Egyptian History

An increase of cross-cultural learning as a consequence of increased travel and migration between Egypt and the Levant during the Iron Age occurred after millennia of migration in earlier times. The result was an Egyptian-Levantine koine, often not recognized as relevant by historians due to an uncritical reproduction of ancient myths of separation. However, the cultural exchange triggered by migration is attested in the language, in the iconography of the region, in the history of the alphabet, in literary motifs, in the characterization of central characters of the Hebrew Bible and, last but not least, in the rise of new religions, which integrated the experience of otherness in a new ethos.

Note that this paper is to be read in conjunction with THE DECORATED NORTH WALL IN THE TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN (KV 62) (THE BURIAL OF NEFERTITI? II) (2019) (https://www.academia.edu/39903971/The_Decorated_North_Wall_in_the_Tomb_of_Tutankhamun_KV_62_The_Burial_of_Nefertiti_II_2019_) and THE TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN (KV 62): SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (THE BURIAL OF NEFERTITI? III) (2020)(https://www.academia.edu/44309046/The_Tomb_of_Tutankhamun_KV_62_Supplementary_Notes_The_Burial_of_Nefertiti_III_2020_). THE BURIAL OF NEFERTITI? ANIMATIONS may be accessed separately at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD-SFAqqGpS603n_o7CORky6pUvB061X5

يتناول عبد الفتاح ماضي في كتابه عثرات في الميدان: كيف أخفقت ثورة يناير في مصر؟ الصادر عن المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات، المسار المتعثّر لثورة 25 يناير 2011 في مصر؛ باعتبارها جزءًا من نضالٍ ممتد في التاريخ الحديث للشعب المصري من أجل التغيير، وحدثًا أداره فاعلون داخليون وخارجيون بقناعات ومصالح مختلفة، وفي سياقات إقليمية ودولية غير مواتية.

يروم الكتاب فهم التحوّلات الكبرى التي طرأت على مسار الثورة، والبحث في عددٍ من القضايا المحورية، مثل دور النخب ومجموعة من جنرالات الجيش في الثورة، والعامل الخارجي والديمقراطية في مصر، وقضايا الهوية والتغيير في مصر.

مقدمات الثورة

يتألف الكتاب (300 صفحة بالقطع الوسط، موثقًا ومفهرسًا) من مقدمة وسبعة فصول وخاتمة.

في الفصل الأول، "مقدمات ثورة 25 يناير"، يعرض المؤلف مقدمات ثورة يناير، مع التركيز على إرث مرحلة مبارك في المجالَين السياسي والاقتصادي، موضحًا كيف أغلق نظام مبارك سبل الإصلاح السياسي التدرجي، وأفسد الحياة السياسية عقودًا طويلة، ما أدّى إلى إسقاطه وحزبه الحاكم عبر التظاهرات الشعبية. كما يعرض كيف ثارت قطاعات واسعة من المصريين ضد النظام، ودور الجماعات الاحتجاجية الشبابية والحركات الاجتماعية والعمالية في تعبئة الشارع ضد مبارك، ودور أدوات التواصل الاجتماعي والإعلام والجمعية الوطنية للتغيير وحركة 6 أبريل.

أما في الفصل الثاني، "اندلاع الثورة وردّ النظام"، فيرصد المؤلف اندلاع الثورة، وردّة فعل سلطة مبارك التنفيذية عليها، بدءًا من عناده وتهوينه شأن الحراك الشعبي ضده، مرورًا بخطابات التهديد والوعيد واستخدام القمع الوحشي ضد المتظاهرين، وانتهاءً بمحاولات التشبث بالسلطة وبدء تحرك الجيش.

تحولات الثورة

يُعنى المؤلف في الفصل الثالث، "تحولات الثورة المصرية"، بمسار ثورة يناير وتحوّلاتها، فيتناول تحول الثورة من كونها ثورة "ديمقراطية" تنادي بالحريات والعدالة الاجتماعية إلى ثورة "انتخابية"، من خلال البحث في الطريقة التي أدار بها الفاعلون السياسيون الرئيسون المرحلة الانتقالية بعد إسقاط مبارك (12 شباط/ فبراير 2011 - 30 حزيران/ يونيو 2013)، مركزًا على انفراد المجلس الأعلى للقوات المسلحة بإدارة الدولة، واعتماد خريطة طريق تقوم على التنافس الحزبي الانتخابي قبل التوافق، وسلوك القوى السياسية التقليدية التي تصدّرت المشهد السياسي، إضافةً إلى غياب الحوار والتوافقات الكبرى. كما يتناول المؤلف تحوّل ثورة يناير مرة أخرى من كونها ثورة "انتخابية" إلى ثورة "مضادة"؛ من خلال عرض الطريقة التي أوقف بها جنرالات المجلس العسكري المسار الديمقراطي، وقادوا ثورةً مضادة أطاحت المكتسبات القليلة التي حققتها ثورة يناير، وأقامت نظامًا يقوم على الصراع الصفري مع القوى التي لا تصطف مع النظام. ويوضح هذا الفصل كيف كانت اختيارات النخب تُعبّر، في واقع الأمر، إمّا عن قناعات وأفهام مغلوطة، وإمّا عن مقدمات أيديولوجية متحجرة، أو مصالح ضيقة، أو نصائح غير مدروسة قُدّمت من أطراف مختلفة، أو عن خليط من هذا وذاك.

الحوار والتجربة الدستورية

ينصب اهتمام المؤلف في الفصل الرابع، "محاولات الحوار الوطني"، على محاولات الحوار التي جرت في مراحل مختلفة؛ حيث يبدأ بعملية الحوار التي بدأتها جماعة الإخوان المسلمين قبل اندلاع الثورة بشهور، واستمرت في الشهور الأولى للثورة، وتُوّجت بما سُمّي وثيقة التحالف الديمقراطي. كما يعرض المؤلف حوارات المجلس العسكري الحاكم حتى لقاء "فيرمونت" وانتخاب الرئيس محمد مرسي، إضافة إلى الحوارات التي أجراها هذا الأخير، ثم بعض المبادرات التي قُدمت بعد 30 حزيران/ يونيو 2013.

أما في الفصل الخامس، "التجربة الدستورية بعد الثورة"، فيقدم المؤلف الوثائق الدستورية التي ظهرت في مرحلة المجلس العسكري حين شهدت البلاد إعلانًا دستوريًا في 13 شباط/ فبراير 2011، ثم تعديلات دستورية متعلقة بـ 9 مواد من دستور 1971، ثم إعلانًا دستوريًا آخر في 30 آذار/ مارس 2011، ثم إعلانَين دستوريّين (في 25 أيلول/ سبتمبر و19 تشرين الثاني/ نوفمبر 2011) يعدّلان إعلان 30 آذار/ مارس، ثم إعلانًا دستوريًا مكملًا في 17 حزيران/ يونيو 2012. كما يقدم المؤلف الوثائق الدستورية التي ظهرت في مرحلة مرسي؛ وذلك حين عرفت مصر في 12 آب/ أغسطس 2012 إعلانًا دستوريًا جديدًا (ألغى الإعلان الدستوري الصادر في 17 حزيران/ يونيو 2012)، والإعلان الدستوري في 21 تشرين الثاني/ نوفمبر 2012، ودستور 2012. ويقدم المؤلف، أيضًا، الوثائق الدستورية التي ظهرت في مرحلة ما بعد 30 حزيران/ يونيو 2013، وشهدت فيها البلاد بيان القوات المسلحة في 3 تموز/ يوليو 2013، وإعلانَين دستوريين (في5 و7 تموز/ يوليو 2013)، ودستور 2014.

جنرالات الداخل والعوامل الخارجية

يتناول المؤلف في الفصل السادس، "جنرلات الجيش وثورات الشعب"، بعض الجوانب ذات الصلة بعلاقة مجموعة من جنرالات الجيش المسيطرين على المؤسسة العسكرية بثورة يناير، فيعرض حالات مقارنة من خارج العالم العربي لإيضاح ما يأتي: سبب استيلاء العسكريين على السلطة، وطبيعة الحكم العسكري، وطريقة خروج العسكريين من السلطة. ثم يعرض باقتضاب الحالة المصرية، بدءًا من جذور تدخّل الجنرالات العسكريين في السلطة، وتطور أدوارهم السياسية والاقتصادية، مرورًا بالمغالطات التي ردّدها إعلام ما بعد 30 حزيران/ يونيو 2013 بشأن دور الجيش، وانتهاءً بالمخاطر المترتبة على طبيعة النظام الإقصائية والبوليسية؛ لا على الحياة السياسية والثورة فحسب، بل على المؤسسة العسكرية ذاتها والأمن القومي العربي أيضًا.

في الفصل السابع، "العوامل الخارجية والثورة المصرية" (الفصل الأخير)، يعالج المؤلف بعض الأدوار الدولية والإقليمية في مسار الثورة المصرية، فيتناول موقف القوى الغربية من مسألة الديمقراطية في البلدان العربية قبل ثورات 2011، ثم موقف الولايات المتحدة الأميركية وأوروبا وروسيا من الثورة المصرية، ودعم القوى الإقليمية نظامَ ما بعد 30 حزيران/ يونيو 2013، إضافةً إلى أثر استخدام خطاب الحرب على الإرهاب واستراتيجياته في مسار الثورة.

En este trabajo se abordará la figura de la diosa Isis desde diversas perspectivas. Primero, analizaremos su papel en Egipto, su lugar de procedencia, desde los tiempos Neolíticos hasta la conquista de Alejandro Magno, que da inicio al período helenístico. En esta época se producen cambios en la forma de entender a la diosa en Egipto, pero lo fundamental es que su culto se generaliza en Grecia, si bien ya había llegado allí siglos atrás. Esto da lugar a una asimilación sincrética de Isis a otras divinidades y también a la transformación de su culto en una religión mistérica. Isis acaba llegando al mundo romano, donde algunos emperadores intentarán erradicar su culto, mientras que otros, por el contrario, lo promoverán, hasta su definitiva desaparición en el siglo VI d.C. Una vez dado un repaso a su historia, analizaremos el mito más famoso de la diosa: el de Isis y Osiris, partiendo sobre todo de la versión que ofrece Plutarco. Por último trataremos de sintetizar las principales atribuciones de esta diosa: madre, trono y maga.

Palabras clave: Isis, diosa, Osiris, madre, culto

This article stresses the fact that religion in ancient Egypt is not limited to the great temples, secluded from the outside world. The case-study of the cult of Renenutet, the «lady of the granary», shows that buildings meant for economic activities also left room for piety. Through epigraphy, iconography and scarce archaeological remains, this paper reviews the evidence for the presence of Renenutet in granaries throughout Egypt (but mostly in the Theban area). It also analyses the material conditions of her worship: situation and appearance of the chapel and cult statues, specific offerings, and staff members of the granary attached to the goddess’ service.

First published in Buzzle on 16th August 2006

Republished on the same day here:
http://sudaneseonline.com/en2/publish/Articles_and_Analysies_12/Sudan_s_Beja_Blemmyes_and_their_Right_to_Freedom_a_929.shtml

Republished on 23rd August 2006 and discussed in the forum below:
http://www.politicsforum.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62793
At the moment the misinformed international community plans to spend so easily US $ 3 billion for Lebanon's reconstruction, it is essential to highlight that much less money would be enough to bring peace in the strategically crucial area of Eastern Sudan where the Blemmyes / Beja have started their struggle for self-determination and independence. Support to historically indigenous Beja would bring the Khartoum tyrants at the brink of collapse, opening the path of independence for the oppressed peoples of Sudan, and at the same time it would reshape the entire area of the Red Sea where historical nations demand international recognition.

מאמר זה ממפה את הפרשנויות העיקריות של המושג מדינה אזרחית
בשיח הרעיוני במצרים. הוא מצביע על ציוני דרך מרכזיים באבולוציה של המושג
ועוקב אחר הטרנספורמציות שעבר, הפנמתו בקרב מעצבי דעת קהל והשפעתו על
ההתנהגות הפוליטית משלהי שנות ה־ 70 של המאה העשרים ועד לדיונים על אפשרות
הגדרתה של מצרים בסעיף הראשון בחוקת 2014 כמדינה אזרחית, בדגש על התקופה
שלאחר מהפכת ה־ 25 בינואר2011

Though I am an “Amateur Academic” (layperson) I was recently able to deduce the Actual Speed of Light (299,796,057 m/s) in order to update the current Factual Speed of Light that is regrettably in correct. I was only able to achieve such a lofty goal as a result of correctly determining the original dimensions of the Great Pyramid and in so doing discovering the true nature of the cubit, uncovering the reality that the Meter predates the cubit and must be some (at least) 5000 years old, and to definitively define the meter and provide an inverse for the speed of light; all with nothing more than a high school diploma.

Zadnji dan leta 1943 je preko Jadranskega morja odrinila prva skupina od skupaj skoraj 30.000 beguncev, ki so našli zatočišče v šotorskih begunskih taboriščih Egipta. Večino so sestavljali ženske in otroci. Daleč od doma in očetov, ki so se borili proti okupatorju v domovini, so ženske prevzele vlogo samohranilk, ki so skrbele za dobrobit svojih otrok. Pri tem sta jih podpirala Centralni odbor beguncev in zavezniško vodstvo taborišč, ki sta s pomočjo britanske vojske in ameriškega Rdečega križa zagotavljala primerno
prehrano za mnogokrat podhranjene otroke in mladino. Kljub nekaterim začetnim težavam so za otroke organizirali ustrezno zdravstveno varstvo. Na pobudo beguncev in njihovega vodstva so takoj po prihodu prve skupine v Egipt organizirali tudi prvi šolski pouk, ki so ga vodili vse do končnega zaprtja taborišč. Otroci v taboriščih so imeli tudi politični pouk in so bili kot pionirčki ter mladinci vzgajani kot dobri bodoči državljani povojne socialistične Jugoslavije.

THE DESERT CHILDREN: GROWING UP IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR YUGOSLAV REFUGEE CAMPS IN EGYPT: On the last day of 1943, the first group of almost 30.000, mostly Croat refugees set sail over the Meditearrean for tented refugee camps in Egypt. Most of the refugees were women and children, who relied on the guidance of the partisan and allied administration at the camps. Many children arrived to the camps malnourished and were dependent on the military provisions to help them recover their strength as well as voluntary societies to provide adequate medical support. With plenty of iniciative amongst the refugees, the first school classes were organised immediately after the arrival of the first group. These classes evolved into proper elementary and middle schools. The children refugees were also inducted into Pioneers' Association. In this manner, the partisan administration secured excellent citizens of the new Yugoslavia, at the same time giving thern practical foundation for further education after the war.

Arab Patriotism presents the essential backstory to the formation of the modern nation-state and mass nationalism in the Middle East. While standard histories claim that the roots of Arab nationalism emerged in opposition to the Ottoman milieu, Adam Mestyan points to the patriotic sentiment that grew in the Egyptian province of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century, arguing that it served as a pivotal way station on the path to the birth of Arab nationhood.

Through extensive archival research, Mestyan examines the collusion of various Ottoman elites in creating this nascent sense of national belonging and finds that learned culture played a central role in this development. Mestyan investigates the experience of community during this period, engendered through participation in public rituals and being part of a theater audience. He describes the embodied and textual ways these experiences were produced through urban spaces, poetry, performances, and journals. From the Khedivial Opera House's staging of Verdi's Aida and the first Arabic magazine to the ‘Urabi revolution and the restoration of the authority of Ottoman viceroys under British occupation, Mestyan illuminates the cultural dynamics of a regime that served as the precondition for nation-building in the Middle East.

A wholly original exploration of Egypt in the context of the Ottoman Empire, Arab Patriotism sheds fresh light on the evolving sense of political belonging in the Arab world.

"Ramesses II - God among Gods at the Nile" - Essay for the sumptuous publication accompanying the exhibition "Ramses. Göttlicher Herrscher am Nil" (Ramesses. Devine Ruler on the Nile) at Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe / Germany (17 December 2016 – 18 June 2017). - Mainly analyzing how Ramesses II made himself a god in Nubia shown in reliefs to be venerated by Pharaoh Ramesses II. The mechanism at the beginning was that Pharaoh was considered to be the son of the divinities Amun and Mut and thus as an alter-ego of their son, the god Khonsu. Like Khonsu, Pharaoh therefore was a moon-god too. However, in later monuments, e.g. the Great Temple of Abu Simbel, Ramesses had himself shown in the position of the sun-god and - quite well hidden - in the position of even Amun. - With many previously unpublished photos (most of which tken by the author). - (in German)
Text at the back of the book:
Den Göttern erwählt, vom Volk verehrt - Ramses II. gilt als der mächtigste Pharao Ägyptens. 66 Jahre, so lange wie kein anderer, herrschte er über das Land am Nil. Während seiner Regierungszeit im 13. Jahrhundert v. Chr. führte Ramses II. Ägypten zu kultureller Blüte und wirtschaftlichem Reichtum. Kein anderer Pharao hinterließ so viele Bauwerke und Statuen wie Ramses, der mit dem Beinamen "der Große" in die Geschichte des alten Ägypten einging. Der reich bebilderte Begleitband zur Ausstellung umfasst neben Texten zu den ausgestellten Objekten vertiefende Beiträge internationaler Autorinnen und Autoren über die zentralen Themen der Geschichte Ägyptens im Zeitalter des großen Pharaos. Er bietet Einblicke in das damalige Gesellschaftssystem, die umfangreiche Baupolitik Ramses' II. und das Verhältnis Ägyptens zu seinen Nachbarstaaten. Dabei werden auch die Feldzüge gegen die Hethiter mit der berühmten Schlacht von Kadesch sowie der sich daran anschließende erste paritätische Friedensvertrag der Weltgeschichte eingehend thematisiert.

NOW IN PAPERBACK (June 2019) This is the only substantial and up-to-date reference work on the Ptolemaic army. Employing Greek and Egyptian papyri and inscriptions, and building on approaches developed in state-formation theory, it offers a coherent account of how the changing structures of the army in Egypt after Alexander’s conquest led to the development of an ethnically more integrated society. A new tripartite division of Ptole- maic history challenges the idea of gradual decline and emphasizes the reshaping of military structures that took place between c. 220 and c. 160 BC in response to changes in the nature of warfare, to mobiliza- tion and demobilization, and to financial constraints. An investigation of the socio-economic role played by soldiers permits a reassessment of the cleruchic system and shows how soldiers’ associations generated inter-ethnic group solidarity. By integrating Egyptian evidence, Chris- telle Fischer-Bovet also demonstrates that the connection between the army and local temples offered new ways for Greeks and Egyptians to interact.

The history of contemporary Egypt is most starkly marked by two revolutions: the army revolution in 1952 and the populist revolution in 2011. Throughout the nearly two thousand years of Christianity in Egypt, the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the Coptic people have often been subject to forces of discrimination and persecution by both Christian and non-Christian governments. Modern history is no exception. Copts are, however, much more than an oppressed Christian minority. As this volume illustrates, they are inheritors and preservers of an ancient civilization, builders of a modern nation, and defenders of Christian orthodoxy. The popes of this era—Pope Yusab II (1946–56), Pope Kyrillos VI (1959–71), and Pope Shenouda III (1971–2012)—played a significant role in recent Coptic history, as have the activities and faith of the Coptic people, the modernization of Egypt, the rapid expansion of the Coptic Diaspora, and the spread of globalization and ecumenism.

This chapter seeks to describe and analyze the flow of crucial events in Coptic history from Pope Yusab’s election in 1946 up to the present day, noting especially the internal and external challenges in the 1950s, relief and progress in the 1960s, relations between church and state under Pope Shenouda III, the achievements made despite hardships over the last four decades, and the role of the Copts in the 2011 revolution. Within this historical context, certain topics are addressed including the problematic personal status law, the evolution of Ethiopian–Coptic relations, ecumenical progress in and outside Egypt, and the development of the Coptic world and Coptic media. Other topics germane to this era, such as spirituality, monasticism, liturgical and linguistic revivalism, theological developments, music, and art, are covered in their respective chapters.

On the canal stelae erected by Dareios I, two residence cities of the Achaemenids are mentioned, which could not be identified beyond doubt until now. In this article, two new identification proposals will be made and explained. In addition, the journey of the Persian ruler mentioned in the stelae is reconstructed.

"In 1862 a victory stele of the Kushite ruler Piankhy was unearthed during excavations of Gebel Barkal, near the fourth cataract of the Nile. The text records in 159 lines covering all four sides of the stela the conquest of Egypt by the Kushite king about c. 734 B.C., Piankhy's 20th regnal year. The text is one of the most elaborated texts in Egyptian language describing Egyptian siege warfare and pitched battles.

In his 20th regnal year Piankhy was in control of Upper Egypt with an army stationed there. Nimlot, the King of Hermopolis (Middle Egypt), had been subjugated to Piankhy. Meanwhile, in the Western Delta, Tefnakht, the great chief of the Me(shwesh), extended his conquests Eastward, subjugating the Central and Eastern Delta , subsequently he threatened the Kingdom of Heracleopolis. When Nimlot, the ruler of Hermopolis, defected and subjugated himself voluntarily to Tefnakht, Piankhy decided to intervene in Egypt. Immediately he ordered his army commanders which were stationed in Egypt, to harass the districts of Hermopolis, blockade its capital, cut it off from food supplies, and prevent the movement of large groups of people until the main body of the army could get organized and retaliate. In the meantime Piankhy recruited a considerable army and sent it to Egypt as reinforcement to the troops who were already acting there.

This article will deal mainly with Piankhy's orders to this army and their execution. From the nature of these orders it is possible to deduce that:
1. The Kushite fighting methods fit the social structure of an organized kingdom.
2. A comparison of Piankhy's orders with their (partial) execution in the field hints to the authenticity of the orders."

In the "Rise of a Capital: Al-Fusṭāṭ and Its Hinterland, 18/639-132/750", Jelle Bruning maps al-Fusṭāṭ’s development from a garrison town founded by Muslim conquerors near modern Cairo (Egypt) in c. 640 C.E. into a bustling provincial capital a century later. Synthesising contemporary papyri, archaeology and narrative sources, this book argues that al-Fusṭāṭ’s position in Egypt changed with the different policies of the Rightly-Guided and Umayyad caliphs and their provincial representatives. Because these policies affected the town’s centrality in the administration as well as in commercial and legal networks throughout Egypt, from Alexandria in the north to Aswan in the south, "The Rise of a Capital" offers valuable new insights into Egypt’s society during the first century of Muslim rule.

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The 2200+ selected references, constituting the core of the literature, are organised according to an elaborate classification for immediate identification of subject matter (The book may be ordered from http://saisbooks.co.uk) :

000 - General and Introductory
          001 - Sign lists and dictionaries
          002 - Introductory publications and general syntheses
          003 - Literature
          004 - Cartouches
005 - Proto-Egyptian [Palaeography]
          006 - Sign lists
          007 - Inscriptions
                      0071 - Seals
                      0072 - Pottery inscriptions [not sealed]
010 - Old Egyptian [Old Kingdom]
          011 - Old Egyptian Signs and Dictionaries
          012 - Old Egyptian Grammars
          013 - Old Egyptian Texts
020 - Middle Egyptian [Middle Kingdom]
          021 - Middle Egyptian Signs and Dictionaries
          022 - Middle Egyptian Grammars
          023 - Middle Egyptian Texts
030 - Late Egyptian [New Kingdom]
          031 - Late Egyptian Signs and Dictionaries
          032 - Late Egyptian Grammars
          033 - Late Egyptian Texts
050 - Ptolemaic
          051 - Ptolemaic Signs and Dictionaries
          052 - Ptolemaic Grammars
          053 - Ptolemaic Texts
060 - Coptic
          041 - Coptic Signs and Dictionaries
          042 - Coptic Grammars
          043 - Coptic Texts
          044 - Coptic and Ancient Egyptian

-------------- Parallel scripts

070 - Hieratic [since Dyn 1 or earlier]
          071 - Hieratic Signs and Dictionaries
          072 - Hieratic Grammars
          073 - Hieratic Texts
                      0731 - Early Hieratic texts
                      0732 - Middle Hieratic texts
                      0733 - New Kingdom Hieratic texts
                      0733 - Later Hieratic texts
080 - Demotic
          081 - Demotic Signs and Dictionaries
          082 - Demotic Grammars
          083 - Demotic Texts
                      0831 - Early Demotic texts
                      0832 - Middle Demotic texts
                      0833 - Late (Roman) Demotic texts

----Cross periods by genre and all types of supports (papyrus, leather, wood, etc..) ----

090 - Poetic texts (all periods and genre)
          091 - Songs
          092 - Music
100 - Philosophical texts (Teachings, morals, etc...)
          101 - Scientific (general and not belonging to below)
          102 - Astronomical & Astrological
          103 - Botanical & Agricultural
          104 - Medical
          105 - Historical and self laudatory/propaganda
                      1051 - Scarabs
110 - Legal & Administrative
                      1101 - Ostraca (general)
          111 - Taxation
          112 - Marriage
          113 - Birth & Death
          114 - Land tenure and acts of property
          115 - Trade and export/imports
          116 - Mummy labels and equivalent
          117 - Titles
120 - Religious
          121 - Daily Ritual
          122 - Votive inscriptions
          123 - Pyramid Texts
          124 - Coffin/Sarcophagus Texts
          125 - Book of Coming Forth (Book of the Dead) and related
          126 - Passage to the Netherworld
                      1261 - Shawabtis
          127 - Cryptic texts
          128 - Hymns and prayers
          129 - Magical texts
130 - Specific subjects (cross periods, including lexicography, onomastics)
          131 - Verb
          132 - Noun
          133 - Adjective
          134 - Other specific grammatical forms
          135 - Vocalization

من المعروف أن أفريقيا هي أصل جميع التجمعات البشرية الحديثة، بعد أن تم اكتشاف أقدم  جمجمة بشرية في إثيوبيا بعمر يصل إلى 160000 سنة تقريباً، وهي بذلك تعد واحدة من أقدم الجماجم البشرية للإنسان الحديث. ولكن الطريق الذي سلكه الإنسان الحديث للخروج من أفريقيا كان غير واضح، ولهذا إقترح العلماء من قبل طريقين بديلين للخروج من أفريقيا عبر مضيق باب المندب أو عبر مصر وسيناء إلى شبه الجزيرة العربية كبواباتٍ محتملةٍ في ضوء الموقع الجغرافي، والمناخ القديم، والمعلومات الأثرية، والأدلة الوراثية المتراكمة. ولقد توالت اكتشافات مماثلة أدت إلى كثير من التكهن بأن البشر انتشروا من أفريقيا إلى أسيا وأوروبا عن طريق إثيوبيا.
 
    ولكن الصورة تغيرت مؤخرا، بعد أن أشار أحدث بحث في هذا المجال أن أول إنسان حديث يصل إلى أوروبا وآسيا هاجر إلى الشمال من مصر منذ حوالي 55000 سنة، وقد أكدت الدراسة على أن الأوروبيين والآسيويين الذين يعيشون اليوم أكثر ارتباطاً وراثياً بالمصريين المعاصرين أكثر منهُ ارتباطاً بالأثيوبيين.

This article proposes a revision to the historiographical consensus that Napoleon's foreign policy was a boorish and uncompromising, even "criminal," enterprise. the east lured Napoleon all his life, not least because of the mania for the East and the heroes of classical antiquity during the enlightenment and because of the connected belief that victory in the east was the most glorious of military achievements. Strangely, however, after his failed campaign in Egypt in 1798 - 99 Napoleon never mounted any of the grand projects he continued to envisage for the East, most notably his various schemes to attack British India. Whereas historians tend, erroneously, to dismiss these ventures as unfeasible dreams, a close examination of Napoleon's diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire, Persia, and Russia reveals a self-restraint and a more conventional approach to his relations with these states, both attitudes of which Napoleon was supposedly incapable.

Songbook for ancient Egypt music video (http://music.ancientgebts.org). Includes exercises, plus sing a song in hieroglyphic lyrics! Learn the lyrics in Tigrigna, Amarigna, English and hieroglyphs and sing along!

To have Legesse Allyn speak at your next event, please visit http://keynotespeaker.ancientgebts.org

For the print version of this book and others in the book series for your library, you can order it from Amazon.com at the following link...
http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw/102-5565860-1204124?url=search-alias=aps&field-keywords=%27Legesse%20Allyn%27

קהילת "אלשאמיין", היא קהילת בני ארץ ישראל בפוסטאט, ראתה ברס"ג את אביה הרוחני, אך לא ידוע היה למה. במאמר זה נחשפת דרכו של רבי מצליח גאון, אחד ממנהיגי הקהילה שגלה אליה מדמשק והקים בה את ישיבת "גאון יעקב" ונהג את נשיאותו ברמה. מתברר שהוא ראה עצמו כממשיכו של רס"ג, עד שאת דרשותיו ביסס על ציטוטים מעובדים של דברי רס"ג, בתוספת פתיחות וסיומים.
המאמר מלווה בבירור מקיף אודות קשרים אלו ואודות זהותו של אחד מאנשי הקשר החשובים בפרשה: רבי זכאי, הסופר ואולי גם הדיין. בשלב זה מוהדרת גם דרשתו של רבי מצליח לעשרת הדברות, שכפי הנראה נאמרה בחג השבועות. אף היא מבוססת על דרשתו של רס"ג לחג השבועות.

PUBLISHER'S DESCRIPTION:

"The Medinet Habu Records of the Foreign Wars of Ramesses III is a new translation and commentary of the Textual record of Ramesses III’s military activity. As such it dwells heavily upon the inscriptions dealing with Libyans and Sea Peoples. Since the format is oral formulaic, the texts are scanned and rendered as lyric. The new insights into the period covered by the inscriptions leads to a new appraisal of the identity of Egypt’s enemies, as well as events surrounding the activity of the Sea Peoples. The exercise is not intended to dismiss, but rather to complement the archaeological evidence."

The wreck of the Uluburun offers the possibility of understanding the dynamics of trade in the Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age. In the first part of the paper, the approaches that have been proposed about the destination, function and origin of the vessel are analysed. Secondly, the small objects that were transported and which tend to be “forgotten” are examined. The study of these objects can provide answers to dynamics and commercial interests or policies, the exchange of ideas and shared manifestations of devoutness in the Eastern Mediterranean that can be considered in some respects as a cultural koiné at the end of the Bronze Age.

On 22 April 2017, St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press (SVS Press) in NY held a special event to celebrate the release of His Grace Bishop Suriel’s book, Habib Girgis: Coptic Orthodox Educator and a Light in the Darkness. Bishop Suriel’s 890-page PhD dissertation (Fordham University, NY, 2014) formed the basis of the 296-page book on the life and legacy of the influential reformer Habib Girgis who was canonized by the Coptic Church’s Holy Synod on 20 June 2013.
    As such, the publication of this book marks a major success for the field of Coptic Studies at large and the broader recognition of the beloved reformer. The book also includes an extensive collection of rare photographs and documents from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchal Archives in Cairo. In the words of Bishop Suriel, Habib Girgis helped Egyptians “to give meaning to their own struggles… to look within to understand their lives and to think of what lay beyond.”

This course presents a broad survey of historical forces at work over the past 6,000 years, examining the manners in which human societies have organized themselves along categories of race, ethnicity, class, and gender to meet the challenges of the increasing human population and its demands on natural resources: thus, it examines continuity and change in societies over time, in different places, and among various peoples.

Tahuantinsuyo, in ancient Quechua language, is the name indicating the Inca Empire, one of the largest of the South American continent, much more than the Aztec and Maya Empire. In 1532 BC, the Inca Kings ruled over a geographical region including Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. It was an extensive territory inhabited by different communities. Among them, the national group Q’eros had a very special role, because of the characteristics of their mythological traditions.
One of the most fascinating tales refers to the myth of Cuzco’s founding, the majestic capital of the great Inca Empire, with its mysterious buildings. Q’eros were direct descendants of the Inca priest caste, and they broke off through the internal areas of Peru, to save themselves from Spanish persecution and murder.

A lecture for ARCH 325 (Environmental Design & Society) on the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy's effort to design and build a village for 7,000 displaced Egyptian peasants--the Gourni. Though the village of New Gourna  was never completed, Fathy's work is one of the earliest examples of self-help housing and has considerable value for building shelter for the displaced people of the world today.

It is not surprising that Mubarak's administration " overlooked " the social explosion. Indeed, statistical data righteously claimed that the country was developing very successfully. Economic growth rates were high (even in the crisis years). Poverty and inequality levels were among the lowest in the Third World. Global food prices were rising, but the government was taking serious measures to mitigate their effect on the poorest layers of the population. Unemployment level (in per cent) was less than in many developed countries of the world and, moreover, was declining, and so were population growth rates. What would be the grounds to expect a full-scale social explosion? Of course, the administration had a sort of reliable information on the presence of certain groups of dissident " bloggers " , but how could one expect that they would be able to inspire to go to the Tahrir any great masses of people? It was even more difficult to figure out that Mubarak's regime would be painfully struck by its own modernization successes of the 1980s, which led to the sharp decline of crude death rate and especially of infant and child mortality in 1975–1990. Without these successes many young Egyptians vehemently demanding Mubarak's resignation (or even death) would have been destined to die in early childhood and simply would not have survived to come out to the Tahrir Square.

"The First Tale of Setne Khaemwas" 4.35-4.36 has most often been understood to mean that Setne returned to the tomb of Naneferkaptah "With a forked stick in his hand and a brazier of fire on his head," as a gesture of penance for having stolen the Magic Book of Thoth. It is here argued that the proper translation is "with a spike and staff in his hand, and a fiery brazier above his head," and that this is a description of an apotropaic ritual designed to protect Setne from the magical power of the ghosts of Naneferkaptah and his wife Ihweret

Gamal Abdel Nasser’s 27 September 1955 announcement of his decision to buy a massive amount of weapons from Czechoslovakia sent shockwaves around the world. The
years preceding 1955 had seen a long lull in the arms race between Israel and the Arab states, the result of strenuous efforts by Britain, the US, and France. Now, the quantity and
quality of weapons that Egypt was about to purchase were going to tip the scale in the Arab side’s favor. Furthermore, in the years 1952-55, Egypt received considerable sums of
American aid money for economic development. American diplomats in Cairo had been trying to convince Nasser to sign a military assistance agreement with the US, which
would have allowed Egypt to obtain American arms at low cost. But despite all that effort, it seemed that Egypt was drifting away from the West and into the communist orbit after
the announcement of the arms deal.