Sergey Arkhipov

The new version of the General classification of pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is presented, which is available on the specialized website at roundligament.blogspot.com. The first version of the classification was published in 2020 and sparked certain interest among physicians and editors. In the latest version, the formulations have been clarified, new sections and paragraphs have been added. For some lists, references to sources are provided, and a commenting feature has been introduced. The classifications aim to systematize LCF pathology, assist in the development of common approaches to its description, registration, analysis, and treatment.

Представлена новая версия Общей классификации патологии ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), которая доступна на специализированном сайте по адресу: kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com. Первый вариант классификации был опубликован в 2020 году и вызвал определенный интерес у врачей и редакторов. В очередной версии уточнены формулировки, добавлены новые разделы и параграфы. Для некоторых перечней приведены ссылки на источники, появилась функция комментирования. Классификации призваны систематизировать патологию LCF, помочь в разработке общих подходов к ее описанию, регистрации, анализу и лечению.

Background. Dislocation of hip endoprosthesis remains a common and serious complication of arthroplastic interventions. One of the ways to prevent endoprosthesis dislocation is to integrate a ligamentum teres analog into its design. Purpose. Reviewing international experience in the design, development and insertion of hip endoprosthesis with the native ligamentum teres or its analog. Materials and methods. A systematic patent and non-patent search and analysis of publications on hip endoprostheses with native ligamentum teres or its artificial analog. The search was done on relevant online platforms and in available libraries. Results. To date, there are 20 identified patents on endoprosthesis designs with the native ligamentum teres or its analog. Ligamentum teres analogs are proposed to be created using auto-, allo-or xenografts, synthetic materials and metals. We have found two subtotal endoprosthesis with ligamentum teres analogs that are used in clinical practice. The long-term outcomes of such surgeries are not known. There are no commercially available endoprostheses with ligamentum teres analogs. Conclusions. A ligamentum teres analog integrated into a hip endoprosthesis can help prevent dislocation in the post-operative period. Further theoretical, experimental, biomechanical and clinical studies are needed to develop such endoprostheses for a wider use.

Ligamentum capitis femoris (syn. ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur), connecting the acetabulum and the head of femur. This is one of
the least studied anatomical elements of the human body. In order to clarify the functions of the ligamentum capitis femoris, external ligaments and  abductor muscle group, we constructed a dynamic model of the hip joint. It was established that this anatomical element is involved in constraining  the hip joint adduction and may locking the hip joint in the frontal plane, turning it into an analogue of a third-class lever. When the ligamentum capitis femoris is stretched and the abductor muscle group is tension, a load equal to twice the body weight is evenly distributed between the upper  and lower hemispheres of the head of femur. The ligamentum capitis femoris function increases the steadiness of the orthostatic postures and unloads the muscle apparatus of the hip joint.

Background. One of the least researched anatomical structures of the human body is the ligament of head of femur, most often referred to as ligamentum teres. The history of the nomination of this term, medical contexts of its use, the etymology and the first synonyms are not sufficiently understood. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to present the most complete collection of evidence from ancient medical authors about the term ligamentum teres, trace the history of its nomination and analyze the gradual changes in the level of knowledge about the anatomy, mechanical and geometric properties of this structure, its pathology and treatment methods. Methods. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach, comprising a combination of linguistic and medical analysis of the texts in ancient Greek and Latin, which contain references to ligamentum teres. Results. Text analysis showed that ligamentum teres was known in Palestine at the time of the compilation of the Book of Genesis. In the medical sources written by the Greek physicians, references to it and the description of its properties and role date back to the V-IV cent. BC. The study of textual sources and their medical contexts showed the evolution of the development of this term from the general concept of "sinew" to a narrowly defined "ligament" with detailed qualitative characteristics of the structure and function of this anatomical structure. It has been noted that since ancient times ligamentum teres has been recognized as an important element of biomechanics of hip joint and the action of walking. Conclusions. This work will serve as a basis for further studies and treatment of the interesting and mysterious structure that is ligamentum teres-a true ligamentum incognitum. KEY WORDS Ancient medicine; ancient traumatology; Galen; Hippocrates; hip joint; ligamentum capitis femoris; ligament of head of femur; ligamentum teres.

Экспериментально и клинически уточнена функция связки головки бедренной кости, а также рассмотрено ее участие в поддержании вертикальной позы. Установлено, что данный анатомический элемент участвует в ограничении приведения в тазобедренном суставе, способен замыкать его во фронтальной плоскости и преобразовывать в аналог рычага второго рода. В ненапряженном одноопорном ортостатическом положении, а также ассиметричном двуопорном ортостатическом положении, при натяжении связки головки бедренной кости и напряжении отводящей группы мышц, нагрузка равная весу тела, равномерно распределяется на верхнюю и нижнюю полусферу головки бедренной кости. Кроме этого, благодаря функционированию связки головки бедренной кости повышается устойчивость вертикальной позы и разгружается мышечный аппарат.

Background. A ligamentum capitis femoris (syn. ligamentum teres) is one of the least studied anatomical structures. We know little about its role in the musculoskeletal system, and even less about its first written mentions. Purpose. This article is intended to clarify who and when first described the connection of the head of the femur in the medical literature, and to provide a hypothesis about its first mention in the history of mankind. Material and methods. We reviewed the oldest written sources available to us, covering the anatomy of the hip joint and ligamentum capitis femoris. Conclusion. The first description of the ligamentum capitis femoris in the medical text is given by Hippocrates of Kos in the treatise Instruments of Reductions (V-IV century BC). According to our hypothesis, the first in the history of mankind to mention a ligamen-tum capitis femoris, is contained in the ancient literary monument of Torah (XII-II century BC), there it is first reported about its damage, which led to disruption of walk biomechanics. The article will contribute to the further study of the ligamentum capitis femoris, the search for effective methods of treatment and prevention of its pathology.

New experimental and clinical data on the function of the  ligamentum capitis femoris (sin. ligamentum teres) and its participation in maintaining an erect posture were obtained. It was established that this anatomical element is involved in constraining the hip joint adduction and may fix the joint in the frontal plane, turning it into an analogue of a second-class lever. In both unstrained one-support and asymmetrical two-support orthostatic postures, when the LCF is stretched and the abductor muscle group is exerted, a load equal to the body weight is evenly distributed between the upper and lower hemispheres of the caput femoris. In addition, the LCF function increases the steadiness of the erect posture and unloads the muscle apparatus.

Архипов-Балтийский С.В. Рассуждение о морфомеханике. Норма: В 2-х томах. – Калининград, 2004. – 820 с. (электронная версия 1.5, исправленная и дополненная). Содержит 15 таблиц, 340 иллюстраций, библиография - 885 названий. Текст доступен по ссылке: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/04/2004.html
В книге рассмотрены вопросы, касающиеся функции связки головки бедра и значения механического фактора для живых систем. Освещены статика и динамика опорно-двигательной системы человека.
Печатная версия книги имеется в Российской национальной библиотеке (Санкт-Петербург, primo.nlr.ru) и Российской государственной библиотеке (Москва, aleph.rsl.ru).

Arkhipov SV 2018 BIOMECHANICS OF PENGUINS Vol. 5. (in Russ.)
This book examines certain the new aspects of a anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint of the penguins, as well as humans. New data on the role of the ligament of the femoral head when walking and maintaining different types of vertical postures. Initially, this manuscript intended for a narrow circle of people, therefore it made with a smile. Perhaps, our smile will make you smile  also, in some fragments.

Arkhipov, S.V. (2018) Biomechanics of penguins: notes to the matter of waddling gait causes and perspectives of its remodeling, with the aim of obtaining of gracefulness, composed by the physician, PhD, Sergey Vasilyevich Arkhipov, during his work as surgeon and orthopedist-traumatologist from 1992 to 2017, inspirited in 1991 by his sister, Elena Vasilyevna, with great love and gratitude to her! Vol. 4. Printed by the Author in the city of Korolev, with the assistance of his wife, Liudmila Nikolayevna, ММXVIII A.D., bonum factum! [for good and happiness]. (in Russ.)

Архипов СВ 2018 БИОМЕХАНИКА ПИНГВИНОВ Т. 5
В этой книге рассматриваются некоторые аспекты анатомии и биомеханики тазобедренного сустава пингвинов, а также людей. Новые данные о роли связки головки бедренной кости при ходьбе и поддержании разных типов вертикальных поз. Изначально эта рукопись предназначалась для узкого круга людей, поэтому ее делали с улыбкой. Возможно, наша улыбка заставит улыбнуться и вас, в некоторых фрагментах.

Arkhipov SV 2018 BIOMECHANICS OF PENGUINS Vol. 4. (in Russ.)
This book examines certain the new aspects of a anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint of the penguins, as well as humans. New data on the role of the ligament of the femoral head when walking and maintaining different types of vertical postures. Initially, this manuscript intended for a narrow circle of people, therefore it made with a smile. Perhaps, our smile will make you smile  also, in some fragments.

Arkhipov, S.V. (2018) Biomechanics of penguins: notes to the matter of waddling gait causes and perspectives of its remodeling, with the aim of obtaining of gracefulness, composed by the physician, PhD, Sergey Vasilyevich Arkhipov, during his work as surgeon and orthopedist-traumatologist from 1992 to 2017, inspirited in 1991 by his sister, Elena Vasilyevna, with great love and gratitude to her! Vol. 4. Printed by the Author in the city of Korolev, with the assistance of his wife, Liudmila Nikolayevna, ММXVIII A.D., bonum factum! [for good and happiness]. (in Russ.)

Архипов СВ 2018 БИОМЕХАНИКА ПИНГВИНОВ Т. 4
В этой книге рассматриваются некоторые аспекты анатомии и биомеханики тазобедренного сустава пингвинов, а также людей. Новые данные о роли связки головки бедренной кости при ходьбе и поддержании разных типов вертикальных поз. Изначально эта рукопись предназначалась для узкого круга людей, поэтому ее делали с улыбкой. Возможно, наша улыбка заставит улыбнуться и вас, в некоторых фрагментах.

Arkhipov SV 2018 BIOMECHANICS OF PENGUINS Vol. 3. (in Russ.)
This book examines certain the new aspects of a anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint of the penguins, as well as humans. New data on the role of the ligament of the femoral head when walking and maintaining different types of vertical postures. Initially, this manuscript intended for a narrow circle of people, therefore it made with a smile. Perhaps, our smile will make you smile  also, in some fragments.

Arkhipov, S.V. (2018) Biomechanics of penguins: notes to the matter of waddling gait causes and perspectives of its remodeling, with the aim of obtaining of gracefulness, composed by the physician, PhD, Sergey Vasilyevich Arkhipov, during his work as surgeon and orthopedist-traumatologist from 1992 to 2017, inspirited in 1991 by his sister, Elena Vasilyevna, with great love and gratitude to her! Vol. 3. Printed by the Author in the city of Korolev, with the assistance of his wife, Liudmila Nikolayevna, ММXVIII A.D., bonum factum! [for good and happiness]. (in Russ.)

Архипов СВ 2018 БИОМЕХАНИКА ПИНГВИНОВ Т. 3
В этой книге рассматриваются некоторые аспекты анатомии и биомеханики тазобедренного сустава пингвинов, а также людей. Новые данные о роли связки головки бедренной кости при ходьбе и поддержании разных типов вертикальных поз. Изначально эта рукопись предназначалась для узкого круга людей, поэтому ее делали с улыбкой. Возможно, наша улыбка заставит улыбнуться и вас, в некоторых фрагментах.

Arkhipov SV 2018 BIOMECHANICS OF PENGUINS Vol. 2. (in Russ.)
This book examines certain the new aspects of a anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint of the penguins, as well as humans. New data on the role of the ligament of the femoral head when walking and maintaining different types of vertical postures. Initially, this manuscript intended for a narrow circle of people, therefore it made with a smile. Perhaps, our smile will make you smile  also, in some fragments.

Arkhipov, S.V. (2018) Biomechanics of penguins: notes to the matter of waddling gait causes and perspectives of its remodeling, with the aim of obtaining of gracefulness, composed by the physician, PhD, Sergey Vasilyevich Arkhipov, during his work as surgeon and orthopedist-traumatologist from 1992 to 2017, inspirited in 1991 by his sister, Elena Vasilyevna, with great love and gratitude to her! Vol. 2. Printed by the Author in the city of Korolev, with the assistance of his wife, Liudmila Nikolayevna, ММXVIII A.D., bonum factum! [for good and happiness]. (in Russ.)

Архипов СВ 2018 БИОМЕХАНИКА ПИНГВИНОВ Т.2
В этой книге рассматриваются некоторые аспекты анатомии и биомеханики тазобедренного сустава пингвинов, а также людей. Новые данные о роли связки головки бедренной кости при ходьбе и поддержании разных типов вертикальных поз. Изначально эта рукопись предназначалась для узкого круга людей, поэтому ее делали с улыбкой. Возможно, наша улыбка заставит улыбнуться и вас, в некоторых фрагментах.

Arkhipov SV 2018 BIOMECHANICS OF PENGUINS Vol. 1. (in Russ.)
This book examines certain the new aspects of a anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint of the penguins, as well as humans. New data on the role of the ligament of the femoral head when walking and maintaining different types of vertical postures. Initially, this manuscript intended for a narrow circle of people, therefore it made with a smile. Perhaps, our smile will make you smile  also, in some fragments.

Arkhipov, S.V. (2018) Biomechanics of penguins: notes to the matter of waddling gait causes and perspectives of its remodeling, with the aim of obtaining of gracefulness, composed by the physician, PhD, Sergey Vasilyevich Arkhipov, during his work as surgeon and orthopedist-traumatologist from 1992 to 2017, inspirited in 1991 by his sister, Elena Vasilyevna, with great love and gratitude to her! Vol. 1. Printed by the Author in the city of Korolev, with the assistance of his wife, Liudmila Nikolayevna, ММXVIII A.D., bonum factum! [for good and happiness]. (in Russ.)

Архипов СВ 2018 БИОМЕХАНИКА ПИНГВИНОВ Т.1
В этой книге рассматриваются некоторые аспекты анатомии и биомеханики тазобедренного сустава пингвинов, а также людей. Новые данные о роли связки головки бедренной кости при ходьбе и поддержании разных типов вертикальных поз. Изначально эта рукопись предназначалась для узкого круга людей, поэтому ее делали с улыбкой. Возможно, наша улыбка заставит улыбнуться и вас, в некоторых фрагментах.