This book discusses concerns for the sensitive environments and ecosystems of Antarctica and look... more This book discusses concerns for the sensitive environments and ecosystems of Antarctica and looks ahead to the state of the continent as it might be in 2060. At the beginning of the 21st century, Antarctica stands at the edge of a warmer and busier world. The editors have gathered leading researchers to examine the challenges of Antarctic environmental governance, and to address such important questions as: What future will Business-As-Usual bring to the Antarctic environment? Will a Business-As-Usual future be compatible with the objectives set out under the Antarctic Treaty, especially its Protocol on Environmental Protection? What actions are necessary to bring about alternative futures for the next 50 years?
An introductory chapter sets the scene by tracing the history of human activities, and the development of international legislation and other governance initiatives, for managing environmental impacts in Antarctica. Section A: Species and Ecosystems examines the future state of Antarctic ecosystems in general, and specifically focuses on baleen whales, fisheries, introduction of non-native species, and the consequences of human trampling on soils. Section B: Regional Case Studies offers detailed summaries of human activities and environmental management in three distinct regions - Fildes Peninsula and Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, and McMurdo Station in the Ross Sea region - as microcosms of current practice from which lessons can be learned. Section C: Actors and Sectors offers a diverse set of perspectives from representatives of environmental non-governmental organizations and governmental institutions as well as from tourism and sustainability researchers on how Antarctica is used, valued and governed, and how strategic thinking can assist in exploring, and potentially reaching, desirable futures for the Antarctic environment. The conclusion chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and calls for integrating a strategic vision into all aspects of Antarctic environmental governance.
The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability, 2015
Lamers, M., Eijgelaar, E., & Amelung, B. (2015). The Environmental Challenges of Cruise T... more Lamers, M., Eijgelaar, E., & Amelung, B. (2015). The Environmental Challenges of Cruise Tourism: Impacts and Governance. In C. M. Hall, S. Gössling & D. Scott (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability (pp. 430-439). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
The scope and intensity of human activity in the Antarctic region has changed considerably over t... more The scope and intensity of human activity in the Antarctic region has changed considerably over the past 100 years, resulting in significant modifications to the Antarctic environment and its ecosystems, and to the institutional arrangements governing human activities. Since the nineteenth century, Antarctica has seen periods of heavy resource exploitation followed more latterly by swells of governmental scientific research programmes which have, in turn, led to a plethora of international agreements. By the end of the twentieth century, commercial tourism was also firmly established. Development in human engagement with the Antarctic environment has been accompanied by changes in human values, technologies and ways of thinking. This chapter sets the scene for the entire volume by providing a historical background on human activities, their management and their implications, which other chapters build upon. The purpose of this chapter is not to explore the full breadth of human activities, environmental impacts and governance arrangements in Antarctica. Rather, it aims to provide a contextual framework that can be used to anchor together the diverse subjects treated in the subsequent chapters.
The Antarctic Treaty System has established the strategic vision of Antarctica as a natural reser... more The Antarctic Treaty System has established the strategic vision of Antarctica as a natural reserve, set aside for peace and science in the interest of all of humankind. However, the strategic focus that is implied by the notion of a stable, long-term institutional arrangement is not reflected in the system’s current operating rules and regulatory decisions. A combination of the growing human footprint, avoidance to deal with contentious issues, weaknesses in the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment process and lack of strategic thinking in the environmental management of the Antarctic region as a whole contribute to the accumulation of environmental impacts, the degradation of the once-pristine Antarctic environment and the attrition of Antarctica’s unique values. Experiences in the use of strategic thinking and strategic environmental assessment tools in and outside of Antarctica represent exemplars that can be adopted by stakeholders in an Antarctic setting and can be scaled up to the Antarctic region as a whole. A more strategic approach to environmental governance in Antarctica should consist of different components, including strategic thinking (resulting in visions, goals and action plans), planning, decision making (engaging decision makers to commit the necessary resources to implement decisions), implementation and monitoring (observing and reflecting on the effectiveness of actions). In view of growing global interests in Antarctic activities and resources and the loss of Antarctic exceptionalism, a more collective and structural approach to strategic governance is necessary to guarantee the future sustainability of the Antarctic region.
ABSTRACT This article adopts the Policy Arrangements Approach to study how the stability of conse... more ABSTRACT This article adopts the Policy Arrangements Approach to study how the stability of conservation tourism partnerships is governed. Our study compares two private-community partnerships in Kenya to explore how incongruences resulting from internal dynamics and external challenges are faced. Drawing on the notion of metagovernance, the article examines the roles of the actors involved in ensuring internal and external congruence. It is concluded that conservation tourism PCPs are adaptive entities that need to be actively governed, to ensure long term outcomes that are effective and democratic, and that both state and non-state actors can take on this role.
This paper examines the evolving and innovatory role of the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), an... more This paper examines the evolving and innovatory role of the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), an NGO with charitable status, in dealing with the challenge of protecting wildlife outside state-protected areas. Drawing on the theoretical framework of institutional entrepreneurship, we historically trace AWF's engagement in conservation tourism, describing the complexities of how its actions evolved into the new organizational form of tourism conservation enterprises. We identify four key mechanisms – its “glocal” scope of action, awareness of policy and market voids, experimentation and hiring business professionals – that explain why AWF became aware, motivated and open to developing this organizational form. Lessons emerging from this process include that conservation NGOs should act as “opportunity seekers”, focus on incremental rather than radical innovations, note voids and ambiguities in governmental policies that provide opportunities for non-state actors to assume the role of institutional entrepreneur, and hire staff skilled in business, tourism and strategic management besides staff with the more conventional conservation skills in order to effectively engage in conservation tourism. Overall, the paper notes the importance of commercial conservation tourism approaches for the work of protected areas worldwide, and in using tourism as a poverty alleviation tool in less developed countries.
This book discusses concerns for the sensitive environments and ecosystems of Antarctica and look... more This book discusses concerns for the sensitive environments and ecosystems of Antarctica and looks ahead to the state of the continent as it might be in 2060. At the beginning of the 21st century, Antarctica stands at the edge of a warmer and busier world. The editors have gathered leading researchers to examine the challenges of Antarctic environmental governance, and to address such important questions as: What future will Business-As-Usual bring to the Antarctic environment? Will a Business-As-Usual future be compatible with the objectives set out under the Antarctic Treaty, especially its Protocol on Environmental Protection? What actions are necessary to bring about alternative futures for the next 50 years?
An introductory chapter sets the scene by tracing the history of human activities, and the development of international legislation and other governance initiatives, for managing environmental impacts in Antarctica. Section A: Species and Ecosystems examines the future state of Antarctic ecosystems in general, and specifically focuses on baleen whales, fisheries, introduction of non-native species, and the consequences of human trampling on soils. Section B: Regional Case Studies offers detailed summaries of human activities and environmental management in three distinct regions - Fildes Peninsula and Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, and McMurdo Station in the Ross Sea region - as microcosms of current practice from which lessons can be learned. Section C: Actors and Sectors offers a diverse set of perspectives from representatives of environmental non-governmental organizations and governmental institutions as well as from tourism and sustainability researchers on how Antarctica is used, valued and governed, and how strategic thinking can assist in exploring, and potentially reaching, desirable futures for the Antarctic environment. The conclusion chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and calls for integrating a strategic vision into all aspects of Antarctic environmental governance.
The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability, 2015
Lamers, M., Eijgelaar, E., & Amelung, B. (2015). The Environmental Challenges of Cruise T... more Lamers, M., Eijgelaar, E., & Amelung, B. (2015). The Environmental Challenges of Cruise Tourism: Impacts and Governance. In C. M. Hall, S. Gössling & D. Scott (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability (pp. 430-439). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
The scope and intensity of human activity in the Antarctic region has changed considerably over t... more The scope and intensity of human activity in the Antarctic region has changed considerably over the past 100 years, resulting in significant modifications to the Antarctic environment and its ecosystems, and to the institutional arrangements governing human activities. Since the nineteenth century, Antarctica has seen periods of heavy resource exploitation followed more latterly by swells of governmental scientific research programmes which have, in turn, led to a plethora of international agreements. By the end of the twentieth century, commercial tourism was also firmly established. Development in human engagement with the Antarctic environment has been accompanied by changes in human values, technologies and ways of thinking. This chapter sets the scene for the entire volume by providing a historical background on human activities, their management and their implications, which other chapters build upon. The purpose of this chapter is not to explore the full breadth of human activities, environmental impacts and governance arrangements in Antarctica. Rather, it aims to provide a contextual framework that can be used to anchor together the diverse subjects treated in the subsequent chapters.
The Antarctic Treaty System has established the strategic vision of Antarctica as a natural reser... more The Antarctic Treaty System has established the strategic vision of Antarctica as a natural reserve, set aside for peace and science in the interest of all of humankind. However, the strategic focus that is implied by the notion of a stable, long-term institutional arrangement is not reflected in the system’s current operating rules and regulatory decisions. A combination of the growing human footprint, avoidance to deal with contentious issues, weaknesses in the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment process and lack of strategic thinking in the environmental management of the Antarctic region as a whole contribute to the accumulation of environmental impacts, the degradation of the once-pristine Antarctic environment and the attrition of Antarctica’s unique values. Experiences in the use of strategic thinking and strategic environmental assessment tools in and outside of Antarctica represent exemplars that can be adopted by stakeholders in an Antarctic setting and can be scaled up to the Antarctic region as a whole. A more strategic approach to environmental governance in Antarctica should consist of different components, including strategic thinking (resulting in visions, goals and action plans), planning, decision making (engaging decision makers to commit the necessary resources to implement decisions), implementation and monitoring (observing and reflecting on the effectiveness of actions). In view of growing global interests in Antarctic activities and resources and the loss of Antarctic exceptionalism, a more collective and structural approach to strategic governance is necessary to guarantee the future sustainability of the Antarctic region.
ABSTRACT This article adopts the Policy Arrangements Approach to study how the stability of conse... more ABSTRACT This article adopts the Policy Arrangements Approach to study how the stability of conservation tourism partnerships is governed. Our study compares two private-community partnerships in Kenya to explore how incongruences resulting from internal dynamics and external challenges are faced. Drawing on the notion of metagovernance, the article examines the roles of the actors involved in ensuring internal and external congruence. It is concluded that conservation tourism PCPs are adaptive entities that need to be actively governed, to ensure long term outcomes that are effective and democratic, and that both state and non-state actors can take on this role.
This paper examines the evolving and innovatory role of the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), an... more This paper examines the evolving and innovatory role of the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), an NGO with charitable status, in dealing with the challenge of protecting wildlife outside state-protected areas. Drawing on the theoretical framework of institutional entrepreneurship, we historically trace AWF's engagement in conservation tourism, describing the complexities of how its actions evolved into the new organizational form of tourism conservation enterprises. We identify four key mechanisms – its “glocal” scope of action, awareness of policy and market voids, experimentation and hiring business professionals – that explain why AWF became aware, motivated and open to developing this organizational form. Lessons emerging from this process include that conservation NGOs should act as “opportunity seekers”, focus on incremental rather than radical innovations, note voids and ambiguities in governmental policies that provide opportunities for non-state actors to assume the role of institutional entrepreneur, and hire staff skilled in business, tourism and strategic management besides staff with the more conventional conservation skills in order to effectively engage in conservation tourism. Overall, the paper notes the importance of commercial conservation tourism approaches for the work of protected areas worldwide, and in using tourism as a poverty alleviation tool in less developed countries.
Uploads
Books by M. Lamers
An introductory chapter sets the scene by tracing the history of human activities, and the development of international legislation and other governance initiatives, for managing environmental impacts in Antarctica. Section A: Species and Ecosystems examines the future state of Antarctic ecosystems in general, and specifically focuses on baleen whales, fisheries, introduction of non-native species, and the consequences of human trampling on soils. Section B: Regional Case Studies offers detailed summaries of human activities and environmental management in three distinct regions - Fildes Peninsula and Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, and McMurdo Station in the Ross Sea region - as microcosms of current practice from which lessons can be learned. Section C: Actors and Sectors offers a diverse set of perspectives from representatives of environmental non-governmental organizations and governmental institutions as well as from tourism and sustainability researchers on how Antarctica is used, valued and governed, and how strategic thinking can assist in exploring, and potentially reaching, desirable futures for the Antarctic environment. The conclusion chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and calls for integrating a strategic vision into all aspects of Antarctic environmental governance.
Papers by M. Lamers
An introductory chapter sets the scene by tracing the history of human activities, and the development of international legislation and other governance initiatives, for managing environmental impacts in Antarctica. Section A: Species and Ecosystems examines the future state of Antarctic ecosystems in general, and specifically focuses on baleen whales, fisheries, introduction of non-native species, and the consequences of human trampling on soils. Section B: Regional Case Studies offers detailed summaries of human activities and environmental management in three distinct regions - Fildes Peninsula and Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, and McMurdo Station in the Ross Sea region - as microcosms of current practice from which lessons can be learned. Section C: Actors and Sectors offers a diverse set of perspectives from representatives of environmental non-governmental organizations and governmental institutions as well as from tourism and sustainability researchers on how Antarctica is used, valued and governed, and how strategic thinking can assist in exploring, and potentially reaching, desirable futures for the Antarctic environment. The conclusion chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and calls for integrating a strategic vision into all aspects of Antarctic environmental governance.