Robert Bauval

In this previous article I demonstrated that when the so-called 'concavity' seen on the center of the four faces of the GP are taken into account in the overall external geometrical design of the monument, a triangular 'virtual' space is produced on a platform atop the monument in which can be perfectly inserted a circle or globe the diameter is precisely 1 meter (1.91 RC), implying, if not proving, that the designer of this monument was aware of the meter unit even though the latter is historically attributed to the French 1893. I have no logical way of explaining this strange aberration. I now propose to use the value of the concavity through a different approach which, curiously, will create another hypothetical virtual space atop the GP this time, however, causing the emergence of a measurement, possibly a circle or globe, of 2 meters exactly. Here is how I proceeded to reach this result: I took the perimeter of the GP of which 440 x 4 = 1760 RC, and assumed it to be a circle. I then constructed a perfect pentagon/five-pointed star (see my previous article for the use of the pentagon) to fit exactly into the circle. This, by necessity, produced 5 equal arcs of 352 RC (1760/5 = 352). My hunch as a designer architect, and the frequency that the number 352 shown up on several occasions in the original design of the GP has long convinced me that it could serve as a key or code to understand the complex meaning of the GP. (its prime factorization is 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 11 or 2 5 x 11 1 , which makes me consider five twos and one eleven, thus, indirectly evoking the pentagon and the prime number 11, which, inter alia, are a geometrical figure and a prime number used in developing the original design of the GP). Here's just one example of using the number 352: 352 x 10 = 3520 RC (or 1760 x 2 = 3520 RC). This, of course, if twice the perimeter of the GP, whether taken as a square or a circle. When converted into meter: 3520 x 0.5236 = 1843.07 m, the value obtained is not an arbitrary one but, oddly, is the exact measurement of 1 minute of 1 degree of latitude taken at the equator of the Planet! Although such a relationship was known by many researchers since the time of Napoleon, what is new that I am proposing that the number 352 plays a major role in this derivation. Also 352 RC / 100 = 3.52 RC which, when further divided by 2 gives uncannily the value of the physical designed concavity of 1.76 RC (0.9215 m) of the

It has been supposed that the southward displacement viz. offset of the King's Chamber was due to architectural or constructional constraints related to the positioning and length of the Grand Gallery. I intend to show in this brief analysis of the design of this chamber that this anomalous offset was chosen for a " mathematical " function based on the desire of the ancient designer/architect to express at least universal numerical constants which also appear in other parts of the monument.

The objective of this exercise is to demonstrate that the so-called concavity of the faces of the Great Pyramid could be a designed feature and not, as assume by Egyptologist, a construction error. Furthermore I intend to demonstrate that the geometry generated by the concavity on the overall shape of the monument shows a clear relationship, whether intended or by accident, between the Egyptian Royal Cubit (RC) to the meter unit (m). Finally, this geometrical design has the peculiarity of creating a 'virtual space' at the top of the monument on which might have been placed a spherical object.

Since long time various qualitative speculations have been proposed about the link between the three major Giza pyramids and the stars. In particular, according to a popular and controversial hypothesis (the so-called Orion Correlation Theory), a perfect coincidence would exist between the mutual positions of the three stars of the Orion Belt and those of the main Giza pyramids. In the present paper, this apparent coincidence has been subjected to some statistical verifications, in order to assess the probability that the correlation between stars and pyramids, both in relative position and in luminosity/height, can be merely due to the case. These statistical analyses have been performed by means of Monte Carlo simulations and have been coupled with previous as-tronomical/astrophysical tests of the presumed correlation, finding that the coincidence does not seem to be fortuitous and that it is compatible with the naked-eye astrometry and photometry of the Orion Belt stars. On the contrary, unlike what stated by another popular and controversial theory (the so-called Cygnus-Giza Correlation), we have found no coincidence between the mutual positions of the three pyramids and those of the three stars of the short arm of the asterism of Northern Cross, in the Cygnus constellation.

The Great Pyramid of Giza has spawned many theories as to how, when and why it has been constructed. Its immense size, it location near the 30 th parallel, its angle of slope and square perimeter that the (almost precise) mathematical constant Pi, its intriguing unit of measurement and various dimensions, most of all its mysterious internal system of tunnels and chambers, has puzzled generations of researchers. From scientists to historians, from experts to laypersons, from engineers and architects to armchair amateurs, from geniuses to cranks, all have had a go at solving the 'mystery of the pyramids'. In this brief and preliminary paper architect Jean-Paul Bauval looks at the most intriguing component of the Great Pyramid: the non-central location of the King's Chamber, and provides a possible answer to why it is offset to the central axes of the Pyramid. Note: All measurements for the shafts of the King's Chamber are taken from the 1992-3 survey and calculations of M. Rudolf Gantenbrink. All measurements for the plan and location of the King's Chamber are taken from Flinder Petrie [1]. Dimensions are given in metres (m) unless otherwise stated. Measurements denoted by RC are in royal cubits, where 1 RC = 0.5236 m.

It has been, and still is, generally accepted by Egyptologists that the ancient Egyptians did not have a zodiac, and that the latter –the so-called Greco-Babylonian zodiac--- was imported into Egypt sometime in the 3rd or 4th century BC.  This may indeed be so; but it does not necessarily follow that the ancient Egyptians did not identify certain constellation along the zodiacal belt that were important to them.

The Orion Correlation Theory (OCT) was first proposed formally by Robert Bauval in 1989. Although largely enbraced by the public and many scholars and professionals, it has on the whole been rejected by most Egyptologists.  This paper reviews the various major criticism but also the recent rigorous scientific quantitative and statistical analyses.

Why did Francis of Assisi meet the Sultan of Egypt in September 1219? What really happened during this most unusual encounter? Robert Bauval, who has recently visited the town of Assisi in Umbria, Italy, investigates this strange and little-known story of the most beloved saint of Christianity and his encounter with Sultan Al Kamil, nephew of the Great Muslim leader Saladin. The story that unfolds is as strange as it is fascinating.

There is a persistent but erroneous view that the south-east corner of G1,G2 and G3 at Giza form a deliberate line to connect with Heliopolis, and that G1 and G2 were deliberately set out to form the hieroglyph 'Akhet' (sun-dic between two mounds). This present article will hopefully put to rest these fallacious issues.

Objective: In this brief paper we propose to show factual numerical relationships between the shape and size of our planet and that of the Great Pyramid, with a combined reference to the sexagesimal system, the geographical degree, the nautical mile and the modern meter (m). FACT 1: Twice the base perimeter of the Great Pyramid of Giza i.e. 921.53 m x 2 = 1843.06 m. this value happens to be exactly one minute of arc measured at the equator expressed in the sexagesimal system (based on the number 60).

The objective of this exercise is to demonstrate that the so-called concavity of the faces of the Great Pyramid could be a designed feature and not, as assume by Egyptologist, a construction error. Furthermore I intend to demonstrate that the geometry generated by the concavity on the overall shape of the monument shows a clear relationship, whether intended or by accident, between the Egyptian Royal Cubit (RC) to the meter unit (m). Finally, this geometrical design has the peculiarity of creating a 'virtual space' at the top of the monument on which might have been placed a spherical object.