RAJA RAO PAGIDIPALLI

The final resolution point of the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 underscores the critical need for accountable implementation and collaboration across diverse stakeholders to address climate challenges effectively. It emphasizes the importance of transparency and responsibility in ensuring that the actions discussed during COP 28 are implemented with diligence and commitment.

Resolution Point 56 signifies a proactive step towards addressing climate challenges by laying out specific actions in the ‘2030 Climate Solutions: an Implementation Roadmap’. The roadmap reflects a collaborative effort to bridge existing gaps in climate action and engage diverse stakeholders in the process. While the initiative is commendable for its strategic approach, challenges related to implementation, scalability, and evaluation need to be addressed to ensure its effectiveness. Overall, the roadmap sets a promising foundation for climate action but requires careful planning and monitoring to achieve its intended goals.

Resolution Point 55 at COP 28 reflects a positive initiative towards promoting transparency and accountability in global climate action. By emphasizing the role of the Global Climate Action Portal as a platform for transparent communication and progress tracking, the resolution aims to empower stakeholders and enhance collaboration. However, challenges related to implementation and enforcement mechanisms may need to be addressed to ensure the effectiveness of these transparency efforts. Overall, the resolution signals a step in the right direction towards fostering greater transparency and accountability in addressing climate change.

Resolution point 54 at the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 underscores the importance of accountability in global climate action. It highlights the encouraging trend of initiatives launched at COP 28 committing to reconvene at future COPs to discuss their progress and implementation. Additionally, existing initiatives have published progress reports to showcase their achievements and challenges, indicating a growing momentum towards greater accountability in climate action efforts.

COP 28 Resolution 53/57: In this regard, it is noteworthy that the UNSG commissioned a meeting discussing the implementation of the recommendations by the UNSG’s High-Level Expert Group on Net-Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities, and the Taskforce on Net Zero Policy was launched to establish a collaborative space that encourages the sharing of knowledge, practices, and insights among policymakers and regulators in advancing net zero aligned policy. Also, the COP 28 Presidency launched the Net-Zero Transition Charter: Accountability Mobilization for the Private Sector, encouraging organizations to make public net-zero emissions pledges and targets, underpinned by high integrity and quality, produce credible and transparent transition plans, and publish periodic, accurate, complete, and transparent reporting on their progress.

Resolution point 53 highlights several initiatives aimed at advancing the global transition to net-zero emissions, focusing on the engagement of non-state entities and the private sector in climate action.

Resolution point 52 emphasizes the critical importance of moving from mere pledges, declarations, and commitments to actual implementation and operationalization of initiatives. It highlights the need for progress reporting and expansion of efforts towards achieving the goals set forth by these pledges and initiatives.

Resolution point 51 highlights the significant progress made across various pillars of the global climate action agenda during COP 28. It acknowledges that the outcomes presented in the document are not exhaustive but represent key advancements. It mentions the Global Climate Action Portal’s Events Tracking page, which captured over 170 announcements made at COP 28, demonstrating a substantial increase compared to COP 27.

Resolution point 50 highlights the participation of various sectors such as sport, fashion, entertainment, and culture at COP 28 to showcase initiatives aimed at engaging all levels of society in the climate conversation. Specifically, the Sports For Climate Action initiative presented its strategy to enhance the collective role of sports in climate action through fan and community engagement. Additionally, the Global Climate Action Awards recognized innovative climate action undertaken by young people worldwide to ensure their communities are more sustainable, resilient, and equitable places to live.

Resolution point 49 outlines the launch of the AI Innovation Grand Challenge during the High-level Event on Artificial Intelligence for Climate Action. This initiative, led by the Technology Executive Committee in collaboration with Enterprise Neurosystem, aims to identify and support the development of AI-powered solutions for climate action in developing countries, with a particular focus on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs).

Resolution point 48 highlights the importance of technology and capacity building as enablers for inclusion in climate action. It discusses the activities of the 5th Capacity-building Hub, particularly the ‘Capacities for Rights-based Climate Action Day’ and the ‘Private Finance Capacities Day,’ which aimed to enhance the participation of various stakeholders, including grassroots organizations, Indigenous Peoples, local communities, youth, children, gender advocates, and people with disabilities, in climate change initiatives.

Resolution point 47 highlights the launch of the Podong Indigenous Peoples Initiative during COP 28, aimed at enhancing the participation, inclusion, and leadership of Indigenous Peoples in climate action. The initiative involves collaboration between the High-Level Champion of COP 28, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity, and the IUCN Indigenous Peoples Organisations members. It aims to provide direct funding to Indigenous Peoples, with a commitment to ensuring that no less than 85 per cent of funds reach Indigenous territories and communities.

Resolution point 46 highlights the issuance of the Global Call to Action, urging world leaders, policymakers, and key actors in the data system to produce and utilize gender-environment data to drive progress on gender-responsive climate and environment commitments. This call to action emerged from collaborative efforts involving UN Women, the COP 28 Presidency, the COP 28 High-Level Champion, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Women’s Environment and Development Organization, and the UNFCCC secretariat.

Resolution point 45 highlights the launch of the COP 28 Gender-Responsive Just Transitions and Climate Action Partnership, led by the COP 28 Presidency and the COP 28 High-Level Champion. This partnership involves 78 national governments committing to collaborative efforts aimed at supporting just and inclusive transitions that advance gender equality and the goals of the enhanced Lima Work Program on Gender and its Gender Action Plan. The partners plan to reconvene for dialogue at COP 32 to report on the implementation of the commitments of the Partnership.

Resolution point 44 outlines the convening of the Dubai Youth Dialogue by the COP 28 Presidency, the Youth Climate Champion, and YOUNGO, the official children and youth constituency of the UNFCCC. Additionally, it mentions the launch of the outcome of the Youth Stocktake by YOUNGO, with the support of the Youth Climate Champion, as a process initiated at the 58th Subsidiary Bodies Sessions to assess the progress of youth inclusion and policy implementation.

Resolution point 42 underscores the importance of inclusivity and representation in addressing climate change impacts, particularly for vulnerable communities and underrepresented groups. Prior to COP 28, the COP 28 Presidency and the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC issued a joint statement committing to making COP 28 the most inclusive UN Climate Change Conference to date.

Resolution point 41 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights progress made in the area of building sustainability through the launch of the Buildings Breakthrough initiative. This initiative, launched in collaboration with the Governments of France and Morocco and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), aims to transition towards near-zero emissions and climate-resilient buildings by 2030 as part of the wider Breakthrough Agenda. Additionally, the UNEP/GlobalABC secretariat, the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), in coordination with the High-level Champions, will conduct an annual assessment of global progress in the sector.

Resolution point 40 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 emphasizes the importance of multilevel action in addressing climate change and its impacts on people, lives, and livelihoods. The COP 28 Presidency, in collaboration with Bloomberg Philanthropies, organized the first-of-a-kind Local Climate Action Summit, bringing together national and subnational climate leaders to catalyze efforts in transforming climate finance, accelerating the energy transition, and strengthening resilience and adaptation at the local level. Additionally, the Summit led to the launch of the Coalition for High Ambition Multilevel Partnership (CHAMP) for Climate Action, with 65 national governments signing commitments to enhance cooperation with subnational governments in planning, financing, implementing, and monitoring climate strategies.

Resolution point 39 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights progress on adaptation and resilience action, specifically focusing on the Early Warning for All initiative. This initiative, launched by the UN Secretary-General at COP 27, aims to enhance early warning systems for disaster risk reduction. The progress report published by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and the World Meteorological Organization indicates that Africa has doubled the quality of early warning systems coverage, although it still falls below the global average.

Resolution point 38 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 focuses on the Race to Resilience campaign’s collaboration with the Sharm el-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda (SAA) to mobilize non-party stakeholders towards human-focused resilience-building efforts. The progress report, published under the leadership of the High-Level Champions, indicates that robust pledges set by the Race to Resilience campaign’s partners would enhance the resilience of 3.17 billion people by 2030, with action already underway to boost the resilience of 1.87 billion people.

Resolution point 37 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the significance of forestry in addressing climate change and its close link to livelihoods. The celebration of the 10th anniversary of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ at COP 28 marks a milestone, with a status update indicating that 60 developing countries are actively implementing REDD+ activities. Additionally, leaders from governments, civil society, and the business sectors convened at the Forest & Climate Leaders’ Partnership COP28 Ministerial with renewed ambition to act in accordance with the 2021 Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use. Furthermore, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, and Papua New Guinea announced national packages for forest, climate, and nature backed by finance from public, private, and civil society partners.

Resolution point 36 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the collective efforts of countries and stakeholders to support nature-based climate action. These efforts focus on directing nature-climate finance towards forests, mangroves, and oceans by endorsing action towards global alliances and breakthroughs.

Resolution point 35 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 emphasizes the importance of strengthening the interconnection between nature and climate change to foster emissions reductions, strengthen climate resilience, and improve the livelihoods of people. The High-Level Champions and the Marrakech Partnership have prioritized nature as a key focus, culminating in the launch of the COP 28 Joint Statement for Climate, Nature, and People during the nature day. This statement, endorsed by 18 national governments (including China and the United Arab Emirates), along with voluntary partnerships, initiatives, and coalitions, commits to collaborate on integrated action for climate and nature. Regular meetings will be held to review collective progress, supported by over 150 non-party stakeholders who joined the Nature Positive for Climate Action Call.

Resolution point 34 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 focuses on the global roadmap presented by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with the aim of eliminating hunger and all forms of malnutrition without exceeding the temperature rise of 1.5°C. This roadmap identifies 120 actions and key milestones within ten domains, supported by evidence gathered by FAO over several years.

Resolution point 33 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 emphasizes the importance of building resilient food systems that can adapt to climate change impacts. The COP 28 Presidency launched the UAE Declaration on Sustainable Agriculture, Resilient Food Systems, and Climate Action, with 153 national government signatories (including the EU) committing to various actions. These actions include scaling up adaptation and resilience efforts to reduce the vulnerability of farmers, fisherfolk, and other food producers to climate change impacts, as well as promoting food security and nutrition by supporting vulnerable populations. Signatories will review their collective progress at COP 29. Additionally, non-party stakeholders contributed to this effort by signing the Call to Action for Transforming Food Systems for People, Nature, and Climate, with over 200 leading organizations involved.

Resolution point 32 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the recognition of the need for sectoral interconnections, particularly between health and climate. The COP 28 Presidency convened the first-ever health day to strengthen these interconnections in the action agenda, emphasizing the importance of people-focused resilience building. A total of 141 national governments, including the EU, joined the COP 28 UAE Declaration on Climate and Health. This declaration commits to advancing climate-resilient development, strengthening health systems, and building resilient and thriving communities for the benefit of present and future generations.

Resolution point 31 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the endorsement of the COP 28 UAE Declaration on Climate Relief, Recovery, and Peace by 78 national governments (including the EU) and 40 organizations. This declaration aims to strengthen collective action to build climate resilience at the scale and speed required in highly vulnerable countries and communities. Signatories commit to enhancing financial support for climate adaptation and resilience, understanding and improving good practice and programming, and strengthening coordination, collaboration, and partnerships. They will reconvene at COP 29 to review progress and initiate potential additional action.

Resolution point 30 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the smooth transition from negotiation to implementation regarding the operationalization of a fund and its funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage. This transition occurred at COP 28, with agreements being reached on the opening day, and several national governments and organizations subsequently announced financial commitments to this topic.

Resolution point 29 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights key findings and messages from a report regarding adaptation outcomes in health, food and agriculture, and nature. The report introduces four new Adaptation Outcomes related to health, including finance, surveillance systems, heat resilience, and health infrastructure and facilities. Additionally, it emphasizes opportunities to accelerate the implementation and integration of plans in food and agriculture with other sectoral or local plans and investments. Furthermore, positive developments are noted in nature, including the recognition and universal definition of the term “nature-based solutions” and more advanced standards for private entities in setting targets and disclosing risks related to nature. The report also indicates a growing recognition among insurers, banks, and investors of the risks of inaction and the emerging opportunities related to adaptation and resilience.

Resolution point 28 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the release of the first implementation report, which assesses the progress made and the challenges ahead in closing adaptation gaps and building resilience between now and 2030. The report focuses on key areas such as health, food and agriculture, and nature, which are part of the Sharm el-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda (SAA). The High-Level Champions have shown progress on the Agenda throughout COP 28.

Resolution point 27 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the importance of increasing action to adapt and build resilience, especially in vulnerable communities, in response to record-breaking temperatures and climate-induced disasters. It references the Sharm el-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda (SAA), launched and welcomed by Parties at COP 27, which aims to accelerate adaptation action with stakeholders across systems. The SAA presents over 30 global adaptation outcome targets urgently needed by 2030 to increase the resilience of four billion people, and thematic task forces corresponding to impact systems, as well as a Steering Committee, were established.

Resolution point 26 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the launch of the Nature Solutions Hub for Asia and the Pacific by the Asia Development Bank (ADB). This initiative aims to proactively scale up the flow of public and private finance into conserving nature and addressing biodiversity loss in the region. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 25 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 emphasizes actions regarding finance for nature, particularly focusing on mobilizing capital for nature conservation through transforming the policy environment, proving viable business models, and harnessing financial innovation. This action is complemented by reports from the Independent High-Level Expert Group and the High-Level Champions, aiming to mobilize private capital for nature. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 24 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the launch of the UN-convened Net-Zero Export Credit Agencies Alliance (NZECA), supported by the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) and other partners. The NZECA aims to decarbonize global trade and facilitate joint action from public and private finance. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 23 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the efforts of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), a part of the Global Capacity Building Coalition, in developing tools and methodologies to help financial institutions turn their net-zero commitments into action. GFANZ has published its 2023 Progress Report on transition finance, showcasing progress made on transition planning and mobilizing capital in emerging and developing economies. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 22 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the establishment of the Global Capacity Building Coalition, supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies and involving various organizations such as the UN, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and others. The coalition aims to increase the availability and effectiveness of climate finance technical assistance programs for financial institutions in emerging markets and developing economies. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 21 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights a call for collaboration on enhancing the enabling environment to accelerate the mobilization of private finance for adaptation and resilience. This call was developed by private sector stakeholders and a number of Parties and supported by High-Level Champions with the joint objective of mobilizing private finance for adaptation. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 20 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the endorsement of the Joint Declaration and Task Force on Credit Enhancement of Sustainability-Linked Sovereign Financing for Nature and Climate by multilateral development banks and international organizations like the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility. This initiative aims to respond to the needs of developing countries by providing long-term fiscal solutions and avoiding short-term debt relief that relies solely on international development assistance. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 19 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the outcomes presented by the High-Level Champions on their collaborative work on climate finance. These outcomes include the publication of “Assets to Flows II” from the Regional Platforms for Climate Projects, emphasizing the need for significant progress in scaling up investment and finance for climate projects, especially in developing countries. Additionally, the Independent High-Level Expert Group in Climate Finance published a summary of its second report, which emphasizes the role of multilateral development banks in unlocking investment opportunities and mobilizing finance. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 18 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the endorsement of the UAE Leaders’ Declaration on a Global Climate Finance Framework by 13 national governments. This framework aims to unlock the investment opportunity of climate finance through collective action, inclusivity, and scaling up delivery, with plans for immediate reporting on its implementation following COP 28. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 17 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the commitments made by national governments and organizations to climate finance, specifically targeting funds like the Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, and Special Climate Change Fund. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

Resolution point 16 from the UAE Global Climate Action at COP 28 in 2023 highlights the acknowledgment of the importance of addressing the indebtedness of developing countries and reforming the international financial architecture alongside the mobilization of public and private finance for climate action. Let’s analyze the positive and negative aspects of this resolution:

COP 28 UAE Resolution 15: Countries involved in the Latin American and Caribbean Renewables Hub have raised the target for renewable energy in total electricity generation to 80 per cent by 2030, from 70 per cent, and aim to reach a share of renewable energy in the total energy supply of at least 36 per cent by 2030.

Analysis and Review:

The resolution point focuses on the Latin American and Caribbean Renewables Hub, where countries have increased the target for renewable energy in total electricity generation and set a goal for the share of renewable energy in the total energy supply by 2030.

The resolution point highlights the presentation of progress in existing initiatives, specifically focusing on the Race to Zero Campaign. The 2023 Progress Report indicates significant growth, with more than 13,500 non-Party stakeholders engaged in the campaign, nearly doubling in membership size since COP 26.

The resolution point discusses the contribution of the High-Level Champions to the expansion of the Breakthrough Agenda launched at COP 26, specifically highlighting the Cement and Concrete Breakthrough launched by Canada and the United Arab Emirates. The initiative aims to accelerate decarbonization in the industry through best practices, policy and standards work, and support for innovation in areas like carbon capture and storage or utilization, and circular economy.

The resolution point highlights the active engagement of the High-Level Champions in the work of the Presidency, specifically focusing on their leadership in accelerating energy transition. It mentions the launch of the Utilities for Zero Alliance in collaboration with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), involving 31 partners, and the introduction of new 2030 Breakthroughs on methane reduction in the oil and gas sector and electrification.

UAE COP 28 Resolution Point 10: Also, the newly-launched Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy which raises a goal of tripling nuclear energy capacity globally by 2050 and inviting shareholders of international financial institutions to encourage the inclusion of nuclear energy in energy lending policies, was endorsed by 22 national governments.

Analysis and Review:

The resolution point discusses the newly-launched Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy, which aims to triple global nuclear energy capacity by 2050 and invites shareholders of international financial institutions to encourage the inclusion of nuclear energy in energy lending policies.

COP 28 UAE Resolution 9: In addition to the work led by the COP 28 Presidency, there were announcements across the global climate action agenda on energy transitions, showcasing multi-stakeholder collaboration. The Powering Past Coal Alliance announced the addition of new national and subnational governments into the Alliance, working to advance the transition from unabated coal power generation to clean energy. Coinciding with this progress, France, together with countries and organizations, launched the Coal Transition Accelerator, which aims to share expertise, design new policies through best practices and lessons learned, and unlock new sources of public and private financing to facilitate just transitions from coal to clean energy.

Analysis and Review:

The resolution point discusses announcements across the global climate action agenda on energy transitions, focusing on initiatives led by the Powering Past Coal Alliance and the launch of the Coal Transition Accelerator.

This resolution point outlines initiatives led by the COP 28 Presidency aimed at collaboration to reduce sectoral emissions. Several initiatives are mentioned, including the Global Cooling Pledge, Mutual Recognition of Certification Schemes for Renewable and Low-Carbon Hydrogen, Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter, and the Industrial Transition Accelerator.

Note: This question paper contains two parts A and B. Part A is compulsory which carries 25 marks. Answer all questions in Part A. Part B consists of questions from all 5 Units. Answer any one full question from each unit. Each question carries 10 marks and may have a, b, c as sub questions.

Note: This question paper contains two parts A and B. Part A is compulsory which carries 25 marks. Answer all questions in Part A. Part B consists of questions from all 5 Units. Answer any one full question from each unit. Each question carries 10 marks and may have a, b, c as sub questions.

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