and the performance of rhythmic composition, separately by gender. Three groups of variables were used in a sample of 88 Physical Education University female (N=32) and male (N= 56) students: 4 specific basic aesthetic variables (leap, balance, pirouette and flexibility) performed on both body sides as the first and second battery of predictors, and the calculation of the coefficients of asymmetry for specific aesthetic motor skills as the third battery of predictors, were defined for their predictability for a rhythmic composition performance. Three independent judges evaluated the performances of basic aesthetic elements and rhythmic composition by watching the videotaped material. Coefficients of asymmetry were calculated on the basis of the differences of performance on the dominant and non dominant support leg. Regression analysis indicated the battery of variables for assessing the specifi...
This study was set to determine the existence of transfer of fundamental movement skills to the l... more This study was set to determine the existence of transfer of fundamental movement skills to the level of specialized gymnastics skills. 75 children (30 boys and 45 girls) represented the participants of the study. Fundamental movement skills were analyzed as well as twelve basic gymnastics skills according to the physical education curriculum that represent different apparatus in gymnastics all round competition. Significant influence of fundamental movement skills on all skills (criteria) is noticeable. According to the results of regression analysis, the participants who had better initial results in fundamental movement skills for surmounting obstacles also had better results of gymnastics skills in final measurement point. Highly structural connection of elements lies in the basis of high correlation of fundamental movement skills for surmounting obstacles and gymnastics skill springboard jump on the vault in sitting position which confirms Osgood’s theory of positive transfer o...
According to the Code of Points (FIG, 2009) the balance beam difficulty value is determined by th... more According to the Code of Points (FIG, 2009) the balance beam difficulty value is determined by the sum of maximum 8 most difficult elements (including the dismount), fulfilling 5 composition requirements and by the values that exceed from the connections between the acrobatic elements, turns and acro-rhythmic elements. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of performed dance elements on the balance beam and their influence on: difficulty value, execution value and final score. The sample consisted of 109 women top junior athletes, who participated in qualifications on the European Championships in Birmingham in 2010. The results obtained showed that the gymnasts in average perform 4.28 dance elements in their balance beam routines. The highest frequency was determined to a C difficulty jump ˝switch leap˝ (N=101), to two A difficulty jumps: “wolf hop or jump from cross or side position” (N=83) and to ˝Sissone˝ (leg separation 180°) take off from both legs (N=61); and t...
Inadequately adopted fundamental movement skills (FMS) in early childhood may have a negative imp... more Inadequately adopted fundamental movement skills (FMS) in early childhood may have a negative impact on the motor performance in later life (Gallahue and Ozmun, 2005). The need for an efficient FMS testing in Physical Education was recognized. The aim of this paper was to construct and validate a new FMS test for 8 year old children. Ninety-five 8 year old children were used for the testing. A total of 24 new FMS tasks were constructed and only the best representatives of movement areas entered into the final test product - FMS-POLYGON. The ICC showed high values for all 24 tasks (0.83-0.97) and the factorial analysis revealed the best representatives of each movement area that entered the FMS-POLYGON: tossing and catching the volleyball against a wall, running across obstacles, carrying the medicine balls, and straight running. The ICC for the FMS-POLYGON showed a very high result (0.98) and, therefore, confirmed the test's intra-rater reliability. Concurrent validity was teste...
The objectives of this study were: a) to examine the influence of an 18-week basic artistic gymna... more The objectives of this study were: a) to examine the influence of an 18-week basic artistic gymnastics program on fundamental movement skills (FMS) development in seven-year-old children; b) to determine correlations between children's daily activities and successful performance of FMS and basic artistic gymnastics skills. Seventy five first grade primary school children took part in this study. A physical education teacher specialized in artistic gymnastics conducted a gymnastics program for 18 weeks, three times a week. The level of gymnastics skills and FMS were identified at the beginning and at the end of the program. The level of gymnastics skills was evaluated by performance of eight artistic gymnastics skills, while FMS were evaluated by the use of FMS-polygon. Physical activity and inactivity was evaluated by using a proxy-questionnaire "Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire˝ (NPAQ). According to the dependent samples t test, significant differences were foun...
The aims of this study were to determine possible differences between the sexes in specific rhyth... more The aims of this study were to determine possible differences between the sexes in specific rhythmic gymnastics techniques, and to examine the influence of various aspects of technique on rhythmic composition performance. Seventy-five students aged 21 ± 2 years (45 males, 30 female) undertook four test sessions to determine: coefficients of asymmetry, stability, versatility, and the two rhythmic compositions (without apparatus and
The objectives of this study were: a) to examine the influence of an 18-week basic artistic gymna... more The objectives of this study were: a) to examine the influence of an 18-week basic artistic gymnastics program on fundamental movement skills (FMS) development in seven-year-old children; b) to determine correlations between children's daily activities and successful performance of FMS and basic artistic gymnastics skills. Seventy five first grade primary school children took part in this study. A physical education teacher specialized in artistic gymnastics conducted a gymnastics program for 18 weeks, three times a week. The level of gymnastics skills and FMS were identified at the beginning and at the end of the program. The level of gymnastics skills was evaluated by performance of eight artistic gymnastics skills, while FMS were evaluated by the use of FMS-polygon. Physical activity and inactivity was evaluated by using a proxy-questionnaire "Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire˝ (NPAQ). According to the dependent samples t test, significant differences were foun...
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