Marina Hughson (Blagojevic)
Marina Hughson (former Blagojevic)
marinablago@gmail.com
Marina Hughson ( former Blagojević), PhD, holds a position of research professor at the Institute for Criminological and Sociological Research (IKSI) in Belgrade and she is a director of AlteraMB - Research and Consultancy. She is a sociologist, social demographer, as well as gender scholar and gender expert. Marina Blagojević was President of the Sociological Society of Serbia and Director of the Institute for Sociological Research of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade. Ms. Blagojević authored a large number of scientific publications (over 150) in the field of sociology, demography and gender studies, and she also authored and edited a number of books (over 20). She was one of the leaders of the women's movement in the 1990s in Belgrade, and one of the founders of Women's Studies, Women's Party, Women's Parliament, Women's Initiatives Association (AŽIN) and other non-governmental organisations. She is the initiator of the first international feminist post-communist conference What Can We do for Ourselves? (Belgrade 1994) and the first Forum of Non-Governmental Organisations in Serbia (1997). Marina initiated the foundation of the Section for Feminist Research and Critical Studies of Masculinity (SEFEM) and was its President in the period 2014-2017. As a university professor, she has lectured at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, in Podgorica, Sarajevo, Budapest, but also in the USA, Germany and Austria upon invitation. In the capacity of an international expert, she worked on various projects for different governments and international organisations (UNDP, UNIFEM, UN Women, USAID, IFAD, FAO) in some fifteen countries in transition. She was engaged by the European Commission as expert and author of a study on the situation of women in South-East Europe for the needs of the European Parliament, based on which the European Parliament Resolution on Women in South-East Europe 2003/2128 - INI was adopted.Marina Hughson is also the author of a large number of empirical research studies on gender relations, including Gender Barometers in the region (B&H, Serbia, Montenegro). Over the past ten years Marina has also been involved in the critical studies of men and masculinities and has been cooperating intensively with Professor Jeff Hearn, the world's leading author in this field. She is a member of Research Group on Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities, Centre for Feminist Social Studies, Örebro University in Sweden. Marina co-authored the following book: Rethinking Transnational Men: Beyond, Between and Within Nations (Hearn, Blagojević, Harrison, Routledge, 2013), and she is presently coeditingThe Unsustainable Institutions of Men: Gender Power and the Contradictions of Transnational Dispersed Centres (Hearn, Vasquez del Augila, Hughson, 2018, Routledge). Recently, she published the book entitled Men in Serbia:The Other Side of Gender In/equality (Hughson, 2017).Her current interests include projects related to knowledge production (non-hegemonic sociology) - this cycle of work began with her book Knowledge Production at the Semiperiphery: A Gender Perspective (2009); and the development of the “theory of semiperipherality”(Hughson, Poluperiferija i rod: pobuna konteksta, 2015), and further research in the field of gender studies and gender policy.
marinablago@gmail.com
Marina Hughson ( former Blagojević), PhD, holds a position of research professor at the Institute for Criminological and Sociological Research (IKSI) in Belgrade and she is a director of AlteraMB - Research and Consultancy. She is a sociologist, social demographer, as well as gender scholar and gender expert. Marina Blagojević was President of the Sociological Society of Serbia and Director of the Institute for Sociological Research of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade. Ms. Blagojević authored a large number of scientific publications (over 150) in the field of sociology, demography and gender studies, and she also authored and edited a number of books (over 20). She was one of the leaders of the women's movement in the 1990s in Belgrade, and one of the founders of Women's Studies, Women's Party, Women's Parliament, Women's Initiatives Association (AŽIN) and other non-governmental organisations. She is the initiator of the first international feminist post-communist conference What Can We do for Ourselves? (Belgrade 1994) and the first Forum of Non-Governmental Organisations in Serbia (1997). Marina initiated the foundation of the Section for Feminist Research and Critical Studies of Masculinity (SEFEM) and was its President in the period 2014-2017. As a university professor, she has lectured at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, in Podgorica, Sarajevo, Budapest, but also in the USA, Germany and Austria upon invitation. In the capacity of an international expert, she worked on various projects for different governments and international organisations (UNDP, UNIFEM, UN Women, USAID, IFAD, FAO) in some fifteen countries in transition. She was engaged by the European Commission as expert and author of a study on the situation of women in South-East Europe for the needs of the European Parliament, based on which the European Parliament Resolution on Women in South-East Europe 2003/2128 - INI was adopted.Marina Hughson is also the author of a large number of empirical research studies on gender relations, including Gender Barometers in the region (B&H, Serbia, Montenegro). Over the past ten years Marina has also been involved in the critical studies of men and masculinities and has been cooperating intensively with Professor Jeff Hearn, the world's leading author in this field. She is a member of Research Group on Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities, Centre for Feminist Social Studies, Örebro University in Sweden. Marina co-authored the following book: Rethinking Transnational Men: Beyond, Between and Within Nations (Hearn, Blagojević, Harrison, Routledge, 2013), and she is presently coeditingThe Unsustainable Institutions of Men: Gender Power and the Contradictions of Transnational Dispersed Centres (Hearn, Vasquez del Augila, Hughson, 2018, Routledge). Recently, she published the book entitled Men in Serbia:The Other Side of Gender In/equality (Hughson, 2017).Her current interests include projects related to knowledge production (non-hegemonic sociology) - this cycle of work began with her book Knowledge Production at the Semiperiphery: A Gender Perspective (2009); and the development of the “theory of semiperipherality”(Hughson, Poluperiferija i rod: pobuna konteksta, 2015), and further research in the field of gender studies and gender policy.
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Books by Marina Hughson (Blagojevic)
Unsustainable Institutions of Men examines men’s dealings in transnational processes across the economy, politics, technologies and bodies. In exploring the men’s domination of institutions in national and transnational realms this volume underpins a novel approach built around multiple "dispersed centres" of men’s power. Indeed, in critical discussions of men and masculinities there has been a gradual shift in focus from the local, so-called ‘ethnographic moment’, to a broader view encompassing several dynamics (e.g. global, transnational, international, postcolonial and the global north-south). Building on this conceptual move, Unsustainable Institutions of Men focuses on pinpointing masculine actions and influences that support and enact transnational processes, disclosing those connections and examining institutional alternatives which could contribute to more inclusive and democratic transnational dialogues.
Comprised of a range of international contributions, Unsustainable Institutions of Men will appeal to students, researchers, experts and activists seeking to understand the deep structural conditions of contemporary globalized threats, created by old and new patterns of gender power and transnational patriarchies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
VOICES OF MEN...
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORETICAL AND HYPOTHETICAL FRAMEWORK OF RESEARCH
3. MEN IN PUBLIC POLICIES AND STATISTICS
4. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE
5. RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PRIMARY FAMILY
6. EXPERIENCE OF VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
7. RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PRESENT FAMILY
8. PARENTING
9. SEXUALITY, SEX WORK AND TRANSACTIONAL SEX
10. PERPETRATION OF VIOLENCE AND VIOLENT VICTIMISATION IN THE LIVES OF ADULT MEN
11. HEALTH
12. WAR EXPERIENCES
13. IDENTITY
14. GEM SCALE AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITY
15. NEW GENDER PATTERNS? RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
16. CONCLUSION: CHANGES, RESISTANCES AND CHALLENGES
17. RECOMMENDATIONS: KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH
18. Bibliography
Appendices
Acknowledgments.......................................................................7
Introduction ...........................................................................11
Personal Trajectory through the Knowledge Maze ...............11
The Semiperipheral Perspective:
Organization of the Book.......................................................22
Chapter 1
Non-‘White’ Whites, Non-European Europeans and
Gendered Non-Citizens: On A Possible Epistemic
Strategy from the Semiperiphery of Europe ............................27
Chapter 2
Creators, Transmitters and Users: Women’s
Scientific Excellence at the Semiperiphery of Europe............65
Chapter 3
Gender and Knowledge at the Balkan
Semiperiphery: Women in Science ..........................................97
Chapter 4
Hungarian Women Scientists Returnees: Becoming
a Cultural Minority or Being Integrated into the Elite? ....... 119
Chapter 5
Women Professionals from the Semiperiphery
of Europe: New European Proletariat? .................................. 161
Chapter 6
Nomadic Scientists in a Transnational
Landscape: Practicing Intersectionality................................. 179
Chapter 7
Shifting the Paradigm: Arguing for the
Positive History Approach......................................................201
Conclusion: Towards an Abundance Paradigm.................227
Literature.................................................................................241
6
ZAHVALNICA
REZIME
GLASOVI MUŠKARACA...
1. UVOD
2. TEORIJSKO-HIPOTETIČKI OKVIR ISTRAŽIVANJA
3. MUŠKARCI U JAVNIM POLITIKAMA I STATISTICI
4. SOCIO-DEMOGRAFSKE KARAKTERSITIKE UZORKA
5. ODNOSI U PRIMARNOJ PORODICI
6. ISKUSTVO NASILJA U DETINJSTVU I MLADOSTI
7. ODNOSI U SADAŠNJOJ PORODICI
8. RODITELJSTVO
9. SEKSUALNOST, SEKSUALNI RAD I TRANSAKCIONI SEKS
10. VRŠENJE I TRPLJENJE NASILJA U ŽIVOTIMA ODRASLIH MUŠKARACA
11. ZDRAVLJE
12. RATNA ISKUSTVA
13. IDENTITET
14. GEM SKALA I STAVOVI O RODNOJ RAVNOPRAVNOSTI
15. NOVI RODNI OBRASCI? REZULTATI KVALITATIVNOG ISTRAŽIVANJA
16. ZAKLJUČAK: PROMENE, OTPORI I IZAZOVI
17. PREPORUKE: ZNANJE I ISTRAŽIVANJA
18. Reference
Dodaci
Marina Hughson: EDITOR'S WORD
This thematic issue of Sociologija Journal is published under the title
„Feminism, Knowledge Production and Social Change: Critical Perspectives from the Semiperiphery of Europe”. It consists of 23 papers which offer an interesting and evolving overview of what are the epistemic, theoretical,institutional, political and contextual challenges when dealing with feminist knowledge production at the semiperiphery of Europe, and beyond. Some of them also provide us with fresh insights into new feminist research in the region. This issue mainly brings together presentations delivered at the Workshop organized in Belgrade on 25th of November 2017, together with a few other texts which were
added to the collection, since they are well-suited to this overall thematic issue. We bring together authors from different countries of the semiperiphery, who have done research based in different theoretical approaches and with different methodologies, often interdisciplinary. The Workshop was organized by SEFEM,(Section for feminist research and critical studies on masculinities).The reason behind organizing a workshop and editing this thematic issue is that, despite the fact that feminism and women’s movements in Eastern and Southeastern Europe continuously generate high level interests in transnational gender study communities, the links between sociology, social research and
feminism in the societies in question are consistently weak, and feminist
knowledge is only marginally connected to mainstream sociology as an academic discipline. Further on, theoretical advancements in sociology, social theory and feminist theory develop mostly independently and without a dialogue. In countries “in transition” feminism has been largely understood as daily political practice and reduced to “policy making” while its fundamental transformational role in knowledge production and consequently in the production of progressive social change has been marginalized. Feminist theoreticians and researchers are covered by the veil of invisibility, and their knowledge contributions are seen
as irrelevant to the main body of knowledge, as non-objective and often highly “ideologized”. The space for introduction of feminist knowledge as fundamental critical knowledge, which supports social ransformation in its depth, has been severely limited. On the other hand, gender studies communities often do not show enough interest in defining contextually relevant knowledge, and instead, mostly engage in transmission of knowledge from the “core”, often even without adequate translation into the respective social and discursive contexts. Present practices of scientific measurements which favor “core” and, more specifically,
Anglo-Saxon based knowledge hierarchies, do not support creative feminist scholarly engagements and interventions into the societies and academia of the semiperiphery. The attitudes of both sides, feminist scholars and dominant sociology scenes in the societies at the semiperiphery of Europe, have complex epistemic, theoretical and practical/political implications which have been explored in this thematic volume and brought into the light for the purpose of constructive dialogue between scholarly communities of feminists and sociologists.
Although feminist scholars from the semiperiphery share the experience
of marginalization similarities of their experiences and their deep activist
commitments hold a potential for the creation of powerful transversal dialogues as a source and inspiration for further knowledge production. The epistemic advantage from the marginalized position is confirmed across the papers, as was also the case in the Workshop. What emerges is a field of new knowledge, knowledge about the semiperiphery coming from the semiperiphery, equally as a counter-epistemic strategy, as well as an activist goal per se. Existing
nodes of repeated theoretical misunderstandings with the “core” and habitual conceptual confusions, call for new theoretical alliances and encounters, within feminist sociology and across the disciplines. Further on, growing political and economic pressures activate creative potentials of feminist critical thinking, as an inspirational pool of thought, and possible new theoretical breakthroughs. Transnational epistemic alliances of feminist scholars from the semiperiphery are long overdue – almost three decades on from the fall of the Berlin wall. As these papers show, these alliances are not only needed, but they are also possible.
Men in Serbia: The Other Side of Gender In/equality
In Serbia there is a huge vacuum when it comes to knowledge and research on men and masculinity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to introduce the topic into the Serbian academic context and to the wider public. It was done via connection ofcontemporary theory and research, in fact critical studies on men and masculinities, with the theory of semiperipheriality, which has been developed by the author over the last decade. Thiskind of approach should enable well contextualized and empirically based knowledge to disclose a grounded picture on men and masculinities in present day Serbia. The author insists on the fact that gender regimes at the semiperiphery, as well as the position of men, and the construction of hegemonic masculinity,are closely connected, not only with the “transition” of thepost-socialist Serbia, but, in fact, with its semi-peripheral position. She conducts the analysis based on her own empirical research to prove how semiperipheriality itself becomes a source for specific practices and discourses which construct Serbian contemporary men and hegemonic masculinity. While aware of the contemporary theoretical debates on “hegemonic masculinity”, the author is also aware of the needs of the Serbiancontext, and she finds a way to take both a critical perspective, as well as to make a choice on which concepts can actually advance the debate on masculinity in a concrete Serbian context. Throughout the book, the author engages in discussions about differentepistemic and theoretical issues, as well as on methodological issues related to statistical indicators and definitions. But, having in mind also practical implications, as well as responsibility towards the context itself, the author introduces the topic on men and masculinity in Serbia in a way which is coherent with the tacit knowledge in the academic community, other relevant research on society and family, and, as well, with the needs of policy makers.
This book has six chapters. In the first, the author exhibits a theoretical framework and conceptual network for research on men and masculinity in Serbia. In the second chapter, she delivers a statistical overview of men in Serbia, based on official statistics, and discusses presentserious methodological limitations in dealings with gender equality and, especially, men. In the third chapter, the focus is on everyday life, and men’s practices and attitudes, based on empirical research in Serbia. The fourth chapter is devoted to violence, where the emphasis is on role of violence in the construction and production of masculinity,and “gender as violence”. The author is also discussing young men’s violence, and misogyny as a constitutive part of men’s identity. This chapter also gives an overview ofsome good practices in combating male violence worldwide. The fifth chapter is devoted to the de/construction of men’s identity. The authoranalyses how Serbian male identity is built on two dominant ambivalences, the first being the one towards the “center”, the “West”, and the other, the ambivalence towards women, which has been extremely pronounced due to the phenomenon of “self/sacrificing micro-matriarchy” (Blagojević, 1994). These two ambivalences create permanently unstable and in fact “empty” identity based on contradictions, whichwhen unresolved lead tohigh levels of destructive and auto-destructive behavior. This chapter also exhibits the results from the research which shows how “identity” itself is losing ground in confrontation with harsh everyday life and a survival economy. New identities are also emerging, together with a deep transformation of hegemonic masculinity. In the sixth chapter, the author speaks about “gender (and every other) reconciliation”, insisting on de-essentialisation and de-naturalization of gender, ethnic and all other “essentialized” differences, as a precondition for reconciliation
Key words: men, masculinities, Serbia, semiperiphery, gender regimes, everyday life, identities, misogyny
Results of the Survey Conducted in 1985-1986
Accepted at the 6th meeting of the Department of Social Sciences of June 7, 1988, on the basis of the reviews presented by Radomir Lukic, member of Academy, and Prof. dr. Alice Verthajmer-Baletic
Editor MILOS MACURA Member of Academy
BEOGRAD 1992
Published by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
http://balkania.tripod.com/resources/history/migrations/mk_1.html
The Semiperiphery and Gender: The
Rebellion of the Context
This monograph is following a path I have established over
a decade ago, in dealing with the phenomena of the
semiperiphery. It is a step forward toward defining what is
named here as: theory of semiperipheriality. The major idea is
that it is necessary to move from a geographical and material
connotation of the semiperiphery, to identification of its
structural characteristics, which come out from its positionality,
being between the core and the periphery. However, based on my
previous research and extensive experience, through expert
projects related to the European semiperiphery, and mainly
postsocialist countries, I try to draw conclusions on structural
dispositions of the semiperiphery. In the Introduction, I map out
my intellectual trajectories that led to defining the theory of thesemiperipheriality. In the second part, under the title „What is
the theory of the semiperipheriality for?” I try to explain how the
East-West debate is still going on, and how the global knowledge
hierarchies, including feminism, exclude the critical views of
Eastern European feminists. The epistemic consequence of such
exclusion is profound distortion of knowledge. Further on, I claim
that the project of defining this theory is in line with the creation
of „world-centered-knowledge” (Connell, 2014), since it actually
allows for the theoretical connection of the semiperipheral
societies to the global neoliberal developments. In the following
chapter I draw the major coordinates of the theory of the
semiperipheriality, including: positionality between the core and
the periphery which leads to the mixture of both; „lagging
behind”; hybridity; diachronicities; „de-development” and
„surplus of humans”. In the next chapter I explicitly deal with
gender regimes at the semiperiphery and their characteristics
which can be connected to the semiperipheriality of societies in
question. I introduce two concepts: „self/sacrificing micromatriarchy”,
and „the masculinity crises”, to explain how the
dynamics of gender regimes is being shaped largely by wider
social processes taking place at the semiperiphery, and in fact
being created by semiperipheriality as such. In the last chapter,
under the title: „Gender policies at the semiperiphery: the
rebellion of the context” I discuss why the semiperipheral
perspective is essential for understanding what „works” and what
„does not work” in the domain of gender policies. Based on my
recent analysis, where I compared gender related projects in 12
countries in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans during tenyears, I develop a model under the name of „gender equality
policy field”, and identify the movements and developments in
that field over the time. I also show how the success of the policy
project is related to the proper contextualization. Momentum for
some gender equality intervention changes, according to a certain
cycle, and the success is also highly dependent on that
momentum. Finally, I conclude that as much as innovativeness
and enthusiasm for gender equality have shaped the policy field
in the countries of the semiperiphery, that much the features of
the semiperipheriality, including the existence of „facade
democracies”, within the cartography of global financial
capitalism, actually shape the scope and possibilities of policy
intervention.
research was made, the other half of the 80s. The author’s intention is to show not only what the problems were in social reality of that time, but also to examine whether knowledge which was available then had adequate explanatory and predictive power, looking from today’s perspective. At the time when the original research was made, the theoretical framework could be described as humanistically oriented critical sociology, as well as a combination of Marxist and feminist approaches. Although many of the findings are absolutely valid even today, many of the expectations and
predictions simply failed, as the direction of social development, in the post-Yugoslav space and globally, has taken a very different turn from the 90s on. Throughout this
new text the author comments on the difference of what was expected, and could have been a „logical” outcome of what was then defined as „development”, and what actually has happened in reality from the 90s on. The title of the book is „Tomorrow was Yesterday”, meaning that the „horizon of hope” has changed profoundly in the last few decades, with the global neoliberal grip on societies at the semiperiphery, such as post-Yugoslav societies.
SADRŽAJ
PREDGOVOR
I DEO
DRUŠTVENA DEZINTEGRACIJA:
OD MAKRO DO MIKRO NIVOA
Dr Marina Hughson
OTKRIVANJE OČIGLEDNOG? ZAŠTO JE
POTREBNA TEORIJA POLUPERIFERIJALNOSTI? 17
Dr Olivera Pavićević
SRBIJA U KONTINUITETU KULTURE NASILJA-EFEKTI
POSTTRANZICIONE KULTURNE PARADIGME
Dr Hajdana Glomazić
ULOGA MEDIJA U SOCIJALNOJ KONSTRUKCIJI REALNOSTI
Mr Miroslav Ivanović
PROBLEMI PREVENCIJE, SUZBIJANJA I ZAKONSKOG
REGULISANJA KRIMINALA POVEZANOG S DROGAMA
MA Jasmina Igrački
KRIVIČNOPRAVNE I KRIMINOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE
NASILNIČKOG KRIMINALITETA U SRBIJI
Dr Janko Međedović, MA Boban Petrović, Dr Jelena Želeskov-Đorić
PRO-KRIMINALNE DISPOZICIJE: SLIČNOSTI I RAZLIKE
IZMEĐU KONCEPATA I NJIHOVE PREDIKTIVNE SPOSOBNOSTI
Dr Jasna Hrnčić
PREVENCIJA ANTISOCIJALNOG PONAŠANJA KOD MLADIH
Dr Vesna Gojković, MA Jelena Dostanić
NARCIZAM KAO INDIKATOR MALADAPTIVNIH FORMI PONAŠANJA
MA Sonja Milojević
AFFECT REGULATION IN DELINQUENTS: CHARACTERISTICS
AND CHANCE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS
MA Milena Milićević
PARTICIPACIJA I KVALITET ŽIVOTA PORODICA
SA DETETOM S CEREBRALNOM PARALIZOM
II DEO
DRUŠTVENA REGULACIJA:
OD ETIČKIH DO PRAKTIČNIH PROBLEMA
Mr Aleksandra Bulatović
ETIČKI ASPEKT DRUŠTVENE KONTROLE:
SAVREMENI DISKURS O INTEGRITETU INSTITUCIJA,
KORUPCIJI I ORGANIZOVANOM KRIMINALU
Mr Dragana Čvorović
JAVNI TUŽILAC KAO MOĆNA FIGURA SAVREMENOG
KRIVIČNOG PROCESNOG ZAKONODAVSTVA
MA Milica Kolaković-Bojović
EFIKASNOST KRIVIČNOG PRAVOSUĐA KAO
SREDSTVO SUZBIJANJA KRIMINALITETA
Prof. dr Momčilo Talijan
JAČANJE INSTITUCIONALNIH I KADROVSKIH
KAPACITETA BEZBEDNOSNIH USTANOVA
Dr Zoran Stevanović
REFORME IZVRŠNOG KRIVIČNOG ZAKONODAVSTVA
U SRBIJI I NJIHOVA USKLAĐENOST SA
MEĐUNARODNIM STANDARDIMA
Mr Ljeposava Ilijić
ZATVORSKA KAZNA I RESOCIJALIZACIJA -faktori ne/uspješnosti-
Dr Ivana Stevanović
PRAVA DETETA I REFORMA MALOLETNIČKOG
PRAVOSUĐA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Dr Dragan Jovašević
DETE KAO ŽRTVA UBISTVA U PRAVU SRBIJE
Mr Dušan Davidović
PREVENCIJA KRIMINALITETA I SIGURNOST (LOKALNE)
ZAJEDNICE- MESTO PRIVATNOG SEKTORA BEZBEDNOSTI
III DEO
OČUVANJE ŽIVOTNE SREDINE:
IZMEĐU PRAVA I ODGOVORNOSTI
Dr Vladan Joldžić
TEORIJSKO PRAKTIČKI PRISTUP EKOLOŠKIM PRAVIMA,
VREDNOSTIMA, OBAVEZAMA I ODGOVORNOSTIMA
Dr Vladan Joldžić
KAZNENO PRAVNI PRISTUP EKOLOŠKIM PRAVIMA,
VREDNOSTIMA, OBAVEZAMA I ODGOVORNOSTIMA
Dr Ana Batrićević
PRAVNA ZAŠTITA ŽIVOTINJSKOG SVETA (FAUNE)
KAO INTEGRALNOG DELA ŽIVOTNE SREDINE
MA Vera Stanković
PRAVNI OKVIRI, POTREBA UNAPREĐENJA ZAŠTITE
I POTENCIJALI ODRŽIVOG KORIŠĆENJA ZAŠTIĆENIH
PRIRODNIH PODRUČJA U SRBIJI
IV DEO
REZULTATI RADA NA PROJEKTU
REZULTATI RADA NA PROJEKTU 47011 (2011-2015):
odabrana bibliografija 465
Unsustainable Institutions of Men examines men’s dealings in transnational processes across the economy, politics, technologies and bodies. In exploring the men’s domination of institutions in national and transnational realms this volume underpins a novel approach built around multiple "dispersed centres" of men’s power. Indeed, in critical discussions of men and masculinities there has been a gradual shift in focus from the local, so-called ‘ethnographic moment’, to a broader view encompassing several dynamics (e.g. global, transnational, international, postcolonial and the global north-south). Building on this conceptual move, Unsustainable Institutions of Men focuses on pinpointing masculine actions and influences that support and enact transnational processes, disclosing those connections and examining institutional alternatives which could contribute to more inclusive and democratic transnational dialogues.
Comprised of a range of international contributions, Unsustainable Institutions of Men will appeal to students, researchers, experts and activists seeking to understand the deep structural conditions of contemporary globalized threats, created by old and new patterns of gender power and transnational patriarchies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
VOICES OF MEN...
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORETICAL AND HYPOTHETICAL FRAMEWORK OF RESEARCH
3. MEN IN PUBLIC POLICIES AND STATISTICS
4. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE
5. RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PRIMARY FAMILY
6. EXPERIENCE OF VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
7. RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PRESENT FAMILY
8. PARENTING
9. SEXUALITY, SEX WORK AND TRANSACTIONAL SEX
10. PERPETRATION OF VIOLENCE AND VIOLENT VICTIMISATION IN THE LIVES OF ADULT MEN
11. HEALTH
12. WAR EXPERIENCES
13. IDENTITY
14. GEM SCALE AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITY
15. NEW GENDER PATTERNS? RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
16. CONCLUSION: CHANGES, RESISTANCES AND CHALLENGES
17. RECOMMENDATIONS: KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH
18. Bibliography
Appendices
Acknowledgments.......................................................................7
Introduction ...........................................................................11
Personal Trajectory through the Knowledge Maze ...............11
The Semiperipheral Perspective:
Organization of the Book.......................................................22
Chapter 1
Non-‘White’ Whites, Non-European Europeans and
Gendered Non-Citizens: On A Possible Epistemic
Strategy from the Semiperiphery of Europe ............................27
Chapter 2
Creators, Transmitters and Users: Women’s
Scientific Excellence at the Semiperiphery of Europe............65
Chapter 3
Gender and Knowledge at the Balkan
Semiperiphery: Women in Science ..........................................97
Chapter 4
Hungarian Women Scientists Returnees: Becoming
a Cultural Minority or Being Integrated into the Elite? ....... 119
Chapter 5
Women Professionals from the Semiperiphery
of Europe: New European Proletariat? .................................. 161
Chapter 6
Nomadic Scientists in a Transnational
Landscape: Practicing Intersectionality................................. 179
Chapter 7
Shifting the Paradigm: Arguing for the
Positive History Approach......................................................201
Conclusion: Towards an Abundance Paradigm.................227
Literature.................................................................................241
6
ZAHVALNICA
REZIME
GLASOVI MUŠKARACA...
1. UVOD
2. TEORIJSKO-HIPOTETIČKI OKVIR ISTRAŽIVANJA
3. MUŠKARCI U JAVNIM POLITIKAMA I STATISTICI
4. SOCIO-DEMOGRAFSKE KARAKTERSITIKE UZORKA
5. ODNOSI U PRIMARNOJ PORODICI
6. ISKUSTVO NASILJA U DETINJSTVU I MLADOSTI
7. ODNOSI U SADAŠNJOJ PORODICI
8. RODITELJSTVO
9. SEKSUALNOST, SEKSUALNI RAD I TRANSAKCIONI SEKS
10. VRŠENJE I TRPLJENJE NASILJA U ŽIVOTIMA ODRASLIH MUŠKARACA
11. ZDRAVLJE
12. RATNA ISKUSTVA
13. IDENTITET
14. GEM SKALA I STAVOVI O RODNOJ RAVNOPRAVNOSTI
15. NOVI RODNI OBRASCI? REZULTATI KVALITATIVNOG ISTRAŽIVANJA
16. ZAKLJUČAK: PROMENE, OTPORI I IZAZOVI
17. PREPORUKE: ZNANJE I ISTRAŽIVANJA
18. Reference
Dodaci
Marina Hughson: EDITOR'S WORD
This thematic issue of Sociologija Journal is published under the title
„Feminism, Knowledge Production and Social Change: Critical Perspectives from the Semiperiphery of Europe”. It consists of 23 papers which offer an interesting and evolving overview of what are the epistemic, theoretical,institutional, political and contextual challenges when dealing with feminist knowledge production at the semiperiphery of Europe, and beyond. Some of them also provide us with fresh insights into new feminist research in the region. This issue mainly brings together presentations delivered at the Workshop organized in Belgrade on 25th of November 2017, together with a few other texts which were
added to the collection, since they are well-suited to this overall thematic issue. We bring together authors from different countries of the semiperiphery, who have done research based in different theoretical approaches and with different methodologies, often interdisciplinary. The Workshop was organized by SEFEM,(Section for feminist research and critical studies on masculinities).The reason behind organizing a workshop and editing this thematic issue is that, despite the fact that feminism and women’s movements in Eastern and Southeastern Europe continuously generate high level interests in transnational gender study communities, the links between sociology, social research and
feminism in the societies in question are consistently weak, and feminist
knowledge is only marginally connected to mainstream sociology as an academic discipline. Further on, theoretical advancements in sociology, social theory and feminist theory develop mostly independently and without a dialogue. In countries “in transition” feminism has been largely understood as daily political practice and reduced to “policy making” while its fundamental transformational role in knowledge production and consequently in the production of progressive social change has been marginalized. Feminist theoreticians and researchers are covered by the veil of invisibility, and their knowledge contributions are seen
as irrelevant to the main body of knowledge, as non-objective and often highly “ideologized”. The space for introduction of feminist knowledge as fundamental critical knowledge, which supports social ransformation in its depth, has been severely limited. On the other hand, gender studies communities often do not show enough interest in defining contextually relevant knowledge, and instead, mostly engage in transmission of knowledge from the “core”, often even without adequate translation into the respective social and discursive contexts. Present practices of scientific measurements which favor “core” and, more specifically,
Anglo-Saxon based knowledge hierarchies, do not support creative feminist scholarly engagements and interventions into the societies and academia of the semiperiphery. The attitudes of both sides, feminist scholars and dominant sociology scenes in the societies at the semiperiphery of Europe, have complex epistemic, theoretical and practical/political implications which have been explored in this thematic volume and brought into the light for the purpose of constructive dialogue between scholarly communities of feminists and sociologists.
Although feminist scholars from the semiperiphery share the experience
of marginalization similarities of their experiences and their deep activist
commitments hold a potential for the creation of powerful transversal dialogues as a source and inspiration for further knowledge production. The epistemic advantage from the marginalized position is confirmed across the papers, as was also the case in the Workshop. What emerges is a field of new knowledge, knowledge about the semiperiphery coming from the semiperiphery, equally as a counter-epistemic strategy, as well as an activist goal per se. Existing
nodes of repeated theoretical misunderstandings with the “core” and habitual conceptual confusions, call for new theoretical alliances and encounters, within feminist sociology and across the disciplines. Further on, growing political and economic pressures activate creative potentials of feminist critical thinking, as an inspirational pool of thought, and possible new theoretical breakthroughs. Transnational epistemic alliances of feminist scholars from the semiperiphery are long overdue – almost three decades on from the fall of the Berlin wall. As these papers show, these alliances are not only needed, but they are also possible.
Men in Serbia: The Other Side of Gender In/equality
In Serbia there is a huge vacuum when it comes to knowledge and research on men and masculinity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to introduce the topic into the Serbian academic context and to the wider public. It was done via connection ofcontemporary theory and research, in fact critical studies on men and masculinities, with the theory of semiperipheriality, which has been developed by the author over the last decade. Thiskind of approach should enable well contextualized and empirically based knowledge to disclose a grounded picture on men and masculinities in present day Serbia. The author insists on the fact that gender regimes at the semiperiphery, as well as the position of men, and the construction of hegemonic masculinity,are closely connected, not only with the “transition” of thepost-socialist Serbia, but, in fact, with its semi-peripheral position. She conducts the analysis based on her own empirical research to prove how semiperipheriality itself becomes a source for specific practices and discourses which construct Serbian contemporary men and hegemonic masculinity. While aware of the contemporary theoretical debates on “hegemonic masculinity”, the author is also aware of the needs of the Serbiancontext, and she finds a way to take both a critical perspective, as well as to make a choice on which concepts can actually advance the debate on masculinity in a concrete Serbian context. Throughout the book, the author engages in discussions about differentepistemic and theoretical issues, as well as on methodological issues related to statistical indicators and definitions. But, having in mind also practical implications, as well as responsibility towards the context itself, the author introduces the topic on men and masculinity in Serbia in a way which is coherent with the tacit knowledge in the academic community, other relevant research on society and family, and, as well, with the needs of policy makers.
This book has six chapters. In the first, the author exhibits a theoretical framework and conceptual network for research on men and masculinity in Serbia. In the second chapter, she delivers a statistical overview of men in Serbia, based on official statistics, and discusses presentserious methodological limitations in dealings with gender equality and, especially, men. In the third chapter, the focus is on everyday life, and men’s practices and attitudes, based on empirical research in Serbia. The fourth chapter is devoted to violence, where the emphasis is on role of violence in the construction and production of masculinity,and “gender as violence”. The author is also discussing young men’s violence, and misogyny as a constitutive part of men’s identity. This chapter also gives an overview ofsome good practices in combating male violence worldwide. The fifth chapter is devoted to the de/construction of men’s identity. The authoranalyses how Serbian male identity is built on two dominant ambivalences, the first being the one towards the “center”, the “West”, and the other, the ambivalence towards women, which has been extremely pronounced due to the phenomenon of “self/sacrificing micro-matriarchy” (Blagojević, 1994). These two ambivalences create permanently unstable and in fact “empty” identity based on contradictions, whichwhen unresolved lead tohigh levels of destructive and auto-destructive behavior. This chapter also exhibits the results from the research which shows how “identity” itself is losing ground in confrontation with harsh everyday life and a survival economy. New identities are also emerging, together with a deep transformation of hegemonic masculinity. In the sixth chapter, the author speaks about “gender (and every other) reconciliation”, insisting on de-essentialisation and de-naturalization of gender, ethnic and all other “essentialized” differences, as a precondition for reconciliation
Key words: men, masculinities, Serbia, semiperiphery, gender regimes, everyday life, identities, misogyny
Results of the Survey Conducted in 1985-1986
Accepted at the 6th meeting of the Department of Social Sciences of June 7, 1988, on the basis of the reviews presented by Radomir Lukic, member of Academy, and Prof. dr. Alice Verthajmer-Baletic
Editor MILOS MACURA Member of Academy
BEOGRAD 1992
Published by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
http://balkania.tripod.com/resources/history/migrations/mk_1.html
The Semiperiphery and Gender: The
Rebellion of the Context
This monograph is following a path I have established over
a decade ago, in dealing with the phenomena of the
semiperiphery. It is a step forward toward defining what is
named here as: theory of semiperipheriality. The major idea is
that it is necessary to move from a geographical and material
connotation of the semiperiphery, to identification of its
structural characteristics, which come out from its positionality,
being between the core and the periphery. However, based on my
previous research and extensive experience, through expert
projects related to the European semiperiphery, and mainly
postsocialist countries, I try to draw conclusions on structural
dispositions of the semiperiphery. In the Introduction, I map out
my intellectual trajectories that led to defining the theory of thesemiperipheriality. In the second part, under the title „What is
the theory of the semiperipheriality for?” I try to explain how the
East-West debate is still going on, and how the global knowledge
hierarchies, including feminism, exclude the critical views of
Eastern European feminists. The epistemic consequence of such
exclusion is profound distortion of knowledge. Further on, I claim
that the project of defining this theory is in line with the creation
of „world-centered-knowledge” (Connell, 2014), since it actually
allows for the theoretical connection of the semiperipheral
societies to the global neoliberal developments. In the following
chapter I draw the major coordinates of the theory of the
semiperipheriality, including: positionality between the core and
the periphery which leads to the mixture of both; „lagging
behind”; hybridity; diachronicities; „de-development” and
„surplus of humans”. In the next chapter I explicitly deal with
gender regimes at the semiperiphery and their characteristics
which can be connected to the semiperipheriality of societies in
question. I introduce two concepts: „self/sacrificing micromatriarchy”,
and „the masculinity crises”, to explain how the
dynamics of gender regimes is being shaped largely by wider
social processes taking place at the semiperiphery, and in fact
being created by semiperipheriality as such. In the last chapter,
under the title: „Gender policies at the semiperiphery: the
rebellion of the context” I discuss why the semiperipheral
perspective is essential for understanding what „works” and what
„does not work” in the domain of gender policies. Based on my
recent analysis, where I compared gender related projects in 12
countries in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans during tenyears, I develop a model under the name of „gender equality
policy field”, and identify the movements and developments in
that field over the time. I also show how the success of the policy
project is related to the proper contextualization. Momentum for
some gender equality intervention changes, according to a certain
cycle, and the success is also highly dependent on that
momentum. Finally, I conclude that as much as innovativeness
and enthusiasm for gender equality have shaped the policy field
in the countries of the semiperiphery, that much the features of
the semiperipheriality, including the existence of „facade
democracies”, within the cartography of global financial
capitalism, actually shape the scope and possibilities of policy
intervention.
research was made, the other half of the 80s. The author’s intention is to show not only what the problems were in social reality of that time, but also to examine whether knowledge which was available then had adequate explanatory and predictive power, looking from today’s perspective. At the time when the original research was made, the theoretical framework could be described as humanistically oriented critical sociology, as well as a combination of Marxist and feminist approaches. Although many of the findings are absolutely valid even today, many of the expectations and
predictions simply failed, as the direction of social development, in the post-Yugoslav space and globally, has taken a very different turn from the 90s on. Throughout this
new text the author comments on the difference of what was expected, and could have been a „logical” outcome of what was then defined as „development”, and what actually has happened in reality from the 90s on. The title of the book is „Tomorrow was Yesterday”, meaning that the „horizon of hope” has changed profoundly in the last few decades, with the global neoliberal grip on societies at the semiperiphery, such as post-Yugoslav societies.
SADRŽAJ
PREDGOVOR
I DEO
DRUŠTVENA DEZINTEGRACIJA:
OD MAKRO DO MIKRO NIVOA
Dr Marina Hughson
OTKRIVANJE OČIGLEDNOG? ZAŠTO JE
POTREBNA TEORIJA POLUPERIFERIJALNOSTI? 17
Dr Olivera Pavićević
SRBIJA U KONTINUITETU KULTURE NASILJA-EFEKTI
POSTTRANZICIONE KULTURNE PARADIGME
Dr Hajdana Glomazić
ULOGA MEDIJA U SOCIJALNOJ KONSTRUKCIJI REALNOSTI
Mr Miroslav Ivanović
PROBLEMI PREVENCIJE, SUZBIJANJA I ZAKONSKOG
REGULISANJA KRIMINALA POVEZANOG S DROGAMA
MA Jasmina Igrački
KRIVIČNOPRAVNE I KRIMINOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE
NASILNIČKOG KRIMINALITETA U SRBIJI
Dr Janko Međedović, MA Boban Petrović, Dr Jelena Želeskov-Đorić
PRO-KRIMINALNE DISPOZICIJE: SLIČNOSTI I RAZLIKE
IZMEĐU KONCEPATA I NJIHOVE PREDIKTIVNE SPOSOBNOSTI
Dr Jasna Hrnčić
PREVENCIJA ANTISOCIJALNOG PONAŠANJA KOD MLADIH
Dr Vesna Gojković, MA Jelena Dostanić
NARCIZAM KAO INDIKATOR MALADAPTIVNIH FORMI PONAŠANJA
MA Sonja Milojević
AFFECT REGULATION IN DELINQUENTS: CHARACTERISTICS
AND CHANCE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS
MA Milena Milićević
PARTICIPACIJA I KVALITET ŽIVOTA PORODICA
SA DETETOM S CEREBRALNOM PARALIZOM
II DEO
DRUŠTVENA REGULACIJA:
OD ETIČKIH DO PRAKTIČNIH PROBLEMA
Mr Aleksandra Bulatović
ETIČKI ASPEKT DRUŠTVENE KONTROLE:
SAVREMENI DISKURS O INTEGRITETU INSTITUCIJA,
KORUPCIJI I ORGANIZOVANOM KRIMINALU
Mr Dragana Čvorović
JAVNI TUŽILAC KAO MOĆNA FIGURA SAVREMENOG
KRIVIČNOG PROCESNOG ZAKONODAVSTVA
MA Milica Kolaković-Bojović
EFIKASNOST KRIVIČNOG PRAVOSUĐA KAO
SREDSTVO SUZBIJANJA KRIMINALITETA
Prof. dr Momčilo Talijan
JAČANJE INSTITUCIONALNIH I KADROVSKIH
KAPACITETA BEZBEDNOSNIH USTANOVA
Dr Zoran Stevanović
REFORME IZVRŠNOG KRIVIČNOG ZAKONODAVSTVA
U SRBIJI I NJIHOVA USKLAĐENOST SA
MEĐUNARODNIM STANDARDIMA
Mr Ljeposava Ilijić
ZATVORSKA KAZNA I RESOCIJALIZACIJA -faktori ne/uspješnosti-
Dr Ivana Stevanović
PRAVA DETETA I REFORMA MALOLETNIČKOG
PRAVOSUĐA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Dr Dragan Jovašević
DETE KAO ŽRTVA UBISTVA U PRAVU SRBIJE
Mr Dušan Davidović
PREVENCIJA KRIMINALITETA I SIGURNOST (LOKALNE)
ZAJEDNICE- MESTO PRIVATNOG SEKTORA BEZBEDNOSTI
III DEO
OČUVANJE ŽIVOTNE SREDINE:
IZMEĐU PRAVA I ODGOVORNOSTI
Dr Vladan Joldžić
TEORIJSKO PRAKTIČKI PRISTUP EKOLOŠKIM PRAVIMA,
VREDNOSTIMA, OBAVEZAMA I ODGOVORNOSTIMA
Dr Vladan Joldžić
KAZNENO PRAVNI PRISTUP EKOLOŠKIM PRAVIMA,
VREDNOSTIMA, OBAVEZAMA I ODGOVORNOSTIMA
Dr Ana Batrićević
PRAVNA ZAŠTITA ŽIVOTINJSKOG SVETA (FAUNE)
KAO INTEGRALNOG DELA ŽIVOTNE SREDINE
MA Vera Stanković
PRAVNI OKVIRI, POTREBA UNAPREĐENJA ZAŠTITE
I POTENCIJALI ODRŽIVOG KORIŠĆENJA ZAŠTIĆENIH
PRIRODNIH PODRUČJA U SRBIJI
IV DEO
REZULTATI RADA NA PROJEKTU
REZULTATI RADA NA PROJEKTU 47011 (2011-2015):
odabrana bibliografija 465
Key words: semiperiphery, women scientists scientific excellence, higher education, Serbia, Yugoslavia
Blagojević, David MacDonald, Tatjana Perić, Falk Pingel, Cynthia Simmons
and Margaret Smith. It also benefited from comment and criticism
from other team members. Although the team was not part of the original project, it was added at the suggestion of Marina Blagojević, during the June 2002 SI meeting
in Sarajevo – by which time NED research funds had already been apportioned
among the previously established ten teams. Nonetheless, David
Bruce MacDonald organized the team in 2004, which was inspired by
Blagojević’s work on “positive history”. The research and writing was
apportioned among the seven authors, each of whom contributed to an initial
35,800-word draft that was then reviewed by all SI participants in September-
October 2007, after which Prof. MacDonald revised and abridged
it for publication.
It also benefited from comment and criticism from other team members. Although the team was not part of the original project, it was added at the suggestion of Marina Blagojević, during the June 2002 SI meeting in Sarajevo-by which time NED research funds had already been apportioned among the previously established ten teams. Nonetheless, David Bruce MacDonald organized the team in 2004, which was inspired by Blagojević's work on "positive history". The research and writing was apportioned among the seven authors, each of whom contributed to an initial 35,800-word draft that was then reviewed by all SI participants in Sep-tember-October 2007, after which Prof. MacDonald revised and abridged it for publication.
Izdavači Sociološko udruženje Srbije i Crne Gore Institut za sociološka istraživanja Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu Čika Ljubina 18–20, Beograd 11000, Srbija (11-35)
Conceptualisation of Gender Policy Field
Promoting Gender Equality Abroad
http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-643-90616-8
The EU’s promotion of gender equality abroad is taking place in the complex and ever-changing contexts of the EU on the one hand, and the societies in question on the other.By engagingwith these complexities my paper will bring new theoretical considerations to the issue, based on different insights from my multiple professional positions. The paper identifies, maps out and conceptualises contexts which are relevant for EU promotion of gender equality abroad, such as: 1. The transnational web of gender stakeholders where the EU is one, but not the exclusive agent in the field, 2. semiperipheral social contexts which bear the characteristics of specific gender regimes, and 3. the gender policy field itself, which has already been established in the “neighbouring countries” in a period of several decades. Instead of arguing for one specific approach or one specific perspective or one disciplinary angle, and instead of concentrating on one specific case study of one policy, this paper examines those interlinking complexities to conclude that contextualisation of policies is necessary as an on-going work in progress of ‘translation and assemblage’ (Clark, Bainton,Lendvai and Stubbs, 2015), but always with the critical edge on empirical data, facts and figures on the existing gender inequalities. Conceptualisation of the policy contexts as explained in this paper is seen as a necessary condition for adequate contextualisation, which clearly contributes to the effectiveness and impact of EU engagement in the field of gender equality.
kojima je inspirisano definisanje teorije poluperiferijalnosti (uključujući: "Južnu teoriju", "intersekcionalnost" "dekonstrukciju centara", "teoriju multiplih modernosti", "teoriju stajališta" "teoriju sistema"). Međutim, ključnu
komponentu artikulacije teorije poluperiferijalnosti čine istraživački i ekspertski uvidi koje je autorka stekla radeći na poluperiferiji, i koji su omogućili stvaranje "zasnovane teorije" (grounded theory). Dalje, autorka se koncentriše na dva bitna "stuba" ove teorije, pojmove "raz-razvoja" i "viška ljudi". U poslednjem delu teksta autorka na dva primera pokazuje zašto je neophodna teorija poluperiferijalnosti: na primeru rodnih režima i populacionog razvoja poluperiferije. Autorka tvrdi da je dalji razvoj eksplanatornog i heurističkog potencijala ove teorije značajan, te da bi ovakav teorijski okvir mogao znatno da doprinese boljem i produbljenijem razumevanju problema sa kojima je suočena Srbija, kao poluperiferijsko društvo, a time i boljoj kontekstualizaciji svih javnih politika.
GENDER KNOWLEDGE AND KNOWLEDGE NETWORKS IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY, ed
knowledge production, the semiperiphery, gender and scientific excellence”, which is largely an under-theorized and underresearched field of “absence of knowledge”. It will be tackled with a
combination of theoretical ideas, research findings, personal
observations and concrete examples, including valuable insights gained from the work process that I developed through my participation in the ENWISE18 Expert Group set up in October 2002
by the European Commission to report on the situation facing
women scientists in the Central and Eastern European countries and in the Baltic States. The focus of this paper is on social sciences and especially gender studies at the semiperiphery for two reasons. The first is theoretical: social sciences are extremely context sensitive sciences, and gender studies development, specifically, at the semiperiphery encompasses many of the problems which reveal the
tensions between gender, creation of new knowledge and
“excellence”. The second reason is practical: my personal experiences relate to those fields.
the dynamism between women’s high level of inclusion into the
professions, their actual positioning in societal hierarchies and the quality of their lives in semiperipheral countries of Europe. This issue will be discussed through a combination of theoretical ideas, different research findings from postcommunist countries, and personal observations including valuable insights gained from the participation in the ENWISE28 Expert Group set up in October 2002 by the European Commission to report on the situation facing women scientists in the Central and Eastern European countries and in the Baltic States. The undisputable “truth” about the high relevance of women’s education on the road to gender equality here
is discussed in a non-ideological, post-feminist manner, with the
understanding that gender studies have the “mission” of
“transformative analysis” (Griffin, 2002).
and hermeneutic injustice; the specifi c ethics of feminist research, the feminist
dimension of any social science research, and the diff erence between activist research
and academic research on activism and feminist activists. It is not the merits of this
book but its serious fl aws that could inspire new questions on how to make research
more engaged but also more sensitive, ethical, and heuristically relevant. Hopefully,
through that process of learning, some feminist alliances could be built and rebuilt
again and around the places of common understanding of what feminist ethics is
about and what really is the feminist cause.
KEYWORDS: semi-periphery, first demographic transition, second demographic transition, de-development, countries in transition, depopulation, gender regimes.
https://www.berghahnjournals.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=Marina+Blagojevic
nezaustavljiv proces. U osnovi tog procesa leži pre svega pojačana
fragmentacija rodnih identiteta, na šta ubedljivo ukazuje intersekcionalna analiza. Takođe, hegemoni rodni identiteti su duboko destabilizovani preispitivanjem raznih "prirodnih odrednica", od seksualnosti, do biološke reprodukcije, pa i binarnog modela rodnosti. Na kraju, dva bitna strukturalna procesa takođe deluju u pravcu dekonstrukcije hegemonog maskuliniteta u Srbiji. Prvi proces je proces neoliberalne globalizacije, koja urušava ekonomsku moć muškaraca u centru, a posebno na poluperiferiji kroz proces deindustrijalizacije i promene globalne klasne strukture. Drugi proces je proces transnacionalizacije, tačnije mnoštva transnacionalnih procesa koji dodatno urušavaju lokalne patrijarhate, osnažujući trans-nacionalne patrijarhalne elite, uz istovremeno stvaranje "transnacionalnog sistema porobljenosti", koji postaje narastajuće rodno neutralan, u smislu eksploatacije, isključenosti i "potrošivosti" "viška ljudi", bez obzira na njihov rod. Međutim, svi ovi procesi realnog urušavanja hegemonih maskuliniteta mogu biti povezani i jesu povezani s obnavljanjem neo-konzertvativnih ideologija.
looking at world sociology in its Janus-like face: on the one hand we focus on the
intellectual, political, and sometimes even ethical compromises that social scientists in
European semiperipheral countries forgo in order to gain acceptance and recognition in
world sociology. On the other hand we show how these compromises paradoxically
impoverish intellectual potentialities in the major centers of academic excellence too. In the
analyses we focus on different interrelated facets of scholarly work where these paradoxes
take shape: problem setting and conceptualization, the hierarchy of scholarly publications,
the definition of excellence through citation patterns, scientific conferences, and lastly,
funding schemes for research. We argue that the social and the political organization of the
World System of Science jeopardizes free access to multiple and plural perspectives of the
social. A potential source of ideas, theories, and paradigms is hampered by the hierarchical
division of labor between scientists in the centers of science and their peers in
semiperipheral countries, whose knowledge remains unutilized and sidelined.
social changes on a global scale. The author gives a short overview of three empirical research projects to show how the process of de-development of the semiperiphery has blocked the process of modernization of parenthood which was taking place in the 80-is, and how instead, a hybrid model of parenthood and partnership emerged. The major characteristic of this new hybrid model is that practices of equality are
developing faster than the discourses on equality, which can be explained only by taking into the consideration deeper structural characteristics of the gender regimes at the semi-periphery. Discourses on gender are still highly captured
by the rhetoric of „woman as a mother of a Nation” and her role in an overall national project. However, from the perspective of the newest complex empirical research, dealing with gender equality on everyday life level (Gender Barometer in Serbia, UN Women, 2013) it could be concluded, twenty years afterwards, that „self/sacrificing micro-matriarchy” (Blagojević, 1994) is only a transitional phase in establishment of egalitarian model in a private sphere, and in fact a specific emancipatory strategy. Trends which were empirically recorded at the end of 80-ies
are being continued, regardless of the transitional hardships. The semiperipheral perspective enables theoretization of this „twist”, where the emancipation in the private sphere is strengthening the emancipation in the public sphere, which is in many ways opposite process in comparison to the modernization process, including socialist project as modernization project. The semiperipheral perspective offers
understanding of the „twist”, as a consequence of the process of de-development, while at the same time exists continuous, deep, structural change towards equality on a micro level and in a family.
de-development
Uvod: lično pozicioniranje
Za žene sa poluperiferije, odakle dolazim, gde rodne studije još uvek nisu prihvaćene, ni integrisane niti adekvatno akademski vrednovane, važna je strategija usuditi se govoriti u prvom licu jednine, koristeći " ja " , kao i usuditi se preći propisane granice onoga što bi " akademski " tekst trebalo da bude. Usamljenički i naporan put artikulisanja znanja u oblasti rodnih studija, na poluperiferiji, usred etničkih konflikata i društvene transformacije, znanja koje će biti dovoljno održvo da preživi političke (s)mene i dovoljno pouzdano da ohrabri konstruktivnu društvenu promenu, daleko nadilazi puki manirizam iskazivanja stavova u prvom licu jednine. Zato u tekstovima koje pišem nastojim jasno naznačiti svoju epistemološku polaznu tačku, kao i svoju strategiju sa-znavanja. Kako sam došla do toga da " znam " nešto, za mene je gotovo jednako važno kao i šta je to što " znam ". Kao što je važno personalizovati znanje, pošto još nema šireg akademskog koncenzusa o temama koje će biti analizirane u ovom tekstu, jednako je bitno i kontekstualizovati to znanje, smestiti ga u njegov teritorijalni, kulturni, društveni i istorijski kontekst. U ovom tekstu sadržne su ideje i saznanja iz više različitih tekstova, odnosno velikog dela mojih dosadašnjih ili novijih istraživanja u vezi s rodom, konfliktom i pomirenjem, a koji su objavljeni ili neobjavljeni u zadnjih petnaestak godina. Zato se usudjujem da budem autoreferentna. Ovo je na neki način trenutak sinteze dugog perioda intenzivnog istraživanja i analiza, trenutak u kojem se, po završetku ratova, može stati i pogledati unazad jednim sasvim drugačijim pogledom u odnosu na gledišta tokom turbulentnih istorijskih dogadjanja...
ravnopravnosti u oblasti ekonomije u Srbiji. U prvom delu teksta dat je pregled normativnog i institucionlanog okvira za
uspostavljanje rodne ravnopravnosti u Srbiji, u drugom delu je dat prikaz osnovnih statističkih pokazatelja o položaju žena u oblasti ekonomije, a u trećem su izneti rezultati istraživanja o rodnoj nejednakosti iz mikro perspektive. Na kraju teksta je sintetički zaključak u kome se povezuju problemi ekonomske nejednakosti žena sa osnovnim razvojnim problemima u Srbiji i objašnjava zašto je rodna ravnopravnost u ekonomiji preduslov ubrzanja razvoja. U tekstu se iznose podaci koji ukazuju na postignute rezultate, ali i na još uvek značajne probleme u postizanju ravnopravnosti.
KLJUČNE REČI: rodna ravnopravnost / ekonomski položaj
žena / diskriminacija žena / zaposlenost žena / rod i razvoj
Evaluation of the results achieved at the end of a five-year implementation period of the Action Plan on improving the situation of women in rural areas in the Republika Srpska until 2015, not only incorporates an analysis of the achieved results and measures, but also offers qualitative insight in the constraints and opportunities as a base for the substantiated strategic development planning in this area in the following five-year period. The area of improving the situation of women in rural areas is very important from strategic point of view for the overall development of the Republika Srpska, because other key development priorities are reflected in it:
1. Rural development;
2. Agricultural development;
3. Food safety;
4. Development of environment protection and preservation of natural resources;
5. Population development (mitigation from rural areas, increase of birth rate, improvement of age and education structure of rural population);
6. Local development and infrastructure development;
7. Poverty mitigation;
8. Development of democratic potential and increase of public awareness.
Given the importance of these development goals interweaving with public policies aiming at the improved situation of women in rural areas, it was necessary to introduce holistic approach on one side and on the other side, a clear apprehension that developments and improvements in the said areas are not possible unless we consider gender equality. Holistic approach, as a dominant one during the previous five-year period of implementation of this public policy, managed to consolidate the efforts of a large number of institutions and social stakeholders at different levels (agriculture, education, health, infrastructure, economy, regional development, administration and local self-governance, finances, various non-governmental organizations and experts), and to ensure emerging of a framework for a long-term, complex, institutional and pragmatic public policy that has a distinctive importance for overall development of the Republika Srpska. For the first time, prerequisites for radical change of the situation of women in rural areas were defined in such way and with such swing, profundity and range. In many ways, these were pioneering steps in the region. As it was a period of first institutional approaches to the issue of women in rural areas, the previous five-year period was at the same time a period of intensive learning about the best approaches and most efficient solutions for these problems. Lessons learned regarding desired and realistic solutions and how it is possible to speed up the changes with limited available resources, have been incorporated in this evaluation and recommendations.
In the meantime, local and international context have also changed, which only emphasizes the significance of a strategic approach to establishing gender equality in rural areas as a key element to the development of rural areas and agriculture, as well as to ensuring food safety, balanced development of population and overall economic development of the Republika Srpska. Increased insecurity, withdrawal of donors as well as long lasting economic crisis, including crisis of global neo-liberal development model even more underline the need to turn to one's own resources, local and regional market. In this sense, next period is a new challenge and a new opportunity to strengthen policies aimed at establishing gender equality in rural areas and improving situation of rural women.
постигнутих резултата на крају петогодишњег периода спровођења Акционог плана за унапређење
положаја жена на селу у Републици Српској до 2015. Ова евалуација је узела у обзир не само анализу
оног што је остварено, у смислу реализације конкретних мјера, већ је дала и квалитативне увиде о
препрекама и могућностима које представљају основе за утемељено стратешко планирање развоја
ове области у сљедећем петогодишту.
kind for an accession country. The major purpose of the assignment described in ToR is an
intention of the EU Delegation in BiH to engage an external expert who would produce
Gender Country Profile, based on Gender Assessment, which will be conducted in line with
the EC Priority Areas of Development Cooperation, and which will serve as the basis for
future intervention in the country. It builds on EC Communication on Gender Equality and
Women Empowerment in Development Cooperation. Gender equality is not seen only as an
aim per se, although it is a fundamental human right issue, but also as a precondition for
sustainable development and durable peace.
The analysis is bringing conclusions and recommendations within EC Priority Areas
for Development Cooperation, which will potentially serve as a basis for future creation of
projects financed through European Union Instruments (IPA – Instruments for Pre-Accession
Assistance and EIDHR – European Instruments for Democracy and Human Rights). The
purpose of the analysis is to establish a baseline context, which will identify needs and define
recommendations for IPAII. The analysis is made along the line with Draft Outline Strategy
Paper for Bosnia and Herzegovina (EU assistance during the period 2014-2020).
General objectives of the analysis are defined as following:
• Establish a baseline context for development cooperation in a domain of GE
• Make an analytical overview of GE situation, contextualized in BiH society
• Identify lessons learned and best practices, opportunities and constraints
• Give conclusions and recommendations of GE issues along the thematic areas
and formulate recommendations for specific actions and GM of IPA projects.
This study is divided in three parts. The first one is providing the framework for the
analysis and it also offers analysis of the normative and policy framework, including
stakeholders´ analysis. The second part is an analysis of the ´real´ gender equality situation in
the country, while the third one consists of conclusions and recommendations, including the
SWOT analysis, lessons learned and the list of best practices.
Major conclusion is that BiH has set up successfully legislative and policy framework for
gender equality and that in many aspects it is a regional leader in that domain. However,
normative approach needs to be supplemented by stronger effort for ‘the real equality’ to be
achieved. A movement is needed from ‘equality of rights to equality of results’. In depth
analysis has shown that in a country with a high level poverty and a high level social
exclusion, gender inequalities need not to be singled out as the most relevant of all
inequalities (with the exception of gender based violence), but instead, linked to other
inequalities and exclusions. It is the accumulation of different types of inequalities which
actually puts people to higher risks of poverty and marginalization. Political and institutional
set up of the present BiH society is creating additional discrimination among citizens, which
is only contributing to higher inequalities and increasing the general feeling of social
8
injustice. Gender inequalities as subject of policy intervention should be taken in connection
with other lines of social differentiation, which includes ethnic divisions and minority status,
age, regional and rural-urban differences, including the latest differences produced by
disastrous flooding. In other words, gender inequalities should be approached and treated
within the complex web of social inequalities and impoverishment, which are increasing in
BiH society. For this reason also, gender mainstreaming, is the best strategy. To be
sustainable, gender mainstreaming requires institutionalization, but cultural change as well.
There is a pronounced need at the moment to link gender equality projects with the
economic empowerment of women. This is one of the most difficult challenges, since the
economic situation in country is actually worsening. However, if this task is approached from
development perspective, and women‘s resources are seen as relevant for the development,
than the question moves from the employment of women to self-employment,
entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, creation of farm collectives, development of
agribusiness etc. These other possibilities require profound change of the institutional
environment, towards support to different economic initiatives.
Scattered and fragmented interventions in domain of gender equality can respond to some
immediate needs, or enhance the learning about the context. However, it is evident that
projects which include several municipalities or several health centers can not really introduce
large scale social change. Only institutions which are spread on the whole territory, can and
should provide services for the population in systematic and equitable terms, and that could
eventually have large scale effects. Gender mainstreaming of Centers for Social Work,
educational and health institutions, etc. from the level of local community to the state, is the
only way to ensure systematic and sustainable change.
detailed questionnaire. The idea was to collect what already exists in the region about gender issues,
or about the region and gender issues. The country coordinators were gender experts/scientists involved in various disciplines and positioned in various organizations and institutions dealing with
gender issues in their respective countries. The coordinators facilitated the gathering of high quality
and well structured inputs, which were additionally upgraded from other sources: scientific and
non-scientific publications, documents from women’s NGOs in the region and international organizations, Internet sources and statistical sources. The evaluation of the influence that the Gender Task Force of Stability Pact had/has in the region is also an important element of this study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Foreword
I
Introduction and Overview
1. Purpose and structure of the study
2. Theoretical considerations
3. Methodological considerations
II
The Balkan Region – Background Information
1. General overview
2. Country perspectives
3. Concluding remarks
III
Demographic picture of the Balkans in gender
perspective
1. General overview
2. Country perspectives
3. Concluding remarks
IV
Women in education and the economy
1. General overview
2. Country perspectives
3. Concluding remarks
V
Women in politics
1. General overview
2. Country perspectives
3. Concluding remarks
VI
Women in Balkan cultures and traditions
1. The Problem
2. Regional Overview
3. Concluding Remarks
VII
Violence against women
1. Domestic Violence
1.1. General Overview
1.2. Country perspectives
1.3. Concluding remarks
2. Trafficking in women
2.1. The problem
2.2. Regional Overview
2.3. Concluding remarks
VIII
Regional Cooperation
1. General Overview
2. Gender Task Force of Stability Pact
2.1. Stability Pact as a framework of the GTF
2.2. Approach to evaluation of the influence of the
GTF
2.3. Description of the GTF
2.4. The Role and influence of the GTF in the
region
3. The “Star” Network
4. Other regional women’s initiatives for
cooperation
5. Potential for further regional cooperation
IX
Summary
XI
Endnotes
XII
Bibliography
XIII
Appendices
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Foreword
I
Introduction and Overview
1. Purpose and structure of the study
2. Theoretical considerations
3. Methodological considerations
II
The Balkan Region – Background Information
1. General overview
2. Country perspectives
3. Concluding remarks
III
Demographic picture of the Balkans in gender
perspective
1. General overview
2. Country perspectives
3. Concluding remarks
IV
Women in education and the economy
1. General overview
2. Country perspectives
3. Concluding remarks
V
Women in politics
1. General overview
2. Country perspectives
3. Concluding remarks
VI
Women in Balkan cultures and traditions
1. The Problem
2. Regional Overview
3. Concluding Remarks
VII
Violence against women
1. Domestic Violence
1.1. General Overview
1.2. Country perspectives
1.3. Concluding remarks
2. Trafficking in women
2.1. The problem
2.2. Regional Overview
2.3. Concluding remarks
VIII
Regional Cooperation
1. General Overview
2. Gender Task Force of Stability Pact
2.1. Stability Pact as a framework of the GTF
2.2. Approach to evaluation of the influence of the
GTF
2.3. Description of the GTF
2.4. The Role and influence of the GTF in the
region
3. The “Star” Network
4. Other regional women’s initiatives for
cooperation
5. Potential for further regional cooperation
IX
Summary
XI
Endnotes
XII
Bibliography
XIII
Appendices
is the result of one of the actions of the Science and Society Action Plan: to promote gender equality in science in a wider Europe. The Enwise (Enlarge Women In Science to East) Expert Group was chaired by Professor Ene Ergma and its members are senior women scientists from different disciplines, representing academies of sciences, universities,
research institutes and administration, as well as business.
π This report investigates the situation of women scientists in the Enwise countries , providing an insight into the situation from a historical, as well as a contemporary perspective. It makes recommendations to a series of stakeholders: the Commission, the European Parliament, the Enwise
countries, as well as the current EU Member States and organisations that educate, fund and employ scientists.
π During pre-communist times, the position of women in these countries evolved in similar patterns to that in Western countries. However, the process was accelerated by political events, which led to the establishment of women’s suffrage rights, their representation in public administration and the co-education of children prior to that in Western Europe.
π The report highlights the influence of the specific gender policy implemented in these countries during the communist regime, characteristics of which included the equal right to and the obligation of full- time employment, as well as access to education regardless of gender. Furthermore, this policy was supplemented by the availability of childcare facilities,
legal protection and state support for the working mother. However, this formal gender equality was achieved and sustained through political censorship, and the suppression of women’s movements and freedom of speech. In addition, the system perpetuated horizontal and vertical segregation
in all areas of employment (including the higher education and
research sectors). The report acknowledges the legacy of the communist gender policy. The importance of education, and access to it, has led to the emergence of a considerable proportion of highly-qualified women active in all public
spheres and notably in science.
1. DEO - Uopste o rodnom budzetiranju
1.1. Cemu sluzi ovaj Vodic?
1.2. Rodno budzetiranje - jednakost kroz prizmu novca
1.3. Kako da napravite rodni budzet u svojoj opstini/lokalnoj zajednici?
1.4. Vojvodjanski model rodnog budzetiranja - rodna ravnopravnost u kontekstu lokalnog razvoja
1.5. Budzetski proces - drzavni i lokalni nivo
1.6. Strategija lokalnog razvoja - rodna perspektiva
2. DEO - Koraci ka urodnjavanju budzeta na opstinskom nivou
2.1. Trening o rodnim nejednakostima i rodnom budzetiranju
2.2. Identifikacija potreba sa lokalnim akterima - fokus grupe
2.3. Sociodemografska analiza op{tine/lokalne zajednice iz rodnog ugla
2.4. Analiza strateskih dokumenata op{tine/lokalne zajednice iz rodnog ugla
2.5. Analiza opstinskog bud`eta iz rodnog ugla
2.6. Sprovodjenje akcionog/participativnog istrazivanja
2.7. Medijska kampanja, lobiranje i zagovaranje
2.8. Uspostavljanje lokalnih tela za rodnu ravnopravnost
2.9. Uvo|enje rodnog bud`eta u novoj fiskalnoj godini - preporuke
2.10.Monitoring i evaluacija
Hierarchies of Exclusions
This key note presentation will have three parts. In the first part, I will set up a scene for the issue of gender equality in HE in Serbia, going beyond statistics, and showing the state of art of research and policy in that domain. In the second part, I will offer a broader theoretical perspective on a set of exclusions which create dominant hierarchies in academia, internationally and nationally (within Serbia). I will claim, that contrary to the ideal of meritocracy, scientific and academic systems are mainly created in a spirit of exclusions, and that present day global and transnational flows are increasing exclusions, rather than decreasing. Therefore, those hierarchies are “hierarchies of exclusions” and they dominantly shape organizational power, knowledge production and policy making to which academia is linked. Within such a context of “competition with limited meritocracy”, all “vulnerable” or “minority” groups suffer from additional risks of exclusions, including women. Finally, I will give some concrete examples of how exclusion of gender as a research dimension and the lack of knowledge on gender issues, create three types of negative consequences: firstly, perpetuation of “old boys networks” in academia and exclusion of women, which cancels meritocracy; secondly, bad scholarship limited by androcentricism (where gender is not addressed, or when it is simply “added” without in depth analyses and critical thinking); and finally, dead-end and failure when dealing with the most fundamental problems of social and economic development of Serbia. The conclusion is that gender equality in academia, and within the broader sense of knowledge production, is inseparable from development of critical thinking, diversity, cooperation and meritocracy in science, as well as from constructive and progressive development policies.
У овом раду се излажу основне карактеристике родних режима на полуперферији Европе, у коју спада и Србија, на основу резултата емпиријских и теоријских истраживања које је ауторка спроводила последњих двадесетак година. Истраживање родних режима и њихове генезе временом је водило ka артикулацији теорије полупериферијалности која објашњава структуралне карактеристике друштава полупериферије, као и њихову повезаност са особинама самих родних режима. Теорија полупериферијалности је врста „засноване теорије” (grounded theory) и инспирисана је трима теоријским линијама мишљења: „теоријом светског система“ (Имануел Валерштајн), „јужњачком теоријом“ (Рејвин Конел) и теоријом „вишеструких модерности“ (Ш.Н. Ајзенштат). Теорија полупериферијалности омогућује да се полупериферијалност сагледа као систем структуралних диспозиција друштава на полупериферији који стоји у вези са њиховом (геостратешком) локацијом, са самом територијалношћу, као и са ресурсима везаним за ту територијалност. Тако схваћена полупериферијалност сеже у дубину начина функционисања ових друштава. Основне карактеристике полупериферијалности су следеће: бивствовање „између“ (центра и периферије); трајно „заостајање“ за центром који је једна врста „покретне мете“; амбиваленција према центру (одбијање и привлачење, истовремено); изразита хибридност; изражени дијахроницитети и сложене темпоралности; изражена процесуалност и недовољна структурација; немогућност саморазумевања услед недостатка шире перспективе; склоност ка само-колонизацији у односу на центар. Кључне карактеристике полупериферије која пролази кроз „транзцију“ су: подцењивање вредности свих њених ресурса, и њихова девастација, раз-развој и постојање „вишка људи“. С друге стране, родне режиме на полупериферији одређују четири битне карактеристике које су уско повезане са поменутим структуралним карактеристикама полупериферије. То су:1. интензивно трошење женских ресурса и у јавној и у приватној сфери како би се достигао центар, које води појачаној експлоатацији и дискриминацији жена, 2. постојање само/жртвујућег микро-матријархата којим се омогућује опстанак већинског становништва у „економији беде“, 3. постојање „кризе маскулинитета“ услед кризе „хранитељског модела маскулинитета“ 4. изразито јака патријархална идеологија са наглашеном мизогинијом, као реакција на претходнo наведене особине и као метод контроле и доминације над женама.
Кључне речи: полупериферија, родни режими, развој, дискриминација, мизогинија