The paper presents determinants of location of the multicultural complex of archaeological sites ... more The paper presents determinants of location of the multicultural complex of archaeological sites in the vicinity of Ulów, in the Central Roztocze upland region in south-eastern Poland. Archaeological research revealed that in the area assumed to be devoid of settlements, the settlements of prehistoric and historical communities functioned from the Palaeolithic to modern times. The region was also subjected to environmental examination. Location of sites was analysed, taking into account a convenience of communication in a regional scale and local environmental conditions. Analysis of hydrogeological, geomorphological and soil conditions was carried out, taking into account water supply, communication and the farming development. In-depth analysis included micromorphological DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and geological and soil probing. The area was found to be located on the crossing of prehistoric communication routes the course of which depended on the variability of the physiograph...
Due to the presence of multiple caves and rock shelters as well as flint outcrops, Ojcow Upland ... more Due to the presence of multiple caves and rock shelters as well as flint outcrops, Ojcow Upland is a region with an exceptionally high concentration of prehistoric human settlement traces. It has attracted archaeologists for over 150 years, leading to what was considered to have been a proper prospection of the area. Nonetheless, the analysis of airborne laser scanning has recently brought surprising results. In the very centre of the upland, on the densely forested hill ‘Złota Gora’ (Golden Hill), the remains of an exceptionally large defensive structure in the form of several rows of embankments were found. The use of magnetic methods made it possible to confirm their anthropogenic origin and the likely type of embankment construction. In turn, the layout of embankments combined with the results of a surface survey and the analyses of the acquired artefacts and the settlement context speak in favour of linking this defensive structure with a high degree of probability with the Neolithic or Eneolithic, most likely the Lengyel-Polgar cycle or Baden culture. The presence of such a large fortification in the immediate vicinity of flint mines could shed new light on the image of the Late Neolithic-Early/Middle Eneolithic period in this part of Europe.
Konferencja Krzemień jurajski w pradziejach, Kraków, 28-30 września 2017 r., 2017
Spośród licznych skał krzemionkowych występujących na terytorium naszego kraju jedynie jurajskie ... more Spośród licznych skał krzemionkowych występujących na terytorium naszego kraju jedynie jurajskie krzemienie z Jury Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej wykorzystywane były na większą skalę do produkcji skałek pistoletowych i karabinowych. Tylko one posiadają bowiem wystarczająco dobre właściwości krzeszące, niezbędne w przypadku zamków skałkowych. Choć już ponad pół wieku temu B. Ginter i S. Kowalski w swym klasycznym opracowaniu dotyczącym skałkarstwa z okolic Krakowa wskazywali Zelków, gm. Zabierzów, jako jeden z ośrodków tego rzemiosła, to przez dziesięciolecia nie mógł on doczekać się systematycznych badań. Zainteresowanie pozostałościami nowożytnego górnictwa krzemieni rozbudziły dopiero nowe możliwości technologiczne – pojawienie się lotniczego skanowania laserowego (ALS, LiDAR) pozwalającego precyzyjnie obrazować rzeźbę terenu także na terenach leśnych.
Korzystając z tej metody zlokalizowano, precyzyjnie zobrazowano i przeanalizowano trzy punkty nowożytnej eksploatacji krzemienia jurajskiego: Zelków i Karniowice, gm. Zabierzów, oraz Mników, gm. Liszki. Wszystkie one posiadają bardzo dobrze zachowaną antropogeniczną rzeźbę nakopalnianą oraz liczne pracowanie krzemieniarskie na powierzchni. Co niezwykle interesujące, pod względem rzeźby stanowiska te różnią się między sobą, a w parze z tymi odmiennościami idzie także zróżnicowanie stosowanych na ich obszarze technologii krzemieniarskich. Można domniemywać, że odmienności te odzwierciedlają zróżnicowanie chronologiczne stanowisk.
Research on flint mining in Poland has a long history. It started at the beginning of the twentie... more Research on flint mining in Poland has a long history. It started at the beginning of the twentieth century through the pioneering research by S. Krukowski and J. Samsonowicz. Over the years, successive generations of Polish researchers continued investigations of prehistoric extraction and distribution of rich siliceous deposits in the whole country. The advance of new methods of remote sensing opened the way to new research in this topic. The Institute of Archaeology of the University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński in Warsaw since 2011 has been researching prehistoric flint mining using airborne laser scanning (ALS, LiDAR). Within the projects, conducted in the years 2011-2015, we tested nondestructively a number of different mines from a chronological and geological point of view. At this time we have developed a research methodology, allowing remote sensing and verification of new sites and also increase our knowledge about mines already known. Résumé Les recherches sur les minières à silex ont une longue histoire en Pologne. Elles ont débuté au début du XX ème siècle avec les recherches pionnières de S. Krukowski et de J. Samsonowicz. Au cours du temps, plusieurs générations de chercheurs polonais ont perpétué les recherches sur les sites d'extraction préhistoriques, ainsi que sur la répartition des roches siliceuses de bonne qualité, sur l'ensemble du territoire. Les avancées des nouvelles méthodes de télédétection ont ouvert la voie à de nouvelles recherches dans ce domaine. L'Institut d'Archéologie de l'Université Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński à Varsovie, a développé, depuis 2011, un projet de recherches sur les minières à silex préhistoriques en utilisant la détection laser aéroportée (airborne laser scanning, LiDAR). Dans ce projet qui s'est déroulé entre 2011 et 2015, il a donc été possible de travailler de manière non destructive sur différents sites miniers, sur les aspects géologiques et chronologiques. Aujourd'hui, nous avons développé une méthodologie qui nous permet la télédétection et la vérification de nouveaux sites, tout en approfondissant notre connaissance des sites déjà connus.
UISPP Commission on Flint Mining in Pre- and Protohistoric Times. 19-21 September 2019. Program - Abstracts - Field Guide, Sep 2019
The forest growing in the northern part of Karniowice (commune Zabierzów, district Kraków) was th... more The forest growing in the northern part of Karniowice (commune Zabierzów, district Kraków) was the object of interest among researchers dealing with flint mining for a long time. Flint mines used for gunflint production were located on the north-eastern edge of the forest in XVIII and XIX century. The special relation of this region with flint extraction was confirmed in the ’90s during a field survey carried out in the Polish Archaeological Record Program (AZP). On the southern and eastern side of the forest numerous lithic scatters from different time periods were found. According to the method used in AZP program, these places were registered as two sites (AZP-100-55/94 and AZP-100-55/131) with a surface of 15 ha each. The next verification of the forest area was carried out in 2014 thanks to data obtained through LiDAR scanning. Except of the gunflint production site from Zelków, the topographic model of the surface allowed to distinguish the next flint mine in Karniowice, located on the mountain ridge stretching from the top of Góra Krzemionka to the north. Additionally, more detailed interpretation of this topographical model provided signes of mining that are different from the XVIII and XIX century exploitation. Similar traces are visible on other two sites but unfortunately, their structures are strongly damaged by modern plowing or lime quarries. Lithic materials from these sites suggest that flint was extracted there from early Neolithic (linear culture) to the Early Bronze Age. Although the research is still ongoing, we can assume that the Karniowice forest is one of the key regions when it comes to prehistoric flint mining in the south part of Polish Jura.
The paper presents determinants of location of the multicultural complex of archaeological sites ... more The paper presents determinants of location of the multicultural complex of archaeological sites in the vicinity of Ulów, in the Central Roztocze upland region in south-eastern Poland. Archaeological research revealed that in the area assumed to be devoid of settlements, the settlements of prehistoric and historical communities functioned from the Palaeolithic to modern times. The region was also subjected to environmental examination. Location of sites was analysed, taking into account a convenience of communication in a regional scale and local environmental conditions. Analysis of hydrogeological, geomorphological and soil conditions was carried out, taking into account water supply, communication and the farming development. In-depth analysis included micromorphological DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and geological and soil probing. The area was found to be located on the crossing of prehistoric communication routes the course of which depended on the variability of the physiographic parameters of regions. The functioning of new cultures in the same place resulted from specific local conditions such as: easily arable soils, favourable microclimate, and particularly access to water. The presence of a source of water in a plateau area is determined tectonically (strike-slip fault), lithologically (impermeable marl horizon), and geomorphologically (dissection of the aquifer by an erosion-denudation valley).
Due to airborne laser scanning (ALS, LiDAR), the study of flint mines with anthropogenic mining r... more Due to airborne laser scanning (ALS, LiDAR), the study of flint mines with anthropogenic mining relief has become easier. In recent years, the Institute of Archaeology at Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw has been investigating different flint mines in Poland using LiDAR. Along with Project ISOK, which provided free ALS data for Poland, we have been checking all presumed areas, searching for flint mines. In between them was the largest area of gunflints manufacturing known from Poland territory. It is located near Cracow in southern Poland and based on Jurassic flint.
B. Niezabitowska-Wiśniewska, Puławy-Włostowice. Wielokulturowe stanowisko z zachodniej Lubelszczyzny, Lublin, 2018
Książka - monografia stanowiska Puławy-Włostowice, z autorskim udziałem: / Book - monography of t... more Książka - monografia stanowiska Puławy-Włostowice, z autorskim udziałem: / Book - monography of the Puławy-Włostowice site with author's participation: Monica Abreu-Głowacka, Dariusza Gałązka, Mariusz Glapiński, Zdzisław Hensel, Anna Hyrchała, Michał Jakubczak, Wojciech Kociemba, Andrzej Kokowski, Aldona Kurzawska, Paweł Lis, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Dorota Lorkiewicz-Muszyńska, Piotr Mączyński, Eliza Michalak, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Jan Reder, Michał Rychlik, Jacek Szczurowski, Marcin Szeliga, Krystyna Wasylikowa, Krzysztof Wertz, Jarosław Wilczyński, Tadeusz Wiśniewski
This project aims to reconstruct the settlement patterns and palaeoenvironment of the Sąspów Vall... more This project aims to reconstruct the settlement patterns and palaeoenvironment of the Sąspów Valley in the Polish Jura by combining unpublished archaeological fieldwork with results of recent excavations at 13 cave sites.
The paper presents determinants of location of the multicultural complex of archaeological sites ... more The paper presents determinants of location of the multicultural complex of archaeological sites in the vicinity of Ulów, in the Central Roztocze upland region in south-eastern Poland. Archaeological research revealed that in the area assumed to be devoid of settlements, the settlements of prehistoric and historical communities functioned from the Palaeolithic to modern times. The region was also subjected to environmental examination. Location of sites was analysed, taking into account a convenience of communication in a regional scale and local environmental conditions. Analysis of hydrogeological, geomorphological and soil conditions was carried out, taking into account water supply, communication and the farming development. In-depth analysis included micromorphological DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and geological and soil probing. The area was found to be located on the crossing of prehistoric communication routes the course of which depended on the variability of the physiograph...
Due to the presence of multiple caves and rock shelters as well as flint outcrops, Ojcow Upland ... more Due to the presence of multiple caves and rock shelters as well as flint outcrops, Ojcow Upland is a region with an exceptionally high concentration of prehistoric human settlement traces. It has attracted archaeologists for over 150 years, leading to what was considered to have been a proper prospection of the area. Nonetheless, the analysis of airborne laser scanning has recently brought surprising results. In the very centre of the upland, on the densely forested hill ‘Złota Gora’ (Golden Hill), the remains of an exceptionally large defensive structure in the form of several rows of embankments were found. The use of magnetic methods made it possible to confirm their anthropogenic origin and the likely type of embankment construction. In turn, the layout of embankments combined with the results of a surface survey and the analyses of the acquired artefacts and the settlement context speak in favour of linking this defensive structure with a high degree of probability with the Neolithic or Eneolithic, most likely the Lengyel-Polgar cycle or Baden culture. The presence of such a large fortification in the immediate vicinity of flint mines could shed new light on the image of the Late Neolithic-Early/Middle Eneolithic period in this part of Europe.
Konferencja Krzemień jurajski w pradziejach, Kraków, 28-30 września 2017 r., 2017
Spośród licznych skał krzemionkowych występujących na terytorium naszego kraju jedynie jurajskie ... more Spośród licznych skał krzemionkowych występujących na terytorium naszego kraju jedynie jurajskie krzemienie z Jury Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej wykorzystywane były na większą skalę do produkcji skałek pistoletowych i karabinowych. Tylko one posiadają bowiem wystarczająco dobre właściwości krzeszące, niezbędne w przypadku zamków skałkowych. Choć już ponad pół wieku temu B. Ginter i S. Kowalski w swym klasycznym opracowaniu dotyczącym skałkarstwa z okolic Krakowa wskazywali Zelków, gm. Zabierzów, jako jeden z ośrodków tego rzemiosła, to przez dziesięciolecia nie mógł on doczekać się systematycznych badań. Zainteresowanie pozostałościami nowożytnego górnictwa krzemieni rozbudziły dopiero nowe możliwości technologiczne – pojawienie się lotniczego skanowania laserowego (ALS, LiDAR) pozwalającego precyzyjnie obrazować rzeźbę terenu także na terenach leśnych.
Korzystając z tej metody zlokalizowano, precyzyjnie zobrazowano i przeanalizowano trzy punkty nowożytnej eksploatacji krzemienia jurajskiego: Zelków i Karniowice, gm. Zabierzów, oraz Mników, gm. Liszki. Wszystkie one posiadają bardzo dobrze zachowaną antropogeniczną rzeźbę nakopalnianą oraz liczne pracowanie krzemieniarskie na powierzchni. Co niezwykle interesujące, pod względem rzeźby stanowiska te różnią się między sobą, a w parze z tymi odmiennościami idzie także zróżnicowanie stosowanych na ich obszarze technologii krzemieniarskich. Można domniemywać, że odmienności te odzwierciedlają zróżnicowanie chronologiczne stanowisk.
Research on flint mining in Poland has a long history. It started at the beginning of the twentie... more Research on flint mining in Poland has a long history. It started at the beginning of the twentieth century through the pioneering research by S. Krukowski and J. Samsonowicz. Over the years, successive generations of Polish researchers continued investigations of prehistoric extraction and distribution of rich siliceous deposits in the whole country. The advance of new methods of remote sensing opened the way to new research in this topic. The Institute of Archaeology of the University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński in Warsaw since 2011 has been researching prehistoric flint mining using airborne laser scanning (ALS, LiDAR). Within the projects, conducted in the years 2011-2015, we tested nondestructively a number of different mines from a chronological and geological point of view. At this time we have developed a research methodology, allowing remote sensing and verification of new sites and also increase our knowledge about mines already known. Résumé Les recherches sur les minières à silex ont une longue histoire en Pologne. Elles ont débuté au début du XX ème siècle avec les recherches pionnières de S. Krukowski et de J. Samsonowicz. Au cours du temps, plusieurs générations de chercheurs polonais ont perpétué les recherches sur les sites d'extraction préhistoriques, ainsi que sur la répartition des roches siliceuses de bonne qualité, sur l'ensemble du territoire. Les avancées des nouvelles méthodes de télédétection ont ouvert la voie à de nouvelles recherches dans ce domaine. L'Institut d'Archéologie de l'Université Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński à Varsovie, a développé, depuis 2011, un projet de recherches sur les minières à silex préhistoriques en utilisant la détection laser aéroportée (airborne laser scanning, LiDAR). Dans ce projet qui s'est déroulé entre 2011 et 2015, il a donc été possible de travailler de manière non destructive sur différents sites miniers, sur les aspects géologiques et chronologiques. Aujourd'hui, nous avons développé une méthodologie qui nous permet la télédétection et la vérification de nouveaux sites, tout en approfondissant notre connaissance des sites déjà connus.
UISPP Commission on Flint Mining in Pre- and Protohistoric Times. 19-21 September 2019. Program - Abstracts - Field Guide, Sep 2019
The forest growing in the northern part of Karniowice (commune Zabierzów, district Kraków) was th... more The forest growing in the northern part of Karniowice (commune Zabierzów, district Kraków) was the object of interest among researchers dealing with flint mining for a long time. Flint mines used for gunflint production were located on the north-eastern edge of the forest in XVIII and XIX century. The special relation of this region with flint extraction was confirmed in the ’90s during a field survey carried out in the Polish Archaeological Record Program (AZP). On the southern and eastern side of the forest numerous lithic scatters from different time periods were found. According to the method used in AZP program, these places were registered as two sites (AZP-100-55/94 and AZP-100-55/131) with a surface of 15 ha each. The next verification of the forest area was carried out in 2014 thanks to data obtained through LiDAR scanning. Except of the gunflint production site from Zelków, the topographic model of the surface allowed to distinguish the next flint mine in Karniowice, located on the mountain ridge stretching from the top of Góra Krzemionka to the north. Additionally, more detailed interpretation of this topographical model provided signes of mining that are different from the XVIII and XIX century exploitation. Similar traces are visible on other two sites but unfortunately, their structures are strongly damaged by modern plowing or lime quarries. Lithic materials from these sites suggest that flint was extracted there from early Neolithic (linear culture) to the Early Bronze Age. Although the research is still ongoing, we can assume that the Karniowice forest is one of the key regions when it comes to prehistoric flint mining in the south part of Polish Jura.
The paper presents determinants of location of the multicultural complex of archaeological sites ... more The paper presents determinants of location of the multicultural complex of archaeological sites in the vicinity of Ulów, in the Central Roztocze upland region in south-eastern Poland. Archaeological research revealed that in the area assumed to be devoid of settlements, the settlements of prehistoric and historical communities functioned from the Palaeolithic to modern times. The region was also subjected to environmental examination. Location of sites was analysed, taking into account a convenience of communication in a regional scale and local environmental conditions. Analysis of hydrogeological, geomorphological and soil conditions was carried out, taking into account water supply, communication and the farming development. In-depth analysis included micromorphological DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and geological and soil probing. The area was found to be located on the crossing of prehistoric communication routes the course of which depended on the variability of the physiographic parameters of regions. The functioning of new cultures in the same place resulted from specific local conditions such as: easily arable soils, favourable microclimate, and particularly access to water. The presence of a source of water in a plateau area is determined tectonically (strike-slip fault), lithologically (impermeable marl horizon), and geomorphologically (dissection of the aquifer by an erosion-denudation valley).
Due to airborne laser scanning (ALS, LiDAR), the study of flint mines with anthropogenic mining r... more Due to airborne laser scanning (ALS, LiDAR), the study of flint mines with anthropogenic mining relief has become easier. In recent years, the Institute of Archaeology at Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw has been investigating different flint mines in Poland using LiDAR. Along with Project ISOK, which provided free ALS data for Poland, we have been checking all presumed areas, searching for flint mines. In between them was the largest area of gunflints manufacturing known from Poland territory. It is located near Cracow in southern Poland and based on Jurassic flint.
B. Niezabitowska-Wiśniewska, Puławy-Włostowice. Wielokulturowe stanowisko z zachodniej Lubelszczyzny, Lublin, 2018
Książka - monografia stanowiska Puławy-Włostowice, z autorskim udziałem: / Book - monography of t... more Książka - monografia stanowiska Puławy-Włostowice, z autorskim udziałem: / Book - monography of the Puławy-Włostowice site with author's participation: Monica Abreu-Głowacka, Dariusza Gałązka, Mariusz Glapiński, Zdzisław Hensel, Anna Hyrchała, Michał Jakubczak, Wojciech Kociemba, Andrzej Kokowski, Aldona Kurzawska, Paweł Lis, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Dorota Lorkiewicz-Muszyńska, Piotr Mączyński, Eliza Michalak, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Jan Reder, Michał Rychlik, Jacek Szczurowski, Marcin Szeliga, Krystyna Wasylikowa, Krzysztof Wertz, Jarosław Wilczyński, Tadeusz Wiśniewski
This project aims to reconstruct the settlement patterns and palaeoenvironment of the Sąspów Vall... more This project aims to reconstruct the settlement patterns and palaeoenvironment of the Sąspów Valley in the Polish Jura by combining unpublished archaeological fieldwork with results of recent excavations at 13 cave sites.
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the analysis of airborne laser scanning has recently brought surprising results. In the very centre of the upland, on the densely forested hill ‘Złota Gora’ (Golden Hill), the remains of an exceptionally large defensive structure in the form of several rows of embankments were found. The use of magnetic methods made it possible to confirm
their anthropogenic origin and the likely type of embankment construction. In turn, the layout of embankments combined with the results of a surface survey and the analyses of the acquired artefacts and the settlement context speak in favour of linking this defensive structure with a high degree of probability with the Neolithic or
Eneolithic, most likely the Lengyel-Polgar cycle or Baden culture. The presence of such a large fortification in the immediate vicinity of flint mines could shed new light on the image of the Late Neolithic-Early/Middle Eneolithic period in this part of Europe.
Korzystając z tej metody zlokalizowano, precyzyjnie zobrazowano i przeanalizowano trzy punkty nowożytnej eksploatacji krzemienia jurajskiego: Zelków i Karniowice, gm. Zabierzów, oraz Mników, gm. Liszki. Wszystkie one posiadają bardzo dobrze zachowaną antropogeniczną rzeźbę nakopalnianą oraz liczne pracowanie krzemieniarskie na powierzchni. Co niezwykle interesujące, pod względem rzeźby stanowiska te różnią się między sobą, a w parze z tymi odmiennościami idzie także zróżnicowanie stosowanych na ich obszarze technologii krzemieniarskich. Można domniemywać, że odmienności te odzwierciedlają zróżnicowanie chronologiczne stanowisk.
The next verification of the forest area was carried out in 2014 thanks to data obtained through LiDAR scanning. Except of the gunflint production site from Zelków, the topographic model of the surface allowed to distinguish the next flint mine in Karniowice, located on the mountain ridge stretching from the top of Góra Krzemionka to the north. Additionally, more detailed interpretation of this topographical model provided signes of mining that are different from the XVIII and XIX century exploitation. Similar traces are visible on other two sites but unfortunately, their structures are strongly damaged by modern plowing or lime quarries.
Lithic materials from these sites suggest that flint was extracted there from early Neolithic (linear culture) to the Early Bronze Age. Although the research is still ongoing, we can assume that the Karniowice forest is one of the key regions when it comes to prehistoric flint mining in the south part of Polish Jura.
in the Central Roztocze upland region in south-eastern Poland. Archaeological research revealed that in the area assumed
to be devoid of settlements, the settlements of prehistoric and historical communities functioned from the Palaeolithic to
modern times. The region was also subjected to environmental examination. Location of sites was analysed, taking into
account a convenience of communication in a regional scale and local environmental conditions. Analysis of hydrogeological, geomorphological and soil conditions was carried out, taking into account water supply, communication and the
farming development. In-depth analysis included micromorphological DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and geological and
soil probing. The area was found to be located on the crossing of prehistoric communication routes the course of which
depended on the variability of the physiographic parameters of regions. The functioning of new cultures in the same
place resulted from specific local conditions such as: easily arable soils, favourable microclimate, and particularly access
to water. The presence of a source of water in a plateau area is determined tectonically (strike-slip fault), lithologically
(impermeable marl horizon), and geomorphologically (dissection of the aquifer by an erosion-denudation valley).
the analysis of airborne laser scanning has recently brought surprising results. In the very centre of the upland, on the densely forested hill ‘Złota Gora’ (Golden Hill), the remains of an exceptionally large defensive structure in the form of several rows of embankments were found. The use of magnetic methods made it possible to confirm
their anthropogenic origin and the likely type of embankment construction. In turn, the layout of embankments combined with the results of a surface survey and the analyses of the acquired artefacts and the settlement context speak in favour of linking this defensive structure with a high degree of probability with the Neolithic or
Eneolithic, most likely the Lengyel-Polgar cycle or Baden culture. The presence of such a large fortification in the immediate vicinity of flint mines could shed new light on the image of the Late Neolithic-Early/Middle Eneolithic period in this part of Europe.
Korzystając z tej metody zlokalizowano, precyzyjnie zobrazowano i przeanalizowano trzy punkty nowożytnej eksploatacji krzemienia jurajskiego: Zelków i Karniowice, gm. Zabierzów, oraz Mników, gm. Liszki. Wszystkie one posiadają bardzo dobrze zachowaną antropogeniczną rzeźbę nakopalnianą oraz liczne pracowanie krzemieniarskie na powierzchni. Co niezwykle interesujące, pod względem rzeźby stanowiska te różnią się między sobą, a w parze z tymi odmiennościami idzie także zróżnicowanie stosowanych na ich obszarze technologii krzemieniarskich. Można domniemywać, że odmienności te odzwierciedlają zróżnicowanie chronologiczne stanowisk.
The next verification of the forest area was carried out in 2014 thanks to data obtained through LiDAR scanning. Except of the gunflint production site from Zelków, the topographic model of the surface allowed to distinguish the next flint mine in Karniowice, located on the mountain ridge stretching from the top of Góra Krzemionka to the north. Additionally, more detailed interpretation of this topographical model provided signes of mining that are different from the XVIII and XIX century exploitation. Similar traces are visible on other two sites but unfortunately, their structures are strongly damaged by modern plowing or lime quarries.
Lithic materials from these sites suggest that flint was extracted there from early Neolithic (linear culture) to the Early Bronze Age. Although the research is still ongoing, we can assume that the Karniowice forest is one of the key regions when it comes to prehistoric flint mining in the south part of Polish Jura.
in the Central Roztocze upland region in south-eastern Poland. Archaeological research revealed that in the area assumed
to be devoid of settlements, the settlements of prehistoric and historical communities functioned from the Palaeolithic to
modern times. The region was also subjected to environmental examination. Location of sites was analysed, taking into
account a convenience of communication in a regional scale and local environmental conditions. Analysis of hydrogeological, geomorphological and soil conditions was carried out, taking into account water supply, communication and the
farming development. In-depth analysis included micromorphological DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and geological and
soil probing. The area was found to be located on the crossing of prehistoric communication routes the course of which
depended on the variability of the physiographic parameters of regions. The functioning of new cultures in the same
place resulted from specific local conditions such as: easily arable soils, favourable microclimate, and particularly access
to water. The presence of a source of water in a plateau area is determined tectonically (strike-slip fault), lithologically
(impermeable marl horizon), and geomorphologically (dissection of the aquifer by an erosion-denudation valley).