Subolesin is a conserved molecule in both hard and soft ticks and is considered as an effective candidate molecule for the development of anti-tick vaccine. Previous studies have reported the role of subolesin in blood feeding,... more
Subolesin is a conserved molecule in both hard and soft ticks and is considered as an effective candidate molecule for the development of anti-tick vaccine. Previous studies have reported the role of subolesin in blood feeding, reproduction, development, and gene expression in hard ticks. However, studies addressing the role of subolesin in soft ticks are limited. In this study, we report that subolesin is not only important in soft tick Ornithodoros turicata americanus blood feeding but also in the regulation of innate immune gene expression in these ticks. We identified and characterized several putative innate immune genes including Toll, Lysozyme precursor (Lp), fibrinogen-domain containing protein (FDP), cystatin and ML-domain containing protein (MLD) in O. turicata americanus ticks. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the expression of these genes in both O. turicata americanus salivary glands and midgut and in all developmental stages of these s...
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Introduction: Plastics are the polymer which becomes mobile upon heating and can be casted into moulds. They are non-mettalic compounds and plastic derived materials can be pushed into any desirable shapes. Plastics are used primarily in... more
Introduction: Plastics are the polymer which becomes mobile upon heating and can be casted into moulds. They are non-mettalic compounds and plastic derived materials can be pushed into any desirable shapes. Plastics are used primarily in the packaging industry such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics etc. The most commonly used plastics in the industries are polyethylene (LDPE, MDPE, HDPE, LLDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polybutyrene tetraphthalate (PBT), nylon. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is one of the major sources of environmental pollution. Polyethylene is a polymer made up of repeating units of ethylene monomers. The use of this synthetic polymer is growing at a rate of 12% per year and about 140 million tons of synthetic polymers are produced worldwide each year. It causes serious threats to the environment both during its production and after its disposal. Microorganisms can degrade plastics over 90 genera from bacteria, fungi, amon...
