ABSTRACT Hydrologists have long utilized head responses to natural stimuli (e.g., rainfall, plant... more ABSTRACT Hydrologists have long utilized head responses to natural stimuli (e.g., rainfall, plant water uptake, fluctuations in stream stage and barometric pressure) for developing insights into subsurface flow systems. Given advances in sensor technology and equipment for well installation, passive monitoring of head responses to natural stimuli should play an increasing role in site characterization. The utility of a passive monitoring approach was demonstrated at a site along the Arkansas River in south-central Kansas (Larned Research Site). The site contains wells screened in two highly permeable unconsolidated aquifers that are separated by a clay unit. Water levels in the wells have been monitored at a 15-minute interval for up to seven years. The laterally extensive nature of the separating clay is revealed by the muted responses in the deeper confined aquifer to changes in stream stage. Insights into the hydraulic properties of the shallow unconfined aquifer can be gleaned from responses to stream-stage changes and plant-water uptake. In particular, the uptake of groundwater by plants produces a diurnal fluctuation in the water table. Analysis of the lateral and vertical propagation of this diurnal signal can be used to set bounds on the hydraulic parameters of the shallow aquifer. Variations in barometric pressure produce responses in wells in both the confined and unconfined aquifers. Spatial and temporal changes in the relationship between barometric- pressure fluctuations and head responses can shed light on issues such as the degree of confinement and its apparent change with time, and the sufficiency of well development. Insights into recharge mechanisms can be obtained from head responses to rainfall. At this site, where the usual state of the river channel is a dry swath of sand and gravel bounded by riparian-zone vegetation, responses at wells located at different distances from the channel indicate that recharge appears to be primarily occurring through the channel deposits. Given the highly permeable sediments at the site, monitoring at a relatively high temporal frequency (15 minutes or less) is required to best exploit the information embedded in head responses for site- characterization investigations.
An attempt to understand the water quality of Michika towns and Environs was carried out under th... more An attempt to understand the water quality of Michika towns and Environs was carried out under the water quality index (WQI). Physico-chemical parameters of 15 water samples collected from both Hand-dug wells and Boreholes were determined using standard procedures. The values of WQI have been affected by concentration of dissolved Ca, Fe, and Cl in the water samples. The value ranges from 54.89 – 99.02 in the hand dug wells which indicate poor to very poor quality except Ghuzukwi. But all the value range for borehole sources indicates a good status with WQI range of 22.99 – 26.76. The quality of water sampled from well were not suitable for human consumption without proper treatment. Model average representations of each parameter for the area are also presented.
The study was carried out to assess the impacts of human activities on the groundwater quality in... more The study was carried out to assess the impacts of human activities on the groundwater quality in Gwoza town and Environs Northeastern Nigeria. The quality was assessed in terms of physicochemical parameters. Groundwater water samples were collected from seven (7) villages in the study area during December 2008-February 2009. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO4 2-) and bicarbonate were analyzed to know the present status of the groundwater quality. The results were compared W.H.O standard (2013). It was found that the underground water was fresh to moderately hard at some sampling sites. The remaining sampling sites shows physicochemical parameters within the water quality standards and the quality of water is good and it is fit for drinking purpose.
Investigation have been made for groundwater exploration using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)... more Investigation have been made for groundwater exploration using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data acquired from 6 (six) locations distributed in Kaltungo and Environs with a maximum electrode spread of AB/2 = 100m. This is an attempt to obtain useful information on the aquifer distribution within the area and hence delineate possible areas for groundwater development. Based on Iso-resistivity maps, geo-electric section, Longitudinal Unit conductance parameters for aquifer characteristics shows the southeastern part of the study area as favorable area for Groundwater exploration. The groundwater potential zone has been identified based on geo-electrical, iso-resistivity and Longitudinal Unit Conductance. Based on these studies the average resistivities of all the layers are ρ 1 = 67.1, ρ 2 = 20, ρ 3 = 99.1, and ρ 4 = 235.8 ohm and an average thicknesses of h 1 = 0.9, h 1 = 15.4, and h 1 = 52.9m respectively. The Dar Zarrouk parameters for aquifer characteristics also shows an average Longitudinal conductance as L 1 = 0.09, L 2 = 0.52, and L 3 = 0.422 Siemens and Transverse Resistance of S 1 = 128, S 2 = 1215.7, and S 3 = 2236.8 ohm-m. The vertical geo-electrical section and spatial distribution of secondary parameters are constructed. The areas with ˂ 0.4
Four (4) magnetic profiles were established for the evaluation and the magnetic anomaly map, the ... more Four (4) magnetic profiles were established for the evaluation and the magnetic anomaly map, the regional geology and its Residual Magnetic Anomaly helped in identifying the nature and depth of the magnetic sources in the study region. The magnetic residual values range from-134 nT to +116 nT. The depth to bed rock from the four profiles taken across profiles A-A', B-B' C-C' and D-D' are 2.40km, 2.23km, 0.90km and 1.60km respectively. The area shows magnetic closures of various sizes at the Western part of the study area trending Northeast-Southwest and West-East. From the Residual map, Anomalies high are observed at the southern part of the study area reaching a maximum value of +116nT around Malleri and Dukul villages while Anomalies low were also observed at Northeastern part of the study area reaching a minimum value of-134nT around Bajoga and Bage towns.
6 seismic data lines were acquired by Esso Australia Ltd from the Outer Ex mouth of Barrow Sub-ba... more 6 seismic data lines were acquired by Esso Australia Ltd from the Outer Ex mouth of Barrow Sub-basin of Perth Australia the data was interpreted for possible oil or gas production. The analysis was carried out using the Dug Insight software. The main events picked were the sea floor at a depth of 1371m, Base Tertiary at a depth of 1826m, Cretaceous at a depth of 2170m and Triassic at a depth of 2403m with some minor events. Two distinct areas where found to have been productive and the porosities of the two areas are 31.5% and 31.2% with shale volumes of 0.25256 and 0.11687 having thicknesses of 4.0metres and 1.1metres respectively. The basin is characterized by tectonic effects which produce potential structures for both movement, escape with small accumulation as well as traps. The Triassic Limestone formation forms the source rock, the Lower Cretaceous Sandstone forms the reservoir while the Upper Cretaceous Limestone forms the seal. The huge 3D seismic data acquired over the area of the margin has not resulted in large exploration successes. This is because of the simple effective traps at base regional seal level being beneath the amplitude floor, however, some quantity of gas reserves remains undeveloped, together with some potential condensate reserves.
An attempt to understand the water quality of Michika towns and Environs was carried out under th... more An attempt to understand the water quality of Michika towns and Environs was carried out under the water quality index (WQI). Physico-chemical parameters of 15 water samples collected from both Hand-dug wells and Boreholes were determined using standard procedures. The values of WQI have been affected by concentration of dissolved Ca ++ , Fe ++ , and Cl-in the water samples. The value ranges from 54.89 – 99.02 in the hand dug wells which indicate poor to very poor quality except Ghuzukwi. But all the value range for borehole sources indicates a good status with WQI range of 22.99 – 26.76. The quality of water sampled from well were not suitable for human consumption without proper treatment. Model average representations of each parameter for the area are also presented.
ABSTRACT Hydrologists have long utilized head responses to natural stimuli (e.g., rainfall, plant... more ABSTRACT Hydrologists have long utilized head responses to natural stimuli (e.g., rainfall, plant water uptake, fluctuations in stream stage and barometric pressure) for developing insights into subsurface flow systems. Given advances in sensor technology and equipment for well installation, passive monitoring of head responses to natural stimuli should play an increasing role in site characterization. The utility of a passive monitoring approach was demonstrated at a site along the Arkansas River in south-central Kansas (Larned Research Site). The site contains wells screened in two highly permeable unconsolidated aquifers that are separated by a clay unit. Water levels in the wells have been monitored at a 15-minute interval for up to seven years. The laterally extensive nature of the separating clay is revealed by the muted responses in the deeper confined aquifer to changes in stream stage. Insights into the hydraulic properties of the shallow unconfined aquifer can be gleaned from responses to stream-stage changes and plant-water uptake. In particular, the uptake of groundwater by plants produces a diurnal fluctuation in the water table. Analysis of the lateral and vertical propagation of this diurnal signal can be used to set bounds on the hydraulic parameters of the shallow aquifer. Variations in barometric pressure produce responses in wells in both the confined and unconfined aquifers. Spatial and temporal changes in the relationship between barometric- pressure fluctuations and head responses can shed light on issues such as the degree of confinement and its apparent change with time, and the sufficiency of well development. Insights into recharge mechanisms can be obtained from head responses to rainfall. At this site, where the usual state of the river channel is a dry swath of sand and gravel bounded by riparian-zone vegetation, responses at wells located at different distances from the channel indicate that recharge appears to be primarily occurring through the channel deposits. Given the highly permeable sediments at the site, monitoring at a relatively high temporal frequency (15 minutes or less) is required to best exploit the information embedded in head responses for site- characterization investigations.
An attempt to understand the water quality of Michika towns and Environs was carried out under th... more An attempt to understand the water quality of Michika towns and Environs was carried out under the water quality index (WQI). Physico-chemical parameters of 15 water samples collected from both Hand-dug wells and Boreholes were determined using standard procedures. The values of WQI have been affected by concentration of dissolved Ca, Fe, and Cl in the water samples. The value ranges from 54.89 – 99.02 in the hand dug wells which indicate poor to very poor quality except Ghuzukwi. But all the value range for borehole sources indicates a good status with WQI range of 22.99 – 26.76. The quality of water sampled from well were not suitable for human consumption without proper treatment. Model average representations of each parameter for the area are also presented.
The study was carried out to assess the impacts of human activities on the groundwater quality in... more The study was carried out to assess the impacts of human activities on the groundwater quality in Gwoza town and Environs Northeastern Nigeria. The quality was assessed in terms of physicochemical parameters. Groundwater water samples were collected from seven (7) villages in the study area during December 2008-February 2009. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO4 2-) and bicarbonate were analyzed to know the present status of the groundwater quality. The results were compared W.H.O standard (2013). It was found that the underground water was fresh to moderately hard at some sampling sites. The remaining sampling sites shows physicochemical parameters within the water quality standards and the quality of water is good and it is fit for drinking purpose.
Investigation have been made for groundwater exploration using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)... more Investigation have been made for groundwater exploration using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data acquired from 6 (six) locations distributed in Kaltungo and Environs with a maximum electrode spread of AB/2 = 100m. This is an attempt to obtain useful information on the aquifer distribution within the area and hence delineate possible areas for groundwater development. Based on Iso-resistivity maps, geo-electric section, Longitudinal Unit conductance parameters for aquifer characteristics shows the southeastern part of the study area as favorable area for Groundwater exploration. The groundwater potential zone has been identified based on geo-electrical, iso-resistivity and Longitudinal Unit Conductance. Based on these studies the average resistivities of all the layers are ρ 1 = 67.1, ρ 2 = 20, ρ 3 = 99.1, and ρ 4 = 235.8 ohm and an average thicknesses of h 1 = 0.9, h 1 = 15.4, and h 1 = 52.9m respectively. The Dar Zarrouk parameters for aquifer characteristics also shows an average Longitudinal conductance as L 1 = 0.09, L 2 = 0.52, and L 3 = 0.422 Siemens and Transverse Resistance of S 1 = 128, S 2 = 1215.7, and S 3 = 2236.8 ohm-m. The vertical geo-electrical section and spatial distribution of secondary parameters are constructed. The areas with ˂ 0.4
Four (4) magnetic profiles were established for the evaluation and the magnetic anomaly map, the ... more Four (4) magnetic profiles were established for the evaluation and the magnetic anomaly map, the regional geology and its Residual Magnetic Anomaly helped in identifying the nature and depth of the magnetic sources in the study region. The magnetic residual values range from-134 nT to +116 nT. The depth to bed rock from the four profiles taken across profiles A-A', B-B' C-C' and D-D' are 2.40km, 2.23km, 0.90km and 1.60km respectively. The area shows magnetic closures of various sizes at the Western part of the study area trending Northeast-Southwest and West-East. From the Residual map, Anomalies high are observed at the southern part of the study area reaching a maximum value of +116nT around Malleri and Dukul villages while Anomalies low were also observed at Northeastern part of the study area reaching a minimum value of-134nT around Bajoga and Bage towns.
6 seismic data lines were acquired by Esso Australia Ltd from the Outer Ex mouth of Barrow Sub-ba... more 6 seismic data lines were acquired by Esso Australia Ltd from the Outer Ex mouth of Barrow Sub-basin of Perth Australia the data was interpreted for possible oil or gas production. The analysis was carried out using the Dug Insight software. The main events picked were the sea floor at a depth of 1371m, Base Tertiary at a depth of 1826m, Cretaceous at a depth of 2170m and Triassic at a depth of 2403m with some minor events. Two distinct areas where found to have been productive and the porosities of the two areas are 31.5% and 31.2% with shale volumes of 0.25256 and 0.11687 having thicknesses of 4.0metres and 1.1metres respectively. The basin is characterized by tectonic effects which produce potential structures for both movement, escape with small accumulation as well as traps. The Triassic Limestone formation forms the source rock, the Lower Cretaceous Sandstone forms the reservoir while the Upper Cretaceous Limestone forms the seal. The huge 3D seismic data acquired over the area of the margin has not resulted in large exploration successes. This is because of the simple effective traps at base regional seal level being beneath the amplitude floor, however, some quantity of gas reserves remains undeveloped, together with some potential condensate reserves.
An attempt to understand the water quality of Michika towns and Environs was carried out under th... more An attempt to understand the water quality of Michika towns and Environs was carried out under the water quality index (WQI). Physico-chemical parameters of 15 water samples collected from both Hand-dug wells and Boreholes were determined using standard procedures. The values of WQI have been affected by concentration of dissolved Ca ++ , Fe ++ , and Cl-in the water samples. The value ranges from 54.89 – 99.02 in the hand dug wells which indicate poor to very poor quality except Ghuzukwi. But all the value range for borehole sources indicates a good status with WQI range of 22.99 – 26.76. The quality of water sampled from well were not suitable for human consumption without proper treatment. Model average representations of each parameter for the area are also presented.
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Papers by Associate Professor A. G . Mohammed