Poul Schou

Conventional generational accounts are insufficient as instruments to judge the appropriateness of policies which may change intergenerational distribution. One of the reasons is that they are forward-looking and hence do not measure the impact of historical events. We construct a measure of full lifetime incomes and net government contributions for all generations born in Denmark from 1930 to 2030, combining historical figures with future projections on the large computable general equilibrium model DREAM. Despite many short-term fluctuations, the resulting development in lifetime income figures is relatively smooth, and net government contributions make up only a modest part of each generation’s consumption possibilities, even though present and expected future tax rates in Denmark make up no less than half of GDP.

ABSTRACT Conventional generational accounts are insufficient as instruments to judge the appropriateness of policies which may change intergenerational distribution. One of the reasons is that they are forward-looking and hence do not measure the impact of historical events. We construct a measure of full lifetime incomes and net government contributions for all generations born in Denmark from 1930 to 2030, combining historical figures with future projections on the large computable general equilibrium model DREAM. Despite many short-term fluctuations, the resulting development in lifetime income figures is relatively smooth, and net government contributions make up only a modest part of each generation's consumption possibilities, even though present and expected future tax rates in Denmark make up no less than half of GDP.

ABSTRACT An endogenous growth model with human capital formation, pollution caused by production of consumption goods, and endogenous fertility decisions made by altruistic agents with infinite horizons is presented. Consequences for optimal policy of modelling fertility as an explicit decision variable are examined. Because ordinary lump-sum transfers to individuals are no longer neutral, either revenue from a pollution tax must be redistributed to dynasties (working as an implicit tax on child births), or lump-sum transfers must be supplemented with an explicit fertility tax. Alternatively, the government can avoid distortions of the fertility decisions by maintaining an appropriate public debt. When abatement is highly productive, it can be optimal to subsidize fertility in order to increase total production. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2002

In a research-driven endogenous growth model, a non-renewable resource gives rise to pollution. Consumption may either grow or decline along the optimal balanced growth path, but the (flow) pollution level necessarily diminishes continuously. Any positive balanced growth path is sustainable. Utility may improve, even though consumption declines. Although positive growth is optimal, the market economy may nevertheless result in permanently declining consumption possibilities. At the same time, a growth-enhancing government policy may improve long-un environmental conditions. The pollution externality does not distort the decisions of the market economy, so that a specific environmental policy is superfluous. Copyright 2002 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.

We contrast e¤ects of taxing non-renewable,resources with the e¤ects of tra- ditional capital taxes and investment,subsidies in an endogenous,growth,model. In a simple framework,we demonstrate,that when,non-renewable,resources are a necessary input in the sector where growth is ultimately generated, interest income,taxes and investment,subsidies can no longer a¤ect the long-run growth rate, whereas resource tax instruments are decisive for growth. The results

In a research-driven endogenous growth model, a non-renewable resource gives rise to pollution. Consumption may either grow or decline along the optimal balanced growth path, but the (flow) pollution level necessarily diminishes continuously. Any positive balanced growth path is sustainable. Utility may improve, even though consumption declines. Although positive growth is optimal, the market economy may nevertheless result in permanently declining consumption possibilities. At the same time, a growth-enhancing government policy may improve long-un environmental conditions. The pollution externality does not distort the decisions of the market economy, so that a specific environmental policy is superfluous. Copyright 2002 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.

Conventional generational accounts are insufficient as instruments to judge the appropriateness of policies which may change intergenerational distribution. One of the reasons is that they are forward-looking and hence do not measure the impact of historical events. We construct a measure of full lifetime incomes and net government contributions for all generations born in Denmark from 1930 to 2030, combining historical figures with future projections on the large computable general equilibrium model DREAM. Despite many short-term fluctuations, the resulting development in lifetime income figures is relatively smooth, and net government contributions make up only a modest part of each generation's consumption possibilities, even though present and expected future tax rates in Denmark make up no less than half of GDP.

In an endogenous growth model with human capital accumulation, we introduce non-renewable resources which cause flow pollution problems. In this set-up the negative external effect of pollution on productivity does not cause any distortions in the economy: The market economy will achieve the optimal extraction and growth rates. Consequently, emission taxes are unnecessary and, when introduced, will have no effect on the economy. The more important is the negative pollution externality, the larger will be the optimal long-run growth rate (which may be either positive or negative). In the case of a positive human capital externality, consumption in the market economy may approach zero in the long run, although positive consumption growth is socially optimal. Growth-enhancing policies do not necessarily cause a larger drain in the resource stock. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000

... Immigrants are divided into two groups: immigrants from more developed countries (henceforth known as IMs; more developed countries being USA, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and countries in Europe except for ... Immigration, integration and fiscal sustainability 675 ...

... Immigrants are divided into two groups: immigrants from more developed countries (henceforth known as IMs; more developed countries being USA, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Australia and countries in Europe except for ... Immigration, integration and fiscal sustainability 675 ...